黄土高原小流域淤地坝控制坡沟系统土壤侵蚀的作用研究
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摘要
本研究选择黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域王茂沟流域作为研究对象,综合运用土壤侵蚀和水土保持理论、滑坡侵蚀原理、强度折减法理论和有限元技术,采用实地观测及取样和室内分析相结合的方法,开展淤地坝淤积信息空间分布规律的研究和坡沟系统土体的物理力学特性研究。进而结合有限元技术研究了小流域坡沟系统随坝地淤高其稳定性、滑坡概率和滑坡侵蚀量的变化规律、以及随着淤地坝的淤高,坡沟系统重力滑坡侵蚀中峁坡和沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量之比、峁坡和沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的比例,最后得出坡沟系统在稳定系数最小时的应力场与位移场的分布规律。本研究对定量评价小流域淤地坝的减侵蚀作用与综合治理效应、科学调整规划设计方案、关键技术配置、治理措施优化布局等宏观决策,推动生态环境建设的深入开展具有重要意义。
本研究得出的主要成果如下：
(1)通过淤地坝分层取样和干容重测定分析,得知坝地淤积物其干容重随淤积层厚的变化不是太明显,虽有变化,但其数值波动范围不大,基本在平均值1.37g／cm3上下小范围波动。坝前淤积物其加权干容重沿淤积深度方向的变化幅度为1.34-1.41g／cm3,基本沿着平均值1.38g／cm3成一条直线,坝地淤积物的加权干容重沿深度方向比较均一,在定量计算淤地坝的拦泥量时淤积泥沙的干容重可以采用一个数值进行计算。通过室内颗粒分析试验,得出坝地淤积物中各淤积层土样的颗粒级配组成规律。结果表明,坝地淤积物的粒径主要分布在0.005mm-0.1mm之间,各淤积层淤积物的颗粒级配呈不均匀分布,而且淤积泥沙颗粒组成沿深度也无明显的变化。
(2)通过实地调查分析,建立了关地沟坡沟系统概化模型,经过纯数学的推导,得到了坡沟系统的剩余坡长L'随坝地的淤高的表达式：通过有限元软件模拟出随着坝地逐渐淤高坝库淤积的泥沙量与坝高的相关关系式为y=449.59x2+1182.1x-926.31；通过建立原型模型,得出了随坝地淤高相同淤积高度(0.9m)各淤积阶段的淤积泥沙量与淤积高度的相关关系满足二项式关系,即y=-19.83x2+997.65x-277.27及随着坝地的淤高,相同的产沙量(100 m3)落淤在坝地上垂直淤积高度与坝地当前淤高的相关关系满足乘幂关系,即y=0.1142x-1.0055。
(3)通过峁坡和沟坡分降雨前与降雨后土的体积含水量随土层深度变化规律的研究,说明了不同植被覆盖条件下土体含水量的保持和蒸散发的强弱,指出了保持土壤水分有利的植物覆盖类型,同时也为建立降雨和土体含水量关系方面的研究提供了一种方法,并得到了简单的土体含水量随土层深度的变化规律；得到峁坡和沟坡电导率随含水量的变化规律分别为：峁坡：y=1287.6x-0.7798,沟坡：y=0.3371x2-18.372x+358.16,为土壤化学分析提供重要指标。分析了峁坡和沟坡土壤干容重随高程的变化规律,为滑坡侵蚀定量计算和小流域重力滑坡侵蚀的物理分析提供重要基础参数；建立了统一的小流域坡沟系统土体的抗剪强度随含水量的变化规律：τf=σ·tg(pω-q)+sω-t,为降雨型滑坡侵蚀预报模型提供了重要科学依据。
(4)基于有限元技术,通过建立关地沟4号坝上游典型坡沟系统的概化模型,分析了随淤地坝坝地的淤高坡沟系统的稳定性、滑塌概率和滑塌量的变化规律,得到了三者的相关方程分别如下：①稳定系数：y=0.0004x2+0.00004x+1.2572；②滑塌概率(%)：y=0.025x2-0.6346x+6.5439；③滑塌量(m3／m)：y=-68.775x+2141.5,三者的精度均较高,可用于该沟道重力滑坡侵蚀的预报、滑坡侵蚀的定量计算和指导淤地坝的分期加高。
(5)通过软件模拟计算,分别得到了峁坡和沟坡的滑塌量及各自在滑坡侵蚀总量中所占的比重。在坡沟系统重力滑坡侵蚀中,随着淤地坝的淤高,峁坡和沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量之比基本为1：50；峁坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的2%,而沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的98%,在重力侵蚀产沙中,沟坡重力侵蚀是沟道泥沙的主要来源。
(6)应用有限元强度折减法对坡沟系统的应力场和位移场进行了仿真分析,指出了稳定系数最小、滑坡概率最大、坡沟系统濒临滑坡侵蚀时的最大应力和位移分布区域,分别如下：①X方向的最大位移：沟坡中下部位垂直向坡体内约15m的范围；②Y方向的最大位移：从峁顶向左向右各延伸10m左右的扇形区域；③拉应力最大值区域：从峁顶经峁坡向沟坡坡缘线向坡体内延伸9m左右的带形区域。这些区域是坡沟系统最容易发生侵蚀的危险区域,在配置坡面水土保持工程措施(水平沟和鱼鳞坑等)和生物措施的时候要有针对性的进行重点防护,以使坡沟系统的土壤侵蚀降低到最低限度。
In this study, Wangmaogou watershed, one of the typical small catchments in Loess Plateau Hilly and Gully Area,was selected as the study object. The space spread patterns of alluvial information in the check dam and the physical and mechanics characteristics of soil on slope-gully system were studied with the theory of soil erosion and soil and water conservation, landslide erosion principle and finite element method strength reduction theory and its technology, and field observations and laboratory analysis methods. Then, combined with finite element