表面引发活性自由基聚合法制备有机/无机复合材料
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摘要
有机/无机纳米复合材料以其同时具有无机材料优越的光、电、磁等性质,有机材料的优良加工性能、生物相容性能等特性受到了人们的极大关注。近年来,设计具有特殊功能特性的有机/无机复合纳米材料成为纳米科学技术的研究热点。尽管无机/有机杂化材料作为新型材料已被人们广泛研究,然而很多研究的重点往往只是侧重在无机材料的性能上,忽略了有机高分子部分对材料性能的影响。活性自由基聚合,特别是原子转移自由基聚合和可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合恰恰是以其合成的聚合物材料结构可控的优点而受到各领域研究者们的广泛关注。本文通过有机/无机复合纳米材料的制备,对可逆加成一断裂链转移自由基聚合法(RAFT)制备PMMA/SiO_2有机/无机杂化粒子,原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)在Si片表面制备润湿性可调的聚离子液体刷,原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)制备有机/无机复合粒子及中空聚离子液体微球做了详细的研究。其中主要工作如下:
本文合成了离子液单体1-(4-乙烯基苄基-)-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐,并用核磁共振波谱做了表征。实验结果表明:相对于其它一般的单体,离子液单体更易构筑具有特殊性质的材料。
为了实现在硅片表面的ATRP聚合,硅片处理后,在其上引入了一层引发剂单层。椭圆偏光仪测量显示硅片表面膜厚为1.9±0.2 nm,说明引发剂在硅片表面形成一层膜。静态接触角由原来的5°上升到66°,说明硅片表面的润湿性发生了改变。IR,XPS,AFM测量均表明引发剂单层成功接枝到硅片表面。
本文以1-(4-乙烯基苄基))-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐为单体,2-溴-2-甲基-N-(3-(三乙氧基硅烷)丙基)丙酰胺(BTPAm)为引发剂,CuBr为催化剂,PMDETA为配体,丁腈为溶剂,在硅片表面引发ATRP法合成了聚合可控的、润湿性可调的聚离子液体刷,实现了硅片表面的可控性润湿。动力学研究表明薄膜的厚度随着时间的增长呈线性关系,证明了链在表面的增长是可控的活性聚合。此外,聚离子液体刷具有可调控的润湿性,亲疏水间的可逆转换可通过变换相应的阴离子来实现。
本文设计并合成了RAFT试剂,即链转移剂二硫代苯甲酸异丁腈酯(CPDB),通过1H-NMR进行了表征。参考文献方法,将纳米SiO_2表面羟基进行氯化并引入了过氧基团。经检测,纳米SiO_2表面过氧基团含量为0.08 mmol/g。利用合成的苯甲酸异丁腈酯(CPDB)为链转移剂,含过氧化引发基团的纳米SiO_2为引发剂,MMA为单体,RAFT聚合制备SiO_2-g-PMMA杂化材料,研究表明该纳米材料聚合物接枝层的分子量基本可控,单体转化率与分子量具有一定的线性关系。ln([M]_0/[M])与反应时间成正比,两者成线性关系,具有“活性”/可控自由基聚合的特征,是一个“活性”/可控自由基聚合历程。TEM研究表明,未经处理纳米SiO_2存在严重团聚,经表面引发聚合后团聚程度减轻。AFM研究显示:SiO_2纳米粒子的平均粒径大约为20.0 nm,杂化粒子的平均粒径增加到大约为80.0 nm, PMMA接枝物层的厚度约为20.0±1.0 nm,杂化粒子分散非常均匀,未出现团聚现象,表明PMMA已完全接枝到纳米SiO_2表面。
由Sol-gel法合成了纳米SiO_2,将其活化后,在表面固载引发剂层,运用红外光谱,XPS光电子能谱进行表征,结果表明,引发剂单层成功地在其表面通过共价键结合。
本文以VBIm-PF6为单体、CuBr2为催化剂、PMDETA作为配体、甲苯作为溶剂,使用DVB作为交联剂,在引发剂固载的纳米SiO_2微粒上,采用表面引发ATRP法聚合制备了SiO_2@ PVBIm-PF6有机-无机复合微球,通过红外光谱,XPS光电子能谱进行表征,结果表明,生成了以SiO_2为核,以聚合离子液体为壳层的核壳微粒。进一步用化学方法除去内核得到了聚离子液体中空微球,结果通过TEM表征,发现得到的聚离子液体中空微球平均粒径大约在250 nm左右,其中,外壳的厚度在25 nm左右,中空芯的直径大约在200 nm左右。
With the development of nanotechnology, organic/inorganic nanocomposite particles have been of great interest based on the fact that the inorganic maintains intrinsic predominant optical, electrical, and magnetic properties while the organic enahnces mechanistic capability and biocompatibility. More recently, the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive, antibacterial, and biocompatible properties has attracted special interest. Living radical polymerization, especially atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP) and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization, has become a main method for preparation of these kinds of nanoparticles just because of its merits to control the structure and the surface properties of polymeric materials. In this dissertation, several different organic/inorganic nanocomposites including the poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)-grafted silica nanoparticles, a novel polyelectrolyte-grafted core-shell organic/inorganic hybrid nanospheres which possesses a hard backbone of silica nanoparticles and a soft shell of cross-linked poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), hollow polyelectrolyte nanospheres and a poly(ionic liquid)brush surface modified silicon wafer with tunable wettability, reversible switching between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, have been successfully synthesized.
