驻波型热声发动机性能强化及其驱动脉管制冷特性研究
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摘要
热声发动机利用热声效应把热能转换为声能，具有结构简单、运行可靠、以热能驱动和工质环保等突出优点，与脉管制冷机耦合在一起可构成从室温到低温完全没有运动部件的热驱动制冷系统，是一项具有应用前景的新技术。为进一步强化热声发动机的输出性能，进而降低热声驱动脉管制冷机的制冷温度，本文针对以下几个方面开展了理论和实验研究工作：
1．采用锥形谐振管的热声发动机的数值模拟和实验研究利用线性热声理论，对一台采用锥形谐振管的驻波型热声发动机进行了数值模拟，发现采用锥形谐振管可有效降低工质气体的速度振幅，进而减小在谐振管中声功率的损失；与一台在相同频率下工作的采用等直径圆柱谐振管的驻波型热声发动机进行了实验对比，结果表明，在使用锥形管作为谐振管的热声发动机系统中，谐振管中的非线性效应得到了明显的抑制，热声发动机在基频模式下稳定运行，压比增大而加热温度降低。
2．声压放大器的声学原理分析及数值模拟和实验研究从声学原理出发，分析得出对于一根长四分之一波长的理想声压放大器，可以在其封闭端得到一个明显高于开口端的压比。根据线性热声理论的数值模拟和实验研究都验证了声压放大器对压力波的放大作用，考虑到非理想条件下声压放大器内部的各种损失，其末端压力振幅取得最大值所对应的长度小于理论分析得出的四分之一波长。
3．热声发动机驱动RC负载的理论和实验研究利用线性热声理论对热声发动机驱动RC负载进行了数值模拟，着重分析了负载阻抗对RC负载入口处和板叠热端处各参数的影响，实验研究了RC负载阻抗以及平均压力对热声驱动RC负载的影响。此外还进行了带声压放大器的热声发动机驱动RC负载的数值模拟和实验研究。通过理论计算初步总结了带声压放大器的热声发动机与RC负载的耦合关系，指出声压放大器的长度对热声发动机驱动RC负载具有重要影响，不同长度的声压放大器有可能会在其入口处产生反向的压力振动；当热声发动机向RC负载传递的声功率最大时，RC负载入口处压力振动与速度振动的相位差不再为-45°。
4．带声压放大器的驻波型热声发动机驱动脉管制冷机实验研究采用声压放大器作为热声发动机与脉管制冷机的新耦合机制，有利于脉管制冷机获得更低的制冷温度。当加热功率为1.4kW，采用长3.3m内径8mm的声压放大器时，脉管制冷机回热器入口处的压力振幅达到0.181MPa，压比1.152，脉管制冷机最低制冷温度从88.6K降为79.7K，在120K获得了2.436W的制冷量。通过对热声发动机加热器、水冷却器和高温气库的改进，采用长3.4m内径8mm的声压放大器耦合新设计的U型脉管制冷机，当加热功率为1.8kW时，脉管制冷机回热器入口处的压力振幅达到0.214MPa，压比1.179，脉管制冷机最低制冷温度56.4 K，是目前国内外公开报道采用驻波型热声发动机驱动脉管制冷机所获得的最低制冷温度。
A thermoacoustic engine, which converts heat energy to acoustic work, occupies advantages of structure simplicity, reliability, heat-driven mechanism, environmental friendliness and so on. Due to no moving components from ambient to cryogenic temperatures, the novel technology of thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator has a bright prospect of application. In order to enhance the performance of the thermoacoustic engine and to decrease the refrigerating temperature, the theoretical and experimental work of this dissertation focuses on the following sections:
1. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on A Thermoacoustic Engine with Tapered Resonance Tube A symmetrical standing-wave thermoacoustic engine with tapered resonance tube has been numerically simulated with liner thermoacoustics. The simulation shows that using tapered resonance tube in thermoacoustic engine could decrease the velocity amplitude and lower the total acoustic power loss in the resonance tube. The experimental results indicate that the harmonic was suppressed effectively by using the tapered resonance tube, and the pressure ratio was improved.
