高压二氧化碳诱导Escherichia coli O157:H7形成活的非可培养状态的机制研究
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摘要
本文以脱毒型食源性致病菌Escherichia coli O157:H7为研究对象,考察了高压二氧化碳(highpressure CO2, HPCD)诱导E. coli0157:H7形成活的非可培养(viable but nonculturable, VBNC)状态的情况,并研究了HPCD诱导其形成VBNC状态的可能机制,研究结果为进一步优化HPCD加工工艺及保证HPCD加工的食品安全奠定理论基础,具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。主要研究内容如下：
(1)确定HPCD诱导E. coli O157:H7形成VBNC状态的诱导条件。以处理温度为参数,研究了5MPa处理压力下HPCD对E. coli O157H7进入VBNC状态的诱导情况,结果表明25℃、31℃、34℃和37℃四种处理温度均能诱导E.coli O157:H7进入VBNC状态,并且提高温度能够加速VBNC状态的形成；在37℃下利用TSB培养基对HPCD诱导产生的VBNC状态细胞进行复苏,发现复苏能力随着诱导温度的提高而降低。本研究首次证明了HPCD处理能够诱导E. coli O157:H7形成VBNC状态。
(2) VBNC状态E. coli O157:H7细胞的生物学特性分析。采用API ZYM试剂盒对HPCD诱导产生的VBNC状态细胞进行胞内酶活测定,结果表明酶活随着诱导温度的提高而降低；利用扫描电镜和透射电镜对VBNC状态细胞及不同复苏时期的细胞进行观察,发现与对数生长期细胞相比它们的外部形态和内部结构发生了明显变化；通过荧光光度计对膜的流动性研究表明VBNC状态细胞的膜流动性没有发生变化；VBNC状态细胞对超声波处理的抗性显著提高。这些研究结果表明VBNC状态是E. coli O157:H7在HPCD处理条件下所采取的一种生存策略。
(3)采用组学方法分析HPCD诱导E. coli O157:H7形成VBNC状态的可能机制。通过对转录组和蛋白质组结果分析表明,VBNC状态E.coli O157:H7对碳水化合物、氨基酸及其他物质的转运能力下降了,导致VBNC状态细胞与外界环境之间的物质交换能力下降,从而使VBNC状态细胞的代谢活性降低；VBNC状态细胞中的碳水化合物、氨基酸、核苷酸及呼吸链代谢流都指向提高ATP含量的方向,这可为VBNC状态细胞中进行的代谢活动提供能量,从而有助于维持细胞活性；VBNC状态细胞中DNA复制和重组活性降低了,而且细胞分裂活性受到抑制,这会导致VBNC状态细胞失去分裂生长的能力；VBNC状态细胞中周质空间防御能力的削弱会提高细胞对化学刺激的敏感性；同时VBNC状态细胞的致病性降低了。总之,HPCD处理通过降低或抑制E.coli O157:H7细胞的物质转运与代谢活性、细胞分裂能力及对化学刺激的抗性等而使细胞呈现出低代谢活性但不分裂生长的状态,即VBNC状态。
(4)从VBNC状态细胞的酸、氧抗性及对宿主细胞的致病性两方面对组学结果进行验证。HPCD诱导产生的VBNC状态E.coli O157:H7细胞对酸、氧逆境的抗性都要弱于对数生长期细胞,但VBNC状态细胞对氧化逆境具有一定的耐受性；与对数生长期细胞相比,VBNC状态细胞对HeLa细胞和HT-29细胞的粘附能力下降,而且使它们形成A/E损伤的能力也降低了,这表明VBNC状态细胞的致病性下降。这两方面结果都与组学分析结果相吻合,因此从一个侧面验证了组学结果的正确性。
Induction of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a foodborne pathogen, to enter into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state by high pressure CO2(HPCD) was investigated, and the formation mechanism of VBNC E. coli O157:H7induced by HPCD was also studied. Results obtained by this research will provide theoretical foundation for further optimizaing HPCD processing strategy and ensureing food safty produced by HPCD, so this research has a significant value for theory and practice. The main research contents and results were summarized as follows:
(1) Determine the induction conditions of HPCD for inducing E. coli O157:H7to enter into VBNC state. With temperature as a parameter, the VBNC state induction for E. coli O157:H7by HPCD at5MPa was investigated. It was shown that E. coli O157:H7could be induced into VBNC state by HPCD at5MPa and four temperatures (25℃,31℃,34℃,37℃), and the time required for E. coli O157:H7to enter into VBNC state shortened with the treatment temperature increasing. When incubated in TSB at37℃, except for the VBNC cells induced at5MPa and37℃, VBNC cells treated by other three HPCD treatments all achieved resuscitation, while the resuscitation capability decreased with the treatment temperature increasing. This research demonstrated for the first time that HPCD could induce E. coli O157:H7to form the VBNC state.