A novel functional ion liquid [1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium hexa- fluorophosphate(PVBIm-PF6) has been synthesized successufully. And using it as a monomer, with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as the initiator, butyronitrile as the solvent, CuBr as the catalyst and PMDETA as the ligand, well-defined poly [1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium hexafluoro- phosphate brushes with tunable wettability using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are synthesized. Kinetic studies revealed a linear increase in polymer film thickness with reaction time, indicating that chain growth from the surface was a controlled process with a‘living’characteristic. Furthermore, the surface of poly (ionic liquid) brushes with tunable wettability, reversible switching between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity can be easily achieved by exchanging their counteranions.
Methyl methacrylate is polymerized by using functional silica with peroxide groups as the initiator, 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate as the RAFT agent and toluene as the solvent, through a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization at 80℃. Polymerization using this treated silica initiator displayed the diagnostic criteria for a‘living’/controlled radical polymerization. The molecular weight of the grafted polymer and the thickness of the polymer film can be controlled and linearly increase with the conversion of monomer.The kinetic studies show that ln([M]0/[M]) increases linearly with the increase of polymerization time. The surface topography analysis of these particles is carried out through TEM and AFM.
Using PVBIm-PF6 as a monomer, initiator immobilized silica nanoparticles an initiator, CuBr as the catalyst, PMDETA as the ligand, and propionitrile as the solvent, a new core-shell hybrid nanosphere, with silica nanoparticles as core and crosslinked PVBIm-PF6 and PDVB as shell is prepared via surface-initiated ATRP polymerization. After removal of the silica core, nearly monodispersed hollow polyelectrolyte nanospheres are obtained. TEM result indicates that the average particle size of the hollow nanospheres to be around 250 nm, and the average diameter of the hollow core was ca. 200 nm with a shell thickness of ca. 25 nm. The obtained hollow polyelectrolyte nanospheres could be applied in release-control systems, the related researches are going under way.
本文合成了离子液单体1-(4-乙烯基苄基-)-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐,并用核磁共振波谱做了表征。实验结果表明:相对于其它一般的单体,离子液单体更易构筑具有特殊性质的材料。
为了实现在硅片表面的ATRP聚合,硅片处理后,在其上引入了一层引发剂单层。椭圆偏光仪测量显示硅片表面膜厚为1.9±0.2 nm,说明引发剂在硅片表面形成一层膜。静态接触角由原来的5°上升到66°,说明硅片表面的润湿性发生了改变。IR,XPS,AFM测量均表明引发剂单层成功接枝到硅片表面。
本文以1-(4-乙烯基苄基))-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐为单体,2-溴-2-甲基-N-(3-(三乙氧基硅烷)丙基)丙酰胺(BTPAm)为引发剂,CuBr为催化剂,PMDETA为配体,丁腈为溶剂,在硅片表面引发ATRP法合成了聚合可控的、润湿性可调的聚离子液体刷,实现了硅片表面的可控性润湿。动力学研究表明薄膜的厚度随着时间的增长呈线性关系,证明了链在表面的增长是可控的活性聚合。此外,聚离子液体刷具有可调控的润湿性,亲疏水间的可逆转换可通过变换相应的阴离子来实现。
本文设计并合成了RAFT试剂,即链转移剂二硫代苯甲酸异丁腈酯(CPDB),通过1H-NMR进行了表征。参考文献方法,将纳米SiO_2表面羟基进行氯化并引入了过氧基团。经检测,纳米SiO_2表面过氧基团含量为0.08 mmol/g。利用合成的苯甲酸异丁腈酯(CPDB)为链转移剂,含过氧化引发基团的纳米SiO_2为引发剂,MMA为单体,RAFT聚合制备SiO_2-g-PMMA杂化材料,研究表明该纳米材料聚合物接枝层的分子量基本可控,单体转化率与分子量具有一定的线性关系。ln([M]_0/[M])与反应时间成正比,两者成线性关系,具有“活性”/可控自由基聚合的特征,是一个“活性”/可控自由基聚合历程。TEM研究表明,未经处理纳米SiO_2存在严重团聚,经表面引发聚合后团聚程度减轻。AFM研究显示:SiO_2纳米粒子的平均粒径大约为20.0 nm,杂化粒子的平均粒径增加到大约为80.0 nm, PMMA接枝物层的厚度约为20.0±1.0 nm,杂化粒子分散非常均匀,未出现团聚现象,表明PMMA已完全接枝到纳米SiO_2表面。
由Sol-gel法合成了纳米SiO_2,将其活化后,在表面固载引发剂层,运用红外光谱,XPS光电子能谱进行表征,结果表明,引发剂单层成功地在其表面通过共价键结合。
本文以VBIm-PF6为单体、CuBr2为催化剂、PMDETA作为配体、甲苯作为溶剂,使用DVB作为交联剂,在引发剂固载的纳米SiO_2微粒上,采用表面引发ATRP法聚合制备了SiO_2@ PVBIm-PF6有机-无机复合微球,通过红外光谱,XPS光电子能谱进行表征,结果表明,生成了以SiO_2为核,以聚合离子液体为壳层的核壳微粒。进一步用化学方法除去内核得到了聚离子液体中空微球,结果通过TEM表征,发现得到的聚离子液体中空微球平均粒径大约在250 nm左右,其中,外壳的厚度在25 nm左右,中空芯的直径大约在200 nm左右。