method technology, the changing law of stability factor, land sliding probability and land sliding amount of the slope-gully system in small watershed with dam land raised gradually were studied. It is also obtained that the erosion amount and percentage of mound slope and gully slope in landsliding erosion of slope-gully system with dam land raised gradually. Finally,the slope-gully system's stress fields and displacement fields were also analyzed by finite element method strength reduction theory. When the stability factor was minimum and the slope-gully system was on the edge of sliding erosion, the maximum stress and displacement fields were obtained. The studies are of practical significance in evaluating the ecological environment restoration and comprehensive management effect, scientifically adjusting macroeconomic policy, such as planning and designing programs, collocating key technique and optimizing the layout of father measurement, and promoting construction of ecological environment for further development.
The main results are as follows:
(1)The dry density result of depositing matter from layers of warped farmland indicated that the dry density of each layer was generally stabilized. Though there were some changes, but the range of the numerical fluctuating was little, just upper and lower on the average of 1.37g/cm.The range of weighted dry density changing with deposit depth was very little, and its range was about 1.34～1.41g/cm3, just like one line along the average number of 1.38g/cm3.So the dry density of silting sediments can indicated with one parameter when calculating the sedimentation quantity of check dam.The grain composition analysis of depositing matter on layers in the warped farmland indicated that the grain diameter was mainly distributed among the range from 0.005 mm to 0.1 mm, sludge soil particles were distributed unevenly, and there were no obvious changes along the dam to the deep profile.
(2) Through field investigation and analysis,the generalized model of slope-gully system in Guandigou Watershed was established. Through pure mathematical deducing, the function about the remaining slope lengthof slope-gully system changing with gradual rise of dam land was obtained: .By finite element software, the function about the sediment silted in dam reservoir changing with dam land vertical silting higher was obtained:y= 449.59x2+1182.1x-926.31.Through establishing prototype model, the function about sediment amount silted of every alluvium following dam land silting the same higher(0.9meter) was obtained:y=-19.83x2+997.65x-277.27,and at the same time,it was also obtained that the function about vertical sedimentation height of 100 cubic metre sediment falling on dam land changing with dam land current sedimentation height which was:y=0.1142x-1.0055.