2. Acoustics Principle Analysis, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on an Acoustic Pressure Amplifier Based on acoustics principle, for an ideal one quarter wavelength acoustic pressure amplifier with one end open and the other closed, a much bigger pressure ratio could be obtained at the closed end. The amplification effect of the acoustic pressure amplifier has been validated by numerical simulation with linear thermoacoustics and experiments. Taking the dissipation in the acoustic pressure amplifier into account, the length of the acoustic pressure amplifier for the maximal pressure ratio is less than one quarter wavelength.
3. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Thermoacoustically driven RC load The standing-wave thermoacoustic engine connected with an RC (resistance and compliance) load has been numerically simulated with linear thermoacoustics. According to the computed results, the influence of the impedance of RC load on the parameters at RC load inlet and at the hot end of the stack has been analyzed. The influence of impedance of RC load and mean pressure on the performance of thermoacoustically driven RC load have been experimentally carried out. Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on thermoacoustically driven RC load with an acoustic pressure amplifier has been performed. The coupling relation of the thermoacoustic engine with an acoustic pressure amplifier and the RC load has been discussed. The acoustic pressure amplifier length plays an important role in the system. Reversed pressure oscillation may occur at the inlet of the acoustic pressure amplifier with different acoustic pressure amplifier length. When a maximal acoustic power is delivered to the RC load, the phase difference is no longer of -45°between pressure and velocity oscillation at the load inlet.
4. Experimental Investigation on thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator with an acoustic pressure amplifier Incorporating with an acoustic pressure amplifier in a standing-wave thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator system is propitious to further decrease the cooling temperature. With 1.4 kW heating power, a copper tube of 3.3 m in length and 8 mm in inner diameter as the acoustic pressure amplifier, a pressure amplitude of 0.181 MPa, a pressure ratio of 1.152 have been obtained at the inlet of the pulse tube refrigerator. A cooling temperature of 79.7 K (decreased from 88.6 K) and a cooling power of 2.436 W at 120 K were reached. Modifications of the hot end heat exchanger, the water cooler and the hot buffer of the thermoacoustic engine were carried out to improve the performance. Coupling a newly designed U-shaped pulse tube refrigerator with an acoustic pressure amplifier of 3.4 m in length and 8 mm in inner diameter, 1.8 kW heating power, the pressure amplitude of 0.214 MPa and pressure ratio of 1.179 have been obtained. As a result, a cooling temperature as low as 56.4 K was obtained, which is the lowest so far achieved by a standing-wave thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator.
1．采用锥形谐振管的热声发动机的数值模拟和实验研究利用线性热声理论，对一台采用锥形谐振管的驻波型热声发动机进行了数值模拟，发现采用锥形谐振管可有效降低工质气体的速度振幅，进而减小在谐振管中声功率的损失；与一台在相同频率下工作的采用等直径圆柱谐振管的驻波型热声发动机进行了实验对比，结果表明，在使用锥形管作为谐振管的热声发动机系统中，谐振管中的非线性效应得到了明显的抑制，热声发动机在基频模式下稳定运行，压比增大而加热温度降低。
2．声压放大器的声学原理分析及数值模拟和实验研究从声学原理出发，分析得出对于一根长四分之一波长的理想声压放大器，可以在其封闭端得到一个明显高于开口端的压比。根据线性热声理论的数值模拟和实验研究都验证了声压放大器对压力波的放大作用，考虑到非理想条件下声压放大器内部的各种损失，其末端压力振幅取得最大值所对应的长度小于理论分析得出的四分之一波长。
3．热声发动机驱动RC负载的理论和实验研究利用线性热声理论对热声发动机驱动RC负载进行了数值模拟，着重分析了负载阻抗对RC负载入口处和板叠热端处各参数的影响，实验研究了RC负载阻抗以及平均压力对热声驱动RC负载的影响。此外还进行了带声压放大器的热声发动机驱动RC负载的数值模拟和实验研究。通过理论计算初步总结了带声压放大器的热声发动机与RC负载的耦合关系，指出声压放大器的长度对热声发动机驱动RC负载具有重要影响，不同长度的声压放大器有可能会在其入口处产生反向的压力振动；当热声发动机向RC负载传递的声功率最大时，RC负载入口处压力振动与速度振动的相位差不再为-45°。
4．带声压放大器的驻波型热声发动机驱动脉管制冷机实验研究采用声压放大器作为热声发动机与脉管制冷机的新耦合机制，有利于脉管制冷机获得更低的制冷温度。当加热功率为1.4kW，采用长3.3m内径8mm的声压放大器时，脉管制冷机回热器入口处的压力振幅达到0.181MPa，压比1.152，脉管制冷机最低制冷温度从88.6K降为79.7K，在120K获得了2.436W的制冷量。通过对热声发动机加热器、水冷却器和高温气库的改进，采用长3.4m内径8mm的声压放大器耦合新设计的U型脉管制冷机，当加热功率为1.8kW时，脉管制冷机回热器入口处的压力振幅达到0.214MPa，压比1.179，脉管制冷机最低制冷温度56.4 K，是目前国内外公开报道采用驻波型热声发动机驱动脉管制冷机所获得的最低制冷温度。
