温度稳定型MLCC瓷料的研制及其改性机理研究
|
摘要
多层陶瓷电容器(MLCC)是重要的电子元件,几乎可以应用于所有的电子工业中。钛酸钡(BaTiO_3,BT)是应用最广泛的钙钛矿铁电体,这在于其具有很高的介电常数和长寿命的绝缘特性,钛酸钡陶瓷材料一直是MLCC研究的焦点所在。此外,当今的MLCC应用更多地要求元件具有良好的温度稳定性。然而,国内军用低频PME-MLCC所用X7R系列陶瓷材料几乎全部依赖于进口,X8RPME-MLCC材料的研究工作还处于起步阶段,耐更高温度的PME-MLCC陶瓷材料的开发几乎是空白。为此,本论文以BaTiO_3基PME-MLCC瓷料为研究对象,对国内当前缺失的温度稳定型PME-MLCC瓷料做了探索性和创新性研究。本论文研究的主要成果和结论如下:
1.详细研究了稀土氧化物对BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-ZnO系统介电性能的影响,发现不同稀土氧化物对BT陶瓷电容量温度变化率低温峰(约40℃)和高温峰(约127℃)的影响可以分为三类。研究了Gd/Ce和Gd/Nd复合掺杂BT陶瓷的介电性能和微观性能,钛酸钡陶瓷室温介电常数的变化可以用稀土离子在钙钛矿中的取代位置来解释,Gd/Ce复合掺杂时具有气孔率低、致密化程度高的特点,可以获得介电性能良好的高介陶瓷,Gd/Nd复合掺杂BT系统的电容量高温变化率受Gd控制而受Nd影响不大。通过溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米稀土掺杂剂(Nd-Li-B-Si),发现纳米掺杂剂中稀土Nd用量变化对钛酸钡陶瓷介电性能有重要影响,相反,在使用纳米稀土掺杂剂的同时直接掺杂Nd_2O_3对钛酸钡介电性能影响不明显,通过纳米稀土掺杂可以获得性能良好的X7R陶瓷材料。确立了瓷料中各种掺杂剂的用量对介电性能的多元非线性回归方程y=b_0+∑b_ix_i+∑b_(ii)x_i~2+∑b_(iii)x_i~3,并成功研制了环保型X7RMLCC瓷料系统。利用自主配方在国内某生产线上成功制备满足X7R特性的PME-MLCC,主要性能指标为:室温介电常数2950±100,损耗小于1.5%,绝缘电阻大于5×10~(10)Ω,-55℃至125℃的容温变化率在±10%以内,平均击穿场强大于1500V/mil。
2.利用Ca-B-Si微晶玻璃对BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-ZnO系统掺杂改性以制备X8R瓷料,研究发现CBS微晶玻璃对BaTiO_3陶瓷具有降低烧结温度和改善温度特性的双重作用。利用传统掺杂剂CaZrO_3对钛酸钡陶瓷掺杂并对其介电性能和微观性能进行了详细的研究,对比实验得到的TCC_(125℃)和计算得到的微观应变发现陶瓷电容量温度曲线的高温峰强度依赖于样品中的微观应力。首次提出了BT-Nb_2O_5-ZMT新配方体系,详细研究了Nb和ZMT用量对钛酸钡陶瓷相成分、微观形貌、介温特性以及居里点的影响。利用均匀设计法对BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-ZMT系统进行配方设计,通过偏微分分析、趋势分析和响应面分析对其进行优化,最终获得了室温介电常数介于1500～3300的BaTiO_3基X8R陶瓷材料体系。利用自主配方在国内某生产线上成功制备满足X8R特性的PME-MLCC,主要性能指标为:室温介电常数2200±100,损耗小于1.5%,绝缘电阻大于5×10~(10)Ω,-55℃至150℃的容温变化率小于±7.5%,平均击穿场强大于1050V/mil。
3.利用DSC、XRD和SEM等分析手段对BaTiO_3-MnNb_2O_6陶瓷进行分析,研究了室温四方率和第二相对钛酸钡陶瓷居里温度的影响机理。发现MnNb_2O_6掺杂量在少于0.50mol%时,陶瓷室温四方率降低,居里点下降;MnNb_2O_6用量高于1.00mol%后产生第二相Ba_2Ti_3Nb_4O_(18),通过微观应变的计算认为,第二相的出现改变了陶瓷的内应力状态从而导致钛酸钡陶瓷居里点上升。以BaTiO_3-BiNbO_4陶瓷为例研究了预烧对钛酸钡陶瓷居里点的影响规律,发现掺杂球磨后进行预烧会加大钛酸钡陶瓷居里点的移动幅度。Mn~(2+)浓度对TiO_2/SiO_2复合掺杂钛酸钡陶瓷的温度特性产生强烈影响,SEM和XRD分析发现Mn~(2+)可以抑制TiO_2/SiO_2在BT陶瓷中产生的第二相的析出,第二相的体积分数和存在状态改变了陶瓷的内应力状态使陶瓷的温度特性曲线得到改善。合成了高居里点的新起始基料BTBNT,并利用几种压峰剂对BTBNT-Nb-ZMT系统进行掺杂改性,获得了温度特性满足X9R特性要求的耐高温瓷料。
4.利用不同颗粒尺寸的BaTiO_3粉体为起始原料,从粉体形貌、晶粒形貌、微观结构、应力变化以及居里点移动等方面分析了纯BaTiO_3陶瓷的晶粒尺寸效应,随着晶粒尺寸增大,室温四方率降低,内应力降低,居里点下降。基于几何模型说明了“壳-芯”结构中的内应力状态,表明在Nb掺杂的BaTiO_3陶瓷中晶粒芯仅仅受到压应力而不存在张应力。基于此模型,Landau-Devonshire理论被成功用于解释室温介电常数的变化。研究了CBS玻璃不掺杂/掺杂时Mn~(2+)浓度变化对钛酸钡陶瓷介电性能和微观结构的影响。掺CBS时Mn~(2+)可使CBS析晶,条状第二相Ca_4Mn_4Si_8O_(24)的产生改变了BT系统的内应力结构是钛酸钡陶瓷电容量温度特性产生规律变化的原因。