(3)The law about soil's volume water content which lies in mound slope and gully slope before and after the rain changing along with the soil layer vertical depth was analyzed by measuring and sampling respectively in field on mound slope and gully slope. The strong and weak of soil water content keeping and evapotranspiration under different vegetation cover conditions was explained, and plant-cover types which was favorable for keep soil moisture was pointed out at the same time. The law of electrical conductivity changing along with the water content was also analyzed which could provide important index for soil chemical analysis:mound slope:y=1287.6x-0.7798,gully slope:y=0.3371x2-18.372x+358.16. The soil dry density which lies in mound slope and gully slope changing along with elevation was obtained by sampling respectively in field and determining the soil's dry density indoor which can provide important foundational parameters for quantitative calculating of landslide erosion and physical analysis about gravity landslide erosion in small watershed. It is also found that unified function about soil's shear strength changing along with the water content of slope-gully system of small watershed by mechanical experiments on undisturbed soil under different water content which was that:τf=σ·tg (pω-q)+sω-t.The results can provide prediction model of rainfall landslide erosion in small watershed on loess plateau.
(4)Based on finite element techniques, the stability of slope-gully system,its land sliding probability and its land sliding amounts were analyzed with gradual rise of dam land by establishing a generalization model of Guandigou watershed in Gully's classical slope-gully system. Correlation equations were obtained just as follows:①stability factor: y=0.0004x2+0.00004x+1.2572;②land sliding probability(%):y=0.025x2-0.6346x+6.5439;③land sliding amounts (m3/m):y=-68.775x+2141.5,all of which had high accuracy. The three functions can be used to forecast and quantitative calculation of landslide erosion.
(5) Through calculating and simulating by software, the erosion amount and percentage of mound slope and gully slope in land sliding erosion of slope-gully system was obtained. In land sliding erosion of slope-gully system, with dam land raised gradually, the volume and weight of slumping soil on mound slope compared to that of gully slope was about 1:50,that of slumping soil on mound slope compared to that of total slumping soil was about 2 percent, and that of gully slope was about 98 percent. So among gravity erosion producing sediment, the gravity erosion on gully slope was the main source of channel producing sediment.
(6) Concerning on the slope-gully system's mechanical stabilization and damage by stress, the slope-gully system's stress fields and displacement fields were also analyzed by finite element method strength reduction theory. When the stability factor was minimum and the slope-gully system was on the edge of sliding erosion, the maximum stress and displacement fields were obtained. The obtained maximum stress and displacement fields was as follows:①the maximum displacements of X direction was the area which lie in middle and lower part on edge of slope-gully system and vertical to slope of about 15 meters.②the maximum displacements of Y directions was a sector region which from replat top to the left or right 10 meters.③the maximum tensile stress was a strip region which from replat top to toe of the slope extending 9 meters.The above areas were dangerous region in where erosion was easier. The results provide a valuable reference for configuration of project measures of water and soil conservation,which can decrease the erosion amount of the slope-gully system to the minimum.
