大气边界层SO_2空间分布的OMI数据分析
|
摘要
在全球气候变化日益受到广泛关注的今天,大气遥感在对大气环境动态和连续监测、空气质量评价与污染预报和重大环境事故监测与评估中有着重要的研究价值和广泛的应用前景。本文以NASA对地观测系统(EOS)中的一颗大气探测卫星Aura上所搭载的OMI传感器所得的大气边界层(PBL)SO_2数据产品为依据,结合遥感图像处理技术和地理信息系统分析方法,重点分析了以甘肃兰州、白银和金昌,青海西宁、同仁地区2005年四季的边界层SO_2空间分布情况和2005年2月、2006年2月、2007年2月、2008年2月4期边界层SO_2变化情况。从总体上看,研究区存在两大SO_2高值区,即金昌高值区和兰白高值区。
从高值区年内变化来看,SO_2在空间分布上表现为季节差异性大,而且在排放量巨大时,表现出了明显的高斯分布模式特征。由于冬季采暖的影响,2月份研究区内边界层大气中的SO_2不论是面积还是平均柱量值都达到了一个极值,SO_2柱量值达到洁净大气SO_2柱量值6倍的区域面积达到17,467km~2。由于气候条件的变化,雨水及植被的雨除和洗脱作用,使大气边界层SO_2平均柱量值在春、秋季为较小值。金昌地区年内二氧化硫柱量值的是洁净大气SO_2柱量值的4倍面积约为2,547km~2。兰白地区年内平均柱量值达到0.81DU的面积约为9,410km~2。从高值区年际变化来看,2005～2008年间,区域内高值点个数在36.5°N一线±0.5°区域内占总数的三分之一。主要排放为白银-兰州-西宁一线工业及生活源排放,所以此线被认为是该区内人类排放的主要贡献源。整个研究区冬季大气SO_2空间分布差异性显著;兰白高值区大气SO_2持续减弱,从南北向发展转向东西向发展,中心面域向多极化扩展,白银地区排放明显减弱。
最后,通过S.A.Carnt和A.J.Krueger等人在计算厄瓜多尔火山排放量时的计算方法,计算出了在0.04°插值精度下2005～2008年2月份研究区大气SO_2负荷量的变化情况。结果表明,研究区4期SO_2总量平均值为8.5万吨,从2005年2月到2007年2月,研究区边界层大气SO_2总负荷量分别减少了1.8、1.3万吨,其年平均递减率约20%,但2008年2月比2007年2月急速上升了一倍多。而且兰白排放源的稳定度高于金昌,而金昌源对总量的平均贡献率为50.3%略强于兰白源。
Atmospheric remote sensing,in the background of the climate change paid attention by all over the world,has important research value and significant application in dynamics and continuous monitoring of atmosphere ambience,such as monitoring and evaluating air quality,major environmental accidents and forecasting air pollutions.Through integrating Geography Information System(GIS) analysis method and remote sensing image processing technology,the paper mainly analyses the variety of Planetary Boundary Layer(PBL) SO_2 on basis of measurements from one of the Earth Observation System(EOS) satellites instrument Aura/OMI in the period of Februarys 2005～2008 over Lanzhou-Paiying(Lan-Pai) and Jingchang region in Gansu,Xining-Tonren region in Qinghai.Overall,the study region exists two SO_2 high-level areas,Jingchang region and Lan-Pai region.
In the view of high-level seasonal change,the study shows that the spacial distribution of SO_2 has large seasonal variation.The feature of Gaussian distribution model presents when SO_2 emission vastness.As the result of the winter heating impact,in February PBL SO_2 of study area reaches the maximum whether area or mean column value.The column of polluted area that equals to six times column of clear area is about 17,467 km~2.On the contrary,Spring and Autumn have comparatively low level because of climate,rain and vegetation elution and detergence.In Jingchang region seasonal variation area of SO_2 0.81DU column that equals to four times column of clear area is about 2547 km~2,Lan-Pai area is 9,410km~2 that column is 0.81DU.In the aspect of high-level annual change,the key points of high-level is one third covered in the zone of 36.5°±0.5°N.The main sources are industry and anthropic sources in the line of Paiying-Lanzhou-Xining,which is recognised the region's main contribution source.The spacial distribution of PBL SO_2 is significantly variation in winters of study region.Lan-Pai SO_2 high-level region tends to extenuation, transformation of diffusing direction from north-south to east-west,the primary centres changing to multi-centres,and Paiying region emission reducing continuously.