Multilayer ceramic capacitors(MLCC) are important electric components which are used in almost all areas of electronics.Barium titanate(BaTiO_3,BT) was the most widely developed and used perovskite ferroelectrics.The reason behind a wide range of applications is that the barium titanate boasts of high specific permittivity and long lifetime of insulation resistance.Currently,the development of MLCC has focused on the BT ceramics.Moreover,present application of MLCC required preferable temperature characteristics.However,domestic low-frequency PME-MLCC military used X7R series of ceramic materials almost entirely dependent on imports,X8R PME-MLCC materials research is still at the fledgling stage,development for the higher temperature resistance PME-MLCC ceramic materials is almost blank.It is for this reason that the goal of this study was to investigate temperature stable PME-MLCC dielectrics based on BaTiO_3.The main works and conclusion are summarized as follows:
1.The influence of rare earth dopants upon dielectric properties of BT-Nb_2O_5-ZnO system are investigated in detail.The experiment results have revealed that,according to the effects on the low temperature peak(at about 40℃) and the high temperature peak(at about 127℃) of the variation rate curve of capacitance of BT ceramics,the doping rare earth oxides can be divided into three categories.The dielectric properties and micro-properties of Gd/Ce Co-doped and Gd/Nd Co-doped BaTiO_3 are discussed. The vary of the dielectric constant at room temperature can be explained by the occupational sites of ions in perovskite structure.Low porosity and high density was observed in Gd/Ce Co-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.The high temperature variation rate of capacitance for Gd/Nd co-doped BT ceramic is found to be only governed by the effect of Gd.Nano-scale rare earth dopant(Nd-Li-B-Si) was prepared by sol-gel processing to develop high performance dielectrics.The use amount of Nd in nano dopant have considerable effect to BaTiO_3,quite the contrary,the effect of Nd_2O_3 on BaTiO_3 dielectric properties is not obvious when nano dopant exist.The non-linear regression equation y=b_0+∑b_ix_i+∑b_(ii)x_i~2+∑b_(iii)x_i~3 regarding the relationship between the dosage of different dopants and the dielectric properties were established based on the experimental data to develop the environmental friendly X7R MLCC ceramics successfully.X7R type PME-MLCC sintered at 1104℃prepared from our composite with independent intelligence possessed excellent dielectric properties:K=2950±100, dielectric loss＜1.5%,insulation resistance＞5×10~(10)Ω,△C/C＜±10%(-55℃～125℃), average breakdown voltage＞1500V/mil.