本研究得出的主要成果如下：
(1)通过淤地坝分层取样和干容重测定分析,得知坝地淤积物其干容重随淤积层厚的变化不是太明显,虽有变化,但其数值波动范围不大,基本在平均值1.37g／cm3上下小范围波动。坝前淤积物其加权干容重沿淤积深度方向的变化幅度为1.34-1.41g／cm3,基本沿着平均值1.38g／cm3成一条直线,坝地淤积物的加权干容重沿深度方向比较均一,在定量计算淤地坝的拦泥量时淤积泥沙的干容重可以采用一个数值进行计算。通过室内颗粒分析试验,得出坝地淤积物中各淤积层土样的颗粒级配组成规律。结果表明,坝地淤积物的粒径主要分布在0.005mm-0.1mm之间,各淤积层淤积物的颗粒级配呈不均匀分布,而且淤积泥沙颗粒组成沿深度也无明显的变化。
(2)通过实地调查分析,建立了关地沟坡沟系统概化模型,经过纯数学的推导,得到了坡沟系统的剩余坡长L'随坝地的淤高的表达式：通过有限元软件模拟出随着坝地逐渐淤高坝库淤积的泥沙量与坝高的相关关系式为y=449.59x2+1182.1x-926.31；通过建立原型模型,得出了随坝地淤高相同淤积高度(0.9m)各淤积阶段的淤积泥沙量与淤积高度的相关关系满足二项式关系,即y=-19.83x2+997.65x-277.27及随着坝地的淤高,相同的产沙量(100 m3)落淤在坝地上垂直淤积高度与坝地当前淤高的相关关系满足乘幂关系,即y=0.1142x-1.0055。
(3)通过峁坡和沟坡分降雨前与降雨后土的体积含水量随土层深度变化规律的研究,说明了不同植被覆盖条件下土体含水量的保持和蒸散发的强弱,指出了保持土壤水分有利的植物覆盖类型,同时也为建立降雨和土体含水量关系方面的研究提供了一种方法,并得到了简单的土体含水量随土层深度的变化规律；得到峁坡和沟坡电导率随含水量的变化规律分别为：峁坡：y=1287.6x-0.7798,沟坡：y=0.3371x2-18.372x+358.16,为土壤化学分析提供重要指标。分析了峁坡和沟坡土壤干容重随高程的变化规律,为滑坡侵蚀定量计算和小流域重力滑坡侵蚀的物理分析提供重要基础参数；建立了统一的小流域坡沟系统土体的抗剪强度随含水量的变化规律：τf=σ·tg(pω-q)+sω-t,为降雨型滑坡侵蚀预报模型提供了重要科学依据。
(4)基于有限元技术,通过建立关地沟4号坝上游典型坡沟系统的概化模型,分析了随淤地坝坝地的淤高坡沟系统的稳定性、滑塌概率和滑塌量的变化规律,得到了三者的相关方程分别如下：①稳定系数：y=0.0004x2+0.00004x+1.2572；②滑塌概率(%)：y=0.025x2-0.6346x+6.5439；③滑塌量(m3／m)：y=-68.775x+2141.5,三者的精度均较高,可用于该沟道重力滑坡侵蚀的预报、滑坡侵蚀的定量计算和指导淤地坝的分期加高。
(5)通过软件模拟计算,分别得到了峁坡和沟坡的滑塌量及各自在滑坡侵蚀总量中所占的比重。在坡沟系统重力滑坡侵蚀中,随着淤地坝的淤高,峁坡和沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量之比基本为1：50；峁坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的2%,而沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的98%,在重力侵蚀产沙中,沟坡重力侵蚀是沟道泥沙的主要来源。
(6)应用有限元强度折减法对坡沟系统的应力场和位移场进行了仿真分析,指出了稳定系数最小、滑坡概率最大、坡沟系统濒临滑坡侵蚀时的最大应力和位移分布区域,分别如下：①X方向的最大位移：沟坡中下部位垂直向坡体内约15m的范围；②Y方向的最大位移：从峁顶向左向右各延伸10m左右的扇形区域；③拉应力最大值区域：从峁顶经峁坡向沟坡坡缘线向坡体内延伸9m左右的带形区域。这些区域是坡沟系统最容易发生侵蚀的危险区域,在配置坡面水土保持工程措施(水平沟和鱼鳞坑等)和生物措施的时候要有针对性的进行重点防护,以使坡沟系统的土壤侵蚀降低到最低限度。
In this study, Wangmaogou watershed, one of the typical small catchments in Loess Plateau Hilly and Gully Area,was selected as the study object. The space spread patterns of alluvial information in the check dam and the physical and mechanics characteristics of soil on slope-gully system were studied with the theory of soil erosion and soil and water conservation, landslide erosion principle and finite element method strength reduction theory and its technology, and field observations and laboratory analysis methods. Then, combined with finite element method technology, the changing law of stability factor, land sliding probability and land sliding amount of the slope-gully system in small watershed with dam land raised gradually were studied. It is also obtained that the erosion amount and percentage of mound slope and gully slope in landsliding erosion of slope-gully system with dam land raised gradually. Finally,the slope-gully system's stress fields and displacement fields were also analyzed by finite element method strength reduction theory. When the stability factor was minimum and the slope-gully system was on the edge of sliding erosion, the maximum stress and displacement fields were obtained. The studies are of practical significance in evaluating the ecological environment restoration and comprehensive management effect, scientifically adjusting macroeconomic policy, such as planning and designing programs, collocating key technique and optimizing the layout of father measurement, and promoting construction of ecological environment for further development.