Finally,the total amounts of PBL SO_2 is calculated in the precision of interpolation of 0.04°by the method that S.A.Carnt and A.J.Krueger is used to gain the SO_2 emissions of Ecuador volcanoes during Februrys 2005～2008.The results show that the mean amount is 85,000 tons.In the periods of Februrys 2005～2007 the total amount reduce about 18,000 and 13,000 tons,the mean annual degression about 20%,but the amount ascend to two times from 2007 to 2008.Lan-Pai emissions have more stabilization than Jinchang,and 50.3% total amount is emission from Jingchang resource.
从高值区年内变化来看,SO_2在空间分布上表现为季节差异性大,而且在排放量巨大时,表现出了明显的高斯分布模式特征。由于冬季采暖的影响,2月份研究区内边界层大气中的SO_2不论是面积还是平均柱量值都达到了一个极值,SO_2柱量值达到洁净大气SO_2柱量值6倍的区域面积达到17,467km~2。由于气候条件的变化,雨水及植被的雨除和洗脱作用,使大气边界层SO_2平均柱量值在春、秋季为较小值。金昌地区年内二氧化硫柱量值的是洁净大气SO_2柱量值的4倍面积约为2,547km~2。兰白地区年内平均柱量值达到0.81DU的面积约为9,410km~2。从高值区年际变化来看,2005～2008年间,区域内高值点个数在36.5°N一线±0.5°区域内占总数的三分之一。主要排放为白银-兰州-西宁一线工业及生活源排放,所以此线被认为是该区内人类排放的主要贡献源。整个研究区冬季大气SO_2空间分布差异性显著;兰白高值区大气SO_2持续减弱,从南北向发展转向东西向发展,中心面域向多极化扩展,白银地区排放明显减弱。
最后,通过S.A.Carnt和A.J.Krueger等人在计算厄瓜多尔火山排放量时的计算方法,计算出了在0.04°插值精度下2005～2008年2月份研究区大气SO_2负荷量的变化情况。结果表明,研究区4期SO_2总量平均值为8.5万吨,从2005年2月到2007年2月,研究区边界层大气SO_2总负荷量分别减少了1.8、1.3万吨,其年平均递减率约20%,但2008年2月比2007年2月急速上升了一倍多。而且兰白排放源的稳定度高于金昌,而金昌源对总量的平均贡献率为50.3%略强于兰白源。
Atmospheric remote sensing,in the background of the climate change paid attention by all over the world,has important research value and significant application in dynamics and continuous monitoring of atmosphere ambience,such as monitoring and evaluating air quality,major environmental accidents and forecasting air pollutions.Through integrating Geography Information System(GIS) analysis method and remote sensing image processing technology,the paper mainly analyses the variety of Planetary Boundary Layer(PBL) SO_2 on basis of measurements from one of the Earth Observation System(EOS) satellites instrument Aura/OMI in the period of Februarys 2005～2008 over Lanzhou-Paiying(Lan-Pai) and Jingchang region in Gansu,Xining-Tonren region in Qinghai.Overall,the study region exists two SO_2 high-level areas,Jingchang region and Lan-Pai region.
In the view of high-level seasonal change,the study shows that the spacial distribution of SO_2 has large seasonal variation.The feature of Gaussian distribution model presents when SO_2 emission vastness.As the result of the winter heating impact,in February PBL SO_2 of study area reaches the maximum whether area or mean column value.The column of polluted area that equals to six times column of clear area is about 17,467 km~2.On the contrary,Spring and Autumn have comparatively low level because of climate,rain and vegetation elution and detergence.In Jingchang region seasonal variation area of SO_2 0.81DU column that equals to four times column of clear area is about 2547 km~2,Lan-Pai area is 9,410km~2 that column is 0.81DU.In the aspect of high-level annual change,the key points of high-level is one third covered in the zone of 36.5°±0.5°N.The main sources are industry and anthropic sources in the line of Paiying-Lanzhou-Xining,which is recognised the region's main contribution source.The spacial distribution of PBL SO_2 is significantly variation in winters of study region.Lan-Pai SO_2 high-level region tends to extenuation, transformation of diffusing direction from north-south to east-west,the primary centres changing to multi-centres,and Paiying region emission reducing continuously.