2.Calcium borosilicate(CBS) glass ceramic have been doped into BT-Nb_2O_5-ZnO system to obtain the X8R materials.Experiment showed that CBS can significantly both reduce the sintering temperature and flat the temperature characteristics of BaTiO_3.The influence of CaZrO_3 on the dielectric properties and microstructures of BaTiO_3-based ceramics has been investigated.Comparison of the experimentally measured temperature coefficient of capacitance(TCC) at 125℃and refined microstrain of BaTiO_3 ceramics with various concentrations of CaZrO_3 gave the indication that the high temperature peak of TCC was dependent on the microstrain of the sample in a manner.The high performance dielectrics satisfying X8R are achieved in the BT-Nb_2O_5-ZMT new system.The influence of Nb_2O_5 and ZMT addition on phase transition,microstructure,TCC,temperature dependence of permittivity and Curie temperature have been studied profoundly.Regression analysis based on uniform design was introduced as a new approach of designing BT-Nb2Os-ZMT based X8R ceramics. By using partial differentiation,trend analysis,surface/contour plots and the established regression model,optimized proportion conditions were obtained at given ranges to achieve lead-free X8R ceramics with various dielectric constants ranged from 1500 to 3300.X8R type PME-MLCC sintered at 1110℃prepared from our composite with independent intelligence had good dielectric properties:K=2200±100,dielectric loss＜1.6%,insulation resistance＞5×10~(10)Ω,△C/C＜±7.5%(-55℃～125℃),average breakdown voltage＞1050V/mil.
3.The effects of tetragonality and secondary phase on the Curie point of BaTiO_3 ceramics were investigated in BaTiO_3-MnNb_2O_6 system using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The study of BaTiO_3 ceramics sintered with MnNb_2O_6 additions up to 0.50 mol% reconfirms the hypothesis that the Curie point decreased as the room temperature tetragonality decreased.Additions of MnNb_2O_6 to BaTiO_3 above 1.0 mol%were found to result in the formation of the secondary phase of Ba_2Ti_3Nb_4O_(18) and shift the Curie point to higher temperature by means of alters the internal stress system of BT ceramics.The presintering process on Curie point in BaTiO_3-BiNbO_4 ceramics was studied in detail from microstructure consideration.Shift of Curie point significantly increased when presintering technology was introduced to BaTiO_3 ceramics.TCC of BT ceramics containing titania and silica additives is found to be strongly affected by Mn~(2+) concentration.The reduction of the volume fraction of the secondary phase obtained from SEM and XRD analysis proved that the introduction of Mn~(2+) can restrain the crystallization of TiO_2/SiO_2 glass in BT ceramics.The secondary phase altered the internal stress system,and in consequence TCC improved a lot.The new starting powder BTBNT with high Curie point was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction.Several effective peak suppressors have been doped into BTBNT-Nb_2O_5-ZMT system in order to obtain the X9R materials.