The main results are as follows:
(1)The dry density result of depositing matter from layers of warped farmland indicated that the dry density of each layer was generally stabilized. Though there were some changes, but the range of the numerical fluctuating was little, just upper and lower on the average of 1.37g/cm.The range of weighted dry density changing with deposit depth was very little, and its range was about 1.34～1.41g/cm3, just like one line along the average number of 1.38g/cm3.So the dry density of silting sediments can indicated with one parameter when calculating the sedimentation quantity of check dam.The grain composition analysis of depositing matter on layers in the warped farmland indicated that the grain diameter was mainly distributed among the range from 0.005 mm to 0.1 mm, sludge soil particles were distributed unevenly, and there were no obvious changes along the dam to the deep profile.
(2) Through field investigation and analysis,the generalized model of slope-gully system in Guandigou Watershed was established. Through pure mathematical deducing, the function about the remaining slope lengthof slope-gully system changing with gradual rise of dam land was obtained: .By finite element software, the function about the sediment silted in dam reservoir changing with dam land vertical silting higher was obtained:y= 449.59x2+1182.1x-926.31.Through establishing prototype model, the function about sediment amount silted of every alluvium following dam land silting the same higher(0.9meter) was obtained:y=-19.83x2+997.65x-277.27,and at the same time,it was also obtained that the function about vertical sedimentation height of 100 cubic metre sediment falling on dam land changing with dam land current sedimentation height which was:y=0.1142x-1.0055.
(3)The law about soil's volume water content which lies in mound slope and gully slope before and after the rain changing along with the soil layer vertical depth was analyzed by measuring and sampling respectively in field on mound slope and gully slope. The strong and weak of soil water content keeping and evapotranspiration under different vegetation cover conditions was explained, and plant-cover types which was favorable for keep soil moisture was pointed out at the same time. The law of electrical conductivity changing along with the water content was also analyzed which could provide important index for soil chemical analysis:mound slope:y=1287.6x-0.7798,gully slope:y=0.3371x2-18.372x+358.16. The soil dry density which lies in mound slope and gully slope changing along with elevation was obtained by sampling respectively in field and determining the soil's dry density indoor which can provide important foundational parameters for quantitative calculating of landslide erosion and physical analysis about gravity landslide erosion in small watershed. It is also found that unified function about soil's shear strength changing along with the water content of slope-gully system of small watershed by mechanical experiments on undisturbed soil under different water content which was that:τf=σ·tg (pω-q)+sω-t.The results can provide prediction model of rainfall landslide erosion in small watershed on loess plateau.
(4)Based on finite element techniques, the stability of slope-gully system,its land sliding probability and its land sliding amounts were analyzed with gradual rise of dam land by establishing a generalization model of Guandigou watershed in Gully's classical slope-gully system. Correlation equations were obtained just as follows:①stability factor: y=0.0004x2+0.00004x+1.2572;②land sliding probability(%):y=0.025x2-0.6346x+6.5439;③land sliding amounts (m3/m):y=-68.775x+2141.5,all of which had high accuracy. The three functions can be used to forecast and quantitative calculation of landslide erosion.
(5) Through calculating and simulating by software, the erosion amount and percentage of mound slope and gully slope in land sliding erosion of slope-gully system was obtained. In land sliding erosion of slope-gully system, with dam land raised gradually, the volume and weight of slumping soil on mound slope compared to that of gully slope was about 1:50,that of slumping soil on mound slope compared to that of total slumping soil was about 2 percent, and that of gully slope was about 98 percent. So among gravity erosion producing sediment, the gravity erosion on gully slope was the main source of channel producing sediment.
(6) Concerning on the slope-gully system's mechanical stabilization and damage by stress, the slope-gully system's stress fields and displacement fields were also analyzed by finite element method strength reduction theory. When the stability factor was minimum and the slope-gully system was on the edge of sliding erosion, the maximum stress and displacement fields were obtained. The obtained maximum stress and displacement fields was as follows:①the maximum displacements of X direction was the area which lie in middle and lower part on edge of slope-gully system and vertical to slope of about 15 meters.②the maximum displacements of Y directions was a sector region which from replat top to the left or right 10 meters.③the maximum tensile stress was a strip region which from replat top to toe of the slope extending 9 meters.The above areas were dangerous region in where erosion was easier. The results provide a valuable reference for configuration of project measures of water and soil conservation,which can decrease the erosion amount of the slope-gully system to the minimum.
引文
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