Finally,the total amounts of PBL SO_2 is calculated in the precision of interpolation of 0.04°by the method that S.A.Carnt and A.J.Krueger is used to gain the SO_2 emissions of Ecuador volcanoes during Februrys 2005～2008.The results show that the mean amount is 85,000 tons.In the periods of Februrys 2005～2007 the total amount reduce about 18,000 and 13,000 tons,the mean annual degression about 20%,but the amount ascend to two times from 2007 to 2008.Lan-Pai emissions have more stabilization than Jinchang,and 50.3% total amount is emission from Jingchang resource.
引文
[1]Lyons, W.A., and R.B. Husar. SMS/GOES visible images detect a synoptic-sclae air pollution episode[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 1976,104:1623.
[2]Todd, W.J., A.J. George, and N.A. Bryant. Satellite-aided evaluation of population exposure to air pollution[J]. Environmental Science & Technology 1979,13: 970-974.
[3] Fraser, R.S., Y.J. Kaufman, and R.L. Mahoney. Satellite measurements of aerosol mass and transport[J]. Atmospheric Environment.1984,18: 2577-2584.
[4]Fishman, J., F.M. Vukovich, D. Cahoon, and M.C. Shipman. The characterization of an air pollution episode using satellite total ozone measurements[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 1987, 26: 1638-1654.
[5]M.Sohrabinia,A.M.Khorshiddoust. Application of satellite data and GIS in studying air pollutants in Tehran[J]. Habitat International.2007,31:268-275
[6]S.A.Carn, A.J.Krueger,N.A.Krotkov,K.Yang,and P.E.Levelt. Sulfur dioxide emissions from Peruvian copper smelters detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2007,34, L09801, doi: 10.1029/2006GL029020
[7]S.A.Carn,A.J.Krueger,S.Arellano,N.A.Krotkov,K,Yang. Daily monitoring of Ecuadorian volcanic degassing from space[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2008.doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.029
[8]Yang,K.,N.A.Krotkov, A.J.Krueger, S.A.Carn, P.K.Bhartia, and P. F.Levelt. Retrieval of large volcanic SO2 columns from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Comparison and limitations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,D24S43,doi:10.1029/2007JD008825
[9]Zhang X.Y,Zhang P,Zhang Y,Li Xiaojing, and Qiu Hong. The trend, seasonal cycle, and sources of tropospheric NO2 over China during 1997-2006 based on satellite measurement[J].Science China Series D-Earth,2007, 50(12): 1877-1884
[10]S.Eckhardt,A.J.Prata,P.Seibert,K.Stebel,and A.Stohl. Estimation of the vertical profile of sulfur dioxide injection into the atmosphere by a volcanic eruption using satellite column measurements and inverse transport modeling[J]. Atmosphere Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 2008,8:3761-3805
[11]L.N.Lamsal, R.V.Martin, A.van Donkelaar, M.Steinbacher, E.A.Celarier, E.Bucsela,E.J.Dunlea, and J.P.Pinto. Ground-level nitrogen dioxide concentrations inferred from the Satellite-borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument[J].JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH.2008,113,D16308,doi:10.1029/2007JD009235,2008.