(2) Analysis of biological characteristics of HPCD-induced VBNC E. coli O157:H7cells. As measured by API ZYM kit, it was shown that intracellular enzymatic activities in VBNC cells were reduced with the treatment temperature increasing. When observed by scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy, it was found that the morphology and interior structure of VBNC cells and resuscitated cells were significantly changed from those of the exponential-phase cells. In addition, membrane fluidity of HPCD-induced VBNC cells did not change when measured by fluorospectrophotometer, and the resistance of VBNC cells to sonication was significantly enhanced. These results indicated that VBNC state was a survival strategy adopted by E. coli O157:H7when treated by HPCD.
(3) Using transcriptomics and proteomics to analyze the formation mechanism of VBNC E. coli O157:H7induced by HPCD. According to the results of transcriptome and proteome, the metabolic situation in HPCD-induced VBNC cells was summarized below, the transport ability for carbonhydrate, amino acid and other substances was reduced in HPCD-induced VBNC cells, leading to the substance exchange between VBNC cells and environment decrease, and thus causing the metabolic activity decreasing in VBNC cells; the ATP output was enhanced by metabolisms of carbonhydrate, amino acid, nucleotide and respiration chain, which will provide energy for metabolisms proceeding in VBNC cells, thus it is benifit for maintaining cell viability; in VBNC cells, activity of DNA replication and recombination decreased, and cell division was also repressed, which will cause the VBNC cells cannot divide and grow; the weakening of defense capabilities in periplasmic space will increase the sensitivities of VBNC cells to chemical stimuli; and the pathogenicity of VBNC cells decreased. In conclusion, through decreasing or repressing the activity of substance transports and metabolisms, the cell division capability, as well as the resistance to chemical stimuli in E. coli O157:H7, HPCD treatment cause the cells cannot grow and division although remain the low metabolic activity, that is induce the E. coli O157:H7cells to enter into the VBNC state.
(4) Verify the results of transcriptomics and proteomics by the resistance of VBNC cells to acid and oxidative stresses and the pathogenicity of VBNC cells to host cells. HPCD-induced VBNC E. coli O157:H7cells were more sensitive to acid and oxidative stresses than the exponential-phase cells, but the VBNC cells had a certain tolerance to oxidative stress. Compared with the exponential-phase cells, the adherence ability of VBNC cells to HeLa cells and HT-29cells decreased, and the A/E lesion produced by VBNC cells to these two host cells was also reduced, which indicated that the pathogenicity of VBNC cells decreased. These results were accordant with the results of transcriptome and proteome, which partly demonstrated that the results of transcriptome and proteome were correct.
(1)确定HPCD诱导E. coli O157:H7形成VBNC状态的诱导条件。以处理温度为参数,研究了5MPa处理压力下HPCD对E. coli O157H7进入VBNC状态的诱导情况,结果表明25℃、31℃、34℃和37℃四种处理温度均能诱导E.coli O157:H7进入VBNC状态,并且提高温度能够加速VBNC状态的形成；在37℃下利用TSB培养基对HPCD诱导产生的VBNC状态细胞进行复苏,发现复苏能力随着诱导温度的提高而降低。本研究首次证明了HPCD处理能够诱导E. coli O157:H7形成VBNC状态。
(2) VBNC状态E. coli O157:H7细胞的生物学特性分析。采用API ZYM试剂盒对HPCD诱导产生的VBNC状态细胞进行胞内酶活测定,结果表明酶活随着诱导温度的提高而降低；利用扫描电镜和透射电镜对VBNC状态细胞及不同复苏时期的细胞进行观察,发现与对数生长期细胞相比它们的外部形态和内部结构发生了明显变化；通过荧光光度计对膜的流动性研究表明VBNC状态细胞的膜流动性没有发生变化；VBNC状态细胞对超声波处理的抗性显著提高。这些研究结果表明VBNC状态是E. coli O157:H7在HPCD处理条件下所采取的一种生存策略。
(3)采用组学方法分析HPCD诱导E. coli O157:H7形成VBNC状态的可能机制。通过对转录组和蛋白质组结果分析表明,VBNC状态E.coli O157:H7对碳水化合物、氨基酸及其他物质的转运能力下降了,导致VBNC状态细胞与外界环境之间的物质交换能力下降,从而使VBNC状态细胞的代谢活性降低；VBNC状态细胞中的碳水化合物、氨基酸、核苷酸及呼吸链代谢流都指向提高ATP含量的方向,这可为VBNC状态细胞中进行的代谢活动提供能量,从而有助于维持细胞活性；VBNC状态细胞中DNA复制和重组活性降低了,而且细胞分裂活性受到抑制,这会导致VBNC状态细胞失去分裂生长的能力；VBNC状态细胞中周质空间防御能力的削弱会提高细胞对化学刺激的敏感性；同时VBNC状态细胞的致病性降低了。总之,HPCD处理通过降低或抑制E.coli O157:H7细胞的物质转运与代谢活性、细胞分裂能力及对化学刺激的抗性等而使细胞呈现出低代谢活性但不分裂生长的状态,即VBNC状态。
(4)从VBNC状态细胞的酸、氧抗性及对宿主细胞的致病性两方面对组学结果进行验证。HPCD诱导产生的VBNC状态E.coli O157:H7细胞对酸、氧逆境的抗性都要弱于对数生长期细胞,但VBNC状态细胞对氧化逆境具有一定的耐受性；与对数生长期细胞相比,VBNC状态细胞对HeLa细胞和HT-29细胞的粘附能力下降,而且使它们形成A/E损伤的能力也降低了,这表明VBNC状态细胞的致病性下降。这两方面结果都与组学分析结果相吻合,因此从一个侧面验证了组学结果的正确性。
