贝壳砂质土工程特性及加固方法研究
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摘要
作为世界三大古贝壳堤之一的渤海湾古贝壳堤在国际第四纪地质研究中占有重要位置。但是由于经济所限和重视不足等原因,渤海湾的贝壳堤资源受到严重的自然侵害和人为破坏。为抢救濒临毁坏的海洋文化遗产,天津市决定建立天津古林古海岸遗迹博物馆,作为天津市科普教育的基地。
博物馆建于贝壳堤上,地下一层为贝壳堤剖面展示区。博物馆建筑过程中要求最大程度上减小了对展示剖面的扰动,并要求贝壳堤展示剖面与已建博物馆在建筑风格上和谐统一;展坑剖面垂直不小于3米,便于充分展示挖掘出的遗迹剖面,并满足做为教育基地和科学研究的要求。上述要求带来以下四个需要研究的课题:
第一,组成贝壳堤的贝壳砂是由海生贝壳及其碎片和细砂、粉砂、泥炭、淤泥质粘土薄层混合而成的组合土,它的岩土力学性能有待深入研究;
第二,如何使贝壳堤展示剖面与已建博物馆在建筑风格上和谐统一,并确保博物馆主体建筑过程中最大程度上减小对贝壳堤展示剖面的扰动;
第三,贝壳砂具有渗透性大、含水量高、结构性差、易风化、稳定性低等特点,在这样的土层中构建展示剖面,需要有可靠的加固方法;
第四,天津市是地震多发区,地震设防烈度为7度,应确保展示剖面在地震多发区长期安全稳定。
本文以天津古贝壳堤为研究背景,通过理论分析、数值计算、室内试验及现场试验,得到如下研究成果:
1.对贝壳砂中贝壳的含量进行分析,并测试其岩土工程特性,得到不同含量的贝壳砂其压缩变形特性和抗剪强度特性,为贝壳堤的稳定分析提供必需的岩土力学参数。试验并讨论了酸雨和海水侵蚀状态下贝壳砂的耐久性问题。
2.贝壳堤展示剖面结合室内环境设计、参观流线等因素,做到贝壳堤展示剖面与已建博物馆在建筑风格上和谐统一。
3.通过对主体结构基础型式的优化研究,确保打桩过程、基础开挖过程均能保护核心展示区原貌,达到最大程度避免扰动贝壳堤展示剖面的目的,实践证明优化的基础型式安全可靠。
4.在对贝壳砂土力学性能研究的基础上,分析了贝壳堤展示剖面的受力特点,对比了不同灌浆材料的优缺点,选定无毒害、抗紫外线的氰凝浆材作为灌浆基材,通过野外试验确定了灌浆用量和加固作用范围,并试验加入不同比例的催化剂和稀释剂达到降低成本、提高效率的加固效果。工程实践证明贝壳堤展坑的加固方法、施工方案可行。
5.利用有限元分析的方法,对展坑的土坡稳定性和地震作用下的稳定性进行了分析,结果表明,经加固处理后贝壳堤剖面及展坑的整体稳定性得到了提高,在开挖施工和地震力作用下地基土体的位移及应力明显减小,满足稳定性要求。
The Bohai Bay Shell Embankment, one of the three largest shell embankments in the world, is important in the study of Quaternary geology. Unfortunately, due to economic limitation and inadequate recognition, the Bohai Bay Shell Embankment is facing damage both from nature and by human activities. To rescue the ocean cultural relics, as well as provide a science popularization base, the Tianjin municipal government decided to establish Tianjin Ancient Forest and Coast Museum.
The museum will be founded on the shell embankment and the first underground floor, as the profile exhibition district of the shell embankment, should be in harmony in architectural style with the existing museums and should also minimize the disturbance to the relics. The height of the display pit should be greater than 3m to show the existing relics adequately and to satisfy science education and research. The above-mentioned requirements present four questions to be studied as following:
First, the shell sand making up the shell embankment is the mixture of shell and its fragments, fine sand, silt sand, peat and silt clay film. Its geotechnical properties need to be deeply researched.