4.Using high purity BaTiO_3 powders of various particle size,we investigated the effects of grain size on the room temperature crystal structure,microstrain and Curie point.As the initial particle size of BaTiO_3 powders increased,the ceramic grain size increased,room temperature tetragonality decreased,microstrain decreased and Curie point shifted toward lower temperature,respectively.Based on a geometric model depicting the state of stress in core-shell structure,only existence of compressive stress but not exist tensile stress was observed in Nb doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.According to our model,Landau-Devonshire theory was applied to explain the change of the room-temperature permittivity successfully.The effects of Mn~(2+) concentration on dielectric properties and microstructure of barium titanate without/with CBS glass doping were investigated.The SEM and XRD analysis showed that Mn~(2+) can induce the crystallization of CBS glass.The formation of the strip-shaped secondary phase of Ca_4Mn_4Si_8O_(24),which alters the internal stress system of BT ceramics,is presumed to be the factor that improves the TCC of barium tianate.
1.详细研究了稀土氧化物对BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-ZnO系统介电性能的影响,发现不同稀土氧化物对BT陶瓷电容量温度变化率低温峰(约40℃)和高温峰(约127℃)的影响可以分为三类。研究了Gd/Ce和Gd/Nd复合掺杂BT陶瓷的介电性能和微观性能,钛酸钡陶瓷室温介电常数的变化可以用稀土离子在钙钛矿中的取代位置来解释,Gd/Ce复合掺杂时具有气孔率低、致密化程度高的特点,可以获得介电性能良好的高介陶瓷,Gd/Nd复合掺杂BT系统的电容量高温变化率受Gd控制而受Nd影响不大。通过溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米稀土掺杂剂(Nd-Li-B-Si),发现纳米掺杂剂中稀土Nd用量变化对钛酸钡陶瓷介电性能有重要影响,相反,在使用纳米稀土掺杂剂的同时直接掺杂Nd_2O_3对钛酸钡介电性能影响不明显,通过纳米稀土掺杂可以获得性能良好的X7R陶瓷材料。确立了瓷料中各种掺杂剂的用量对介电性能的多元非线性回归方程y=b_0+∑b_ix_i+∑b_(ii)x_i~2+∑b_(iii)x_i~3,并成功研制了环保型X7RMLCC瓷料系统。利用自主配方在国内某生产线上成功制备满足X7R特性的PME-MLCC,主要性能指标为:室温介电常数2950±100,损耗小于1.5%,绝缘电阻大于5×10~(10)Ω,-55℃至125℃的容温变化率在±10%以内,平均击穿场强大于1500V/mil。
2.利用Ca-B-Si微晶玻璃对BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-ZnO系统掺杂改性以制备X8R瓷料,研究发现CBS微晶玻璃对BaTiO_3陶瓷具有降低烧结温度和改善温度特性的双重作用。利用传统掺杂剂CaZrO_3对钛酸钡陶瓷掺杂并对其介电性能和微观性能进行了详细的研究,对比实验得到的TCC_(125℃)和计算得到的微观应变发现陶瓷电容量温度曲线的高温峰强度依赖于样品中的微观应力。首次提出了BT-Nb_2O_5-ZMT新配方体系,详细研究了Nb和ZMT用量对钛酸钡陶瓷相成分、微观形貌、介温特性以及居里点的影响。利用均匀设计法对BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-ZMT系统进行配方设计,通过偏微分分析、趋势分析和响应面分析对其进行优化,最终获得了室温介电常数介于1500～3300的BaTiO_3基X8R陶瓷材料体系。利用自主配方在国内某生产线上成功制备满足X8R特性的PME-MLCC,主要性能指标为:室温介电常数2200±100,损耗小于1.5%,绝缘电阻大于5×10~(10)Ω,-55℃至150℃的容温变化率小于±7.5%,平均击穿场强大于1050V/mil。
3.利用DSC、XRD和SEM等分析手段对BaTiO_3-MnNb_2O_6陶瓷进行分析,研究了室温四方率和第二相对钛酸钡陶瓷居里温度的影响机理。发现MnNb_2O_6掺杂量在少于0.50mol%时,陶瓷室温四方率降低,居里点下降;MnNb_2O_6用量高于1.00mol%后产生第二相Ba_2Ti_3Nb_4O_(18),通过微观应变的计算认为,第二相的出现改变了陶瓷的内应力状态从而导致钛酸钡陶瓷居里点上升。以BaTiO_3-BiNbO_4陶