With the development of nanotechnology, organic/inorganic nanocomposite particles have been of great interest based on the fact that the inorganic maintains intrinsic predominant optical, electrical, and magnetic properties while the organic enahnces mechanistic capability and biocompatibility. More recently, the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive, antibacterial, and biocompatible properties has attracted special interest. Living radical polymerization, especially atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP) and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization, has become a main method for preparation of these kinds of nanoparticles just because of its merits to control the structure and the surface properties of polymeric materials. In this dissertation, several different organic/inorganic nanocomposites including the poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)-grafted silica nanoparticles, a novel polyelectrolyte-grafted core-shell organic/inorganic hybrid nanospheres which possesses a hard backbone of silica nanoparticles and a soft shell of cross-linked poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), hollow polyelectrolyte nanospheres and a poly(ionic liquid)brush surface modified silicon wafer with tunable wettability, reversible switching between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, have been successfully synthesized.
A novel functional ion liquid [1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium hexa- fluorophosphate(PVBIm-PF6) has been synthesized successufully. And using it as a monomer, with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as the initiator, butyronitrile as the solvent, CuBr as the catalyst and PMDETA as the ligand, well-defined poly [1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium hexafluoro- phosphate brushes with tunable wettability using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are synthesized. Kinetic studies revealed a linear increase in polymer film thickness with reaction time, indicating that chain growth from the surface was a controlled process with a‘living’characteristic. Furthermore, the surface of poly (ionic liquid) brushes with tunable wettability, reversible switching between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity can be easily achieved by exchanging their counteranions.
Methyl methacrylate is polymerized by using functional silica with peroxide groups as the initiator, 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate as the RAFT agent and toluene as the solvent, through a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization at 80℃. Polymerization using this treated silica initiator displayed the diagnostic criteria for a‘living’/controlled radical polymerization. The molecular weight of the grafted polymer and the thickness of the polymer film can be controlled and linearly increase with the conversion of monomer.The kinetic studies show that ln([M]0/[M]) increases linearly with the increase of polymerization time. The surface topography analysis of these particles is carried out through TEM and AFM.
Using PVBIm-PF6 as a monomer, initiator immobilized silica nanoparticles an initiator, CuBr as the catalyst, PMDETA as the ligand, and propionitrile as the solvent, a new core-shell hybrid nanosphere, with silica nanoparticles as core and crosslinked PVBIm-PF6 and PDVB as shell is prepared via surface-initiated ATRP polymerization. After removal of the silica core, nearly monodispersed hollow polyelectrolyte nanospheres are obtained. TEM result indicates that the average particle size of the hollow nanospheres to be around 250 nm, and the average diameter of the hollow core was ca. 200 nm with a shell thickness of ca. 25 nm. The obtained hollow polyelectrolyte nanospheres could be applied in release-control systems, the related researches are going under way.
引文
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