Secondly, we should make out that how to make the profile exhibition districts in concordance with the existing museums in the architectural style and how to reduce the disturbance on the heritage from the construction
Thirdly, the shell sand has the characters such as high permeability, high water content, bad structure, eugeogenous,low stability. We need a reliable reinforce method to display the cross-section in such soil.
Finally, Tianjin is earthquake multiple and the protected seismic intensity is 7 degree. The long-term stability of the display districts under the earthquake should be guaranteed.
The paper take Tianjin accent shell embankment as the background, through theatrics analysis, numerical calculation, indoor test and field test, we can gained the following achievement:
1. Make the analysis to the shell content of the shell sand, and test the capability of the geotechnical mechanics, so that we gain the displacement and shearing strength of the shell sand to offer mechanics parameter to the analysis of the shell embankment.
2. The exhibition cross-section of the shell embankment should combine with the interior design and the visiting route, make the exhibition cross-section harmonious to with the existing museum in architecture style.
3. It should be ensured that the piling process and the foundation ditch excavation can protect the original core exhibition appearance through the research to the basis style of the major structure, so that the natural historical remains can avoid being disturbed.
The practice proved that optimized base style being on the safe side. Laying reinforced concrete in the bottom of the foundation ditch can make the base as a visiting pathway and can also make the foundation and its bottom integral; this can keep the exhibition foundation ditch stable and lessen the displacement of the bottom.
4. On the base of the shell sand geotechnical mechanic research, the paper analyzed the stress characteristic, compared the advantages and drawbacks of deferent grouting material. Innocuous, anti-ultraviolet materials were chosen as the basic materials. The paper brrought forward the amount of the grouting and reinforce range through field test and also debase the cost and advance the reinforce effect.
The project practice proved the method as being feasible.
5. Finite Method was used to analysis the slope stability and the stability under the earthquake. The result indicated that the stability of the reinforced shell embankment and the exhibition foundation ditch improved. The displacement and stress decade obviously and it satisfies the stability demand.
博物馆建于贝壳堤上,地下一层为贝壳堤剖面展示区。博物馆建筑过程中要求最大程度上减小了对展示剖面的扰动,并要求贝壳堤展示剖面与已建博物馆在建筑风格上和谐统一;展坑剖面垂直不小于3米,便于充分展示挖掘出的遗迹剖面,并满足做为教育基地和科学研究的要求。上述要求带来以下四个需要研究的课题:
第一,组成贝壳堤的贝壳砂是由海生贝壳及其碎片和细砂、粉砂、泥炭、淤泥质粘土薄层混合而成的组合土,它的岩土力学性能有待深入研究;
第二,如何使贝壳堤展示剖面与已建博物馆在建筑风格上和谐统一,并确保博物馆主体建筑过程中最大程度上减小对贝壳堤展示剖面的扰动;
第三,贝壳砂具有渗透性大、含水量高、结构性差、易风化、稳定性低等特点,在这样的土层中构建展示剖面,需要有可靠的加固方法;
第四,天津市是地震多发区,地震设防烈度为7度,应确保展示剖面在地震多发区长期安全稳定。
本文以天津古贝壳堤为研究背景,通过理论分析、数值计算、室内试验及现场试验,得到如下研究成果:
1.对贝壳砂中贝壳的含量进行分析,并测试其岩土工程特性,得到不同含量的贝壳砂其压缩变形特性和抗剪强度特性,为贝壳堤的稳定分析提供必需的岩土力学参数。试验并讨论了酸雨和海水侵蚀状态下贝壳砂的耐久性问题。
2.贝壳堤展示剖面结合室内环境设计、参观流线等因素,做到贝壳堤展示剖面与已建博物馆在建筑风格上和谐统一。
3.通过对主体结构基础型式的优化研究,确保打桩过程、基础开挖过程均能保护核心展示区原貌,达到最大程度避免扰动贝壳堤展示剖面的目的,实践证明优化的基础型式安全可靠。
4.在对贝壳砂土力学性能研究的基础上,分析了贝壳堤展示剖面的受力特点,对比了不同灌浆材料的优缺点,选定无毒害、抗紫外线的氰凝浆材作为灌浆基材,通过野外试验确定了灌浆用量和加固作用范围,并试验加入不同比例的催化剂和稀释剂达到降低成本、提高效率的加固效果。工程实践证明贝壳堤展坑的加固方法、施工方案可行。
5.利用有限元分析的方法,对展坑的土坡稳定性和地震作用下的稳定性进行了分析,结果表明,经加固处理后贝壳堤剖面及展坑的整体稳定性得到了提高,在开挖施工和地震力作用下地基土体的位移及应力明显减小,满足稳定性要求。