[12]汪一鸣等.兰州一西宁一银川城市带与西部开发[J].地理学报.2004,59(2):213-222
[13]甘肃省统计局编委.甘肃省统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2007
[14]Pham,M.,J.-F.Muller,G.P.Brasseur,C.Granier,G.Megie.A 3 D model study of the global sulphur cycle:Contributions of anthropogenic and biogenic sources[J].Atmos.Environ.,1996,30:1815-1822
[15]吴鹏鸣,姚荣奎,鲍子平.环境监测原理与应用[M].化学工业出版社.199l
[16]广东生物教学网-资料[OL].http://www.gdswjx.net/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticlelD=1821
[17]R.V.Martin.Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Air Quality[J].Atmospheric Environment.2008,42(34):7823-7843
[18]http://aura.nasa.gov
[19]RELevelt,R.Noordhoek.OMI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document,Volume one.August 2002
[20]S.P.Ahmad,P.F.Levelt,P.K.Bhartia,E.Hilsenrathc,G.W.Leppelmeier,and E.Johnson.Atmospheric Products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI).Unpress.http://daac.g sfc.nasa.gov/
[21]Raytheon Systems Company.HDF-EOS Library User's Guide for the ECS Project,Volume 1:Overview and Examples,Technical Paper,1999
[22]http://www.hdfgroup.org/
[23]Nickolay A.Krotkov,Simon A.Cam,Arlin J.Krueger,Pawan K.Bhartia,and Kai Yang.Band Residual Difference Algorithm for Retrieval of SO2 from the Aura
[24]OMSO2 REDEME File[OL]http://so2.umbc.edu/omi/Documentation/OMSO2Readme.pdf
[25]OMSO2 Release Specific Information[OL]http://so2.umbc.edu/omi/Documentation/OMSO2ReleaseDetails.html
[26]OMI SO2 AMF Calculation[OL]http://so2.umbc.edu/omi/Documentation/OMSO2AMFcorrections.html
[27]朱求安,张万昌,余钧.基于GIS的空间插值方法研究[J].高原气象.2005,28(2):83-88
[28]吴宗敏.散乱数据拟合的模型、方法和理论[M].北京:科学出版社.2003
[29]梅安新,彭望琭等.遥感导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003
[30]王润芳,邓洁.线性空间滤波器在遥感图像中的应用及实现[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报, 2007,26(增刊):57-59
[31]肖梅.金昌市环境空气中二氧化硫污染趋势分析[J].黑龙江环境通报.2003,27(3):92-94
[32]N.A.Krotkov,B.McClure,R.R.Dickerson,S.Carn,C.Li,RK.Bhartia,K.Yang,A.Krueger,Z.Li,P.F.Levelt,Hongbin Chen,Pucai Wang,Daren Lu.Validation of SO2 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) over NE China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmospheres.Unpress
[33]郭仁忠.空间分析(第二版)[M].高等教育出版社.200l
[34]赵雅芳等.金昌市环境空气中SO_2在静风和非静风时的浓度变化[J].环境研究与监测,2006,19(1):26-28
[35]廖永丰,张莉等.城市空气质量GIS数据模型及分析系统的集成与应用[J].地球信息科学.9(1):123-128
[36]姜泳波.甘肃省二氧化硫控制区污染特征分析[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2001,14(2):114-116
[37]魏可染.金昌市大气二氧化硫污染现状分析及控制对策研究[D].2008.
[38]任平.影响大气污染物散布的气象条件[J].资源开发与市场,2003,19(2):72-75
[39]潘岳.谈谈环境经济政策.求是杂志.2007(20):58-60
[40]中国网.环境[OL].www.china.com.cn/chinese/huanjing/
[2]Todd, W.J., A.J. George, and N.A. Bryant. Satellite-aided evaluation of population exposure to air pollution[J]. Environmental Science & Technology 1979,13: 970-974.
[3] Fraser, R.S., Y.J. Kaufman, and R.L. Mahoney. Satellite measurements of aerosol mass and transport[J]. Atmospheric Environment.1984,18: 2577-2584.
[4]Fishman, J., F.M. Vukovich, D. Cahoon, and M.C. Shipman. The characterization of an air pollution episode using satellite total ozone measurements[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 1987, 26: 1638-1654.
[5]M.Sohrabinia,A.M.Khorshiddoust. Application of satellite data and GIS in studying air pollutants in Tehran[J]. Habitat International.2007,31:268-275
[6]S.A.Carn, A.J.Krueger,N.A.Krotkov,K.Yang,and P.E.Levelt. Sulfur dioxide emissions from Peruvian copper smelters detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2007,34, L09801, doi: 10.1029/2006GL029020
[7]S.A.Carn,A.J.Krueger,S.Arellano,N.A.Krotkov,K,Yang. Daily monitoring of Ecuadorian volcanic degassing from space[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2008.doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.029
[8]Yang,K.,N.A.Krotkov, A.J.Krueger, S.A.Carn, P.K.Bhartia, and P. F.Levelt. Retrieval of large volcanic SO2 columns from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Comparison and limitations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,D24S43,doi:10.1029/2007JD008825
[9]Zhang X.Y,Zhang P,Zhang Y,Li Xiaojing, and Qiu Hong. The trend, seasonal cycle, and sources of tropospheric NO2 over China during 1997-2006 based on satellite measurement[J].Science China Series D-Earth,2007, 50(12): 1877-1884
[10]S.Eckhardt,A.J.Prata,P.Seibert,K.Stebel,and A.Stohl. Estimation of the vertical profile of sulfur dioxide injection into the atmosphere by a volcanic eruption using satellite column measurements and inverse transport modeling[J]. Atmosphere Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 2008,8:3761-3805
[11]L.N.Lamsal, R.V.Martin, A.van Donkelaar, M.Steinbacher, E.A.Celarier, E.Bucsela,E.J.Dunlea, and J.P.Pinto. Ground-level nitrogen dioxide concentrations inferred from the Satellite-borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument[J].JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH.2008,113,D16308,doi:10.1029/2007JD009235,2008.