Induction of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a foodborne pathogen, to enter into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state by high pressure CO2(HPCD) was investigated, and the formation mechanism of VBNC E. coli O157:H7induced by HPCD was also studied. Results obtained by this research will provide theoretical foundation for further optimizaing HPCD processing strategy and ensureing food safty produced by HPCD, so this research has a significant value for theory and practice. The main research contents and results were summarized as follows:
(1) Determine the induction conditions of HPCD for inducing E. coli O157:H7to enter into VBNC state. With temperature as a parameter, the VBNC state induction for E. coli O157:H7by HPCD at5MPa was investigated. It was shown that E. coli O157:H7could be induced into VBNC state by HPCD at5MPa and four temperatures (25℃,31℃,34℃,37℃), and the time required for E. coli O157:H7to enter into VBNC state shortened with the treatment temperature increasing. When incubated in TSB at37℃, except for the VBNC cells induced at5MPa and37℃, VBNC cells treated by other three HPCD treatments all achieved resuscitation, while the resuscitation capability decreased with the treatment temperature increasing. This research demonstrated for the first time that HPCD could induce E. coli O157:H7to form the VBNC state.
(2) Analysis of biological characteristics of HPCD-induced VBNC E. coli O157:H7cells. As measured by API ZYM kit, it was shown that intracellular enzymatic activities in VBNC cells were reduced with the treatment temperature increasing. When observed by scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy, it was found that the morphology and interior structure of VBNC cells and resuscitated cells were significantly changed from those of the exponential-phase cells. In addition, membrane fluidity of HPCD-induced VBNC cells did not change when measured by fluorospectrophotometer, and the resistance of VBNC cells to sonication was significantly enhanced. These results indicated that VBNC state was a survival strategy adopted by E. coli O157:H7when treated by HPCD.
(3) Using transcriptomics and proteomics to analyze the formation mechanism of VBNC E. coli O157:H7induced by HPCD. According to the results of transcriptome and proteome, the metabolic situation in HPCD-induced VBNC cells was summarized below, the transport ability for carbonhydrate, amino acid and other substances was reduced in HPCD-induced VBNC cells, leading to the substance exchange between VBNC cells and environment decrease, and thus causing the metabolic activity decreasing in VBNC cells; the ATP output was enhanced by metabolisms of carbonhydrate, amino acid, nucleotide and respiration chain, which will provide energy for metabolisms proceeding in VBNC cells, thus it is benifit for maintaining cell viability; in VBNC cells, activity of DNA replication and recombination decreased, and cell division was also repressed, which will cause the VBNC cells cannot divide and grow; the weakening of defense capabilities in periplasmic space will increase the sensitivities of VBNC cells to chemical stimuli; and the pathogenicity of VBNC cells decreased. In conclusion, through decreasing or repressing the activity of substance transports and metabolisms, the cell division capability, as well as the resistance to chemical stimuli in E. coli O157:H7, HPCD treatment cause the cells cannot grow and division although remain the low metabolic activity, that is induce the E. coli O157:H7cells to enter into the VBNC state.
(4) Verify the results of transcriptomics and proteomics by the resistance of VBNC cells to acid and oxidative stresses and the pathogenicity of VBNC cells to host cells. HPCD-induced VBNC E. coli O157:H7cells were more sensitive to acid and oxidative stresses than the exponential-phase cells, but the VBNC cells had a certain tolerance to oxidative stress. Compared with the exponential-phase cells, the adherence ability of VBNC cells to HeLa cells and HT-29cells decreased, and the A/E lesion produced by VBNC cells to these two host cells was also reduced, which indicated that the pathogenicity of VBNC cells decreased. These results were accordant with the results of transcriptome and proteome, which partly demonstrated that the results of transcriptome and proteome were correct.
引文
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