A thermoacoustic engine, which converts heat energy to acoustic work, occupies advantages of structure simplicity, reliability, heat-driven mechanism, environmental friendliness and so on. Due to no moving components from ambient to cryogenic temperatures, the novel technology of thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator has a bright prospect of application. In order to enhance the performance of the thermoacoustic engine and to decrease the refrigerating temperature, the theoretical and experimental work of this dissertation focuses on the following sections:
1. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on A Thermoacoustic Engine with Tapered Resonance Tube A symmetrical standing-wave thermoacoustic engine with tapered resonance tube has been numerically simulated with liner thermoacoustics. The simulation shows that using tapered resonance tube in thermoacoustic engine could decrease the velocity amplitude and lower the total acoustic power loss in the resonance tube. The experimental results indicate that the harmonic was suppressed effectively by using the tapered resonance tube, and the pressure ratio was improved.
2. Acoustics Principle Analysis, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on an Acoustic Pressure Amplifier Based on acoustics principle, for an ideal one quarter wavelength acoustic pressure amplifier with one end open and the other closed, a much bigger pressure ratio could be obtained at the closed end. The amplification effect of the acoustic pressure amplifier has been validated by numerical simulation with linear thermoacoustics and experiments. Taking the dissipation in the acoustic pressure amplifier into account, the length of the acoustic pressure amplifier for the maximal pressure ratio is less than one quarter wavelength.
3. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Thermoacoustically driven RC load The standing-wave thermoacoustic engine connected with an RC (resistance and compliance) load has been numerically simulated with linear thermoacoustics. According to the computed results, the influence of the impedance of RC load on the parameters at RC load inlet and at the hot end of the stack has been analyzed. The influence of impedance of RC load and mean pressure on the performance of thermoacoustically driven RC load have been experimentally carried out. Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on thermoacoustically driven RC load with an acoustic pressure amplifier has been performed. The coupling relation of the thermoacoustic engine with an acoustic pressure amplifier and the RC load has been discussed. The acoustic pressure amplifier length plays an important role in the system. Reversed pressure oscillation may occur at the inlet of the acoustic pressure amplifier with different acoustic pressure amplifier length. When a maximal acoustic power is delivered to the RC load, the phase difference is no longer of -45°between pressure and velocity oscillation at the load inlet.
4. Experimental Investigation on thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator with an acoustic pressure amplifier Incorporating with an acoustic pressure amplifier in a standing-wave thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator system is propitious to further decrease the cooling temperature. With 1.4 kW heating power, a copper tube of 3.3 m in length and 8 mm in inner diameter as the acoustic pressure amplifier, a pressure amplitude of 0.181 MPa, a pressure ratio of 1.152 have been obtained at the inlet of the pulse tube refrigerator. A cooling temperature of 79.7 K (decreased from 88.6 K) and a cooling power of 2.436 W at 120 K were reached. Modifications of the hot end heat exchanger, the water cooler and the hot buffer of the thermoacoustic engine were carried out to improve the performance. Coupling a newly designed U-shaped pulse tube refrigerator with an acoustic pressure amplifier of 3.4 m in length and 8 mm in inner diameter, 1.8 kW heating power, the pressure amplitude of 0.214 MPa and pressure ratio of 1.179 have been obtained. As a result, a cooling temperature as low as 56.4 K was obtained, which is the lowest so far achieved by a standing-wave thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator.
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