[12]汪一鸣等.兰州一西宁一银川城市带与西部开发[J].地理学报.2004,59(2):213-222
[13]甘肃省统计局编委.甘肃省统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2007
[14]Pham,M.,J.-F.Muller,G.P.Brasseur,C.Granier,G.Megie.A 3 D model study of the global sulphur cycle:Contributions of anthropogenic and biogenic sources[J].Atmos.Environ.,1996,30:1815-1822
[15]吴鹏鸣,姚荣奎,鲍子平.环境监测原理与应用[M].化学工业出版社.199l
[16]广东生物教学网-资料[OL].http://www.gdswjx.net/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticlelD=1821
[17]R.V.Martin.Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Air Quality[J].Atmospheric Environment.2008,42(34):7823-7843
[18]http://aura.nasa.gov
[19]RELevelt,R.Noordhoek.OMI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document,Volume one.August 2002
[20]S.P.Ahmad,P.F.Levelt,P.K.Bhartia,E.Hilsenrathc,G.W.Leppelmeier,and E.Johnson.Atmospheric Products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI).Unpress.http://daac.g sfc.nasa.gov/
[21]Raytheon Systems Company.HDF-EOS Library User's Guide for the ECS Project,Volume 1:Overview and Examples,Technical Paper,1999
[22]http://www.hdfgroup.org/
[23]Nickolay A.Krotkov,Simon A.Cam,Arlin J.Krueger,Pawan K.Bhartia,and Kai Yang.Band Residual Difference Algorithm for Retrieval of SO2 from the Aura
[24]OMSO2 REDEME File[OL]http://so2.umbc.edu/omi/Documentation/OMSO2Readme.pdf
[25]OMSO2 Release Specific Information[OL]http://so2.umbc.edu/omi/Documentation/OMSO2ReleaseDetails.html
[26]OMI SO2 AMF Calculation[OL]http://so2.umbc.edu/omi/Documentation/OMSO2AMFcorrections.html
[27]朱求安,张万昌,余钧.基于GIS的空间插值方法研究[J].高原气象.2005,28(2):83-88
[28]吴宗敏.散乱数据拟合的模型、方法和理论[M].北京:科学出版社.2003
[29]梅安新,彭望琭等.遥感导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003
[30]王润芳,邓洁.线性空间滤波器在遥感图像中的应用及实现[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报, 2007,26(增刊):57-59
[31]肖梅.金昌市环境空气中二氧化硫污染趋势分析[J].黑龙江环境通报.2003,27(3):92-94
[32]N.A.Krotkov,B.McClure,R.R.Dickerson,S.Carn,C.Li,RK.Bhartia,K.Yang,A.Krueger,Z.Li,P.F.Levelt,Hongbin Chen,Pucai Wang,Daren Lu.Validation of SO2 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) over NE China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmospheres.Unpress
[33]郭仁忠.空间分析(第二版)[M].高等教育出版社.200l
[34]赵雅芳等.金昌市环境空气中SO_2在静风和非静风时的浓度变化[J].环境研究与监测,2006,19(1):26-28
[35]廖永丰,张莉等.城市空气质量GIS数据模型及分析系统的集成与应用[J].地球信息科学.9(1):123-128
[36]姜泳波.甘肃省二氧化硫控制区污染特征分析[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2001,14(2):114-116
[37]魏可染.金昌市大气二氧化硫污染现状分析及控制对策研究[D].2008.
[38]任平.影响大气污染物散布的气象条件[J].资源开发与市场,2003,19(2):72-75
[39]潘岳.谈谈环境经济政策.求是杂志.2007(20):58-60
[40]中国网.环境[OL].www.china.com.cn/chinese/huanjing/