The Bohai Bay Shell Embankment, one of the three largest shell embankments in the world, is important in the study of Quaternary geology. Unfortunately, due to economic limitation and inadequate recognition, the Bohai Bay Shell Embankment is facing damage both from nature and by human activities. To rescue the ocean cultural relics, as well as provide a science popularization base, the Tianjin municipal government decided to establish Tianjin Ancient Forest and Coast Museum.
The museum will be founded on the shell embankment and the first underground floor, as the profile exhibition district of the shell embankment, should be in harmony in architectural style with the existing museums and should also minimize the disturbance to the relics. The height of the display pit should be greater than 3m to show the existing relics adequately and to satisfy science education and research. The above-mentioned requirements present four questions to be studied as following:
First, the shell sand making up the shell embankment is the mixture of shell and its fragments, fine sand, silt sand, peat and silt clay film. Its geotechnical properties need to be deeply researched.
Secondly, we should make out that how to make the profile exhibition districts in concordance with the existing museums in the architectural style and how to reduce the disturbance on the heritage from the construction
Thirdly, the shell sand has the characters such as high permeability, high water content, bad structure, eugeogenous,low stability. We need a reliable reinforce method to display the cross-section in such soil.
Finally, Tianjin is earthquake multiple and the protected seismic intensity is 7 degree. The long-term stability of the display districts under the earthquake should be guaranteed.
The paper take Tianjin accent shell embankment as the background, through theatrics analysis, numerical calculation, indoor test and field test, we can gained the following achievement:
1. Make the analysis to the shell content of the shell sand, and test the capability of the geotechnical mechanics, so that we gain the displacement and shearing strength of the shell sand to offer mechanics parameter to the analysis of the shell embankment.
2. The exhibition cross-section of the shell embankment should combine with the interior design and the visiting route, make the exhibition cross-section harmonious to with the existing museum in architecture style.
3. It should be ensured that the piling process and the foundation ditch excavation can protect the original core exhibition appearance through the research to the basis style of the major structure, so that the natural historical remains can avoid being disturbed.
The practice proved that optimized base style being on the safe side. Laying reinforced concrete in the bottom of the foundation ditch can make the base as a visiting pathway and can also make the foundation and its bottom integral; this can keep the exhibition foundation ditch stable and lessen the displacement of the bottom.
4. On the base of the shell sand geotechnical mechanic research, the paper analyzed the stress characteristic, compared the advantages and drawbacks of deferent grouting material. Innocuous, anti-ultraviolet materials were chosen as the basic materials. The paper brrought forward the amount of the grouting and reinforce range through field test and also debase the cost and advance the reinforce effect.
The project practice proved the method as being feasible.
5. Finite Method was used to analysis the slope stability and the stability under the earthquake. The result indicated that the stability of the reinforced shell embankment and the exhibition foundation ditch improved. The displacement and stress decade obviously and it satisfies the stability demand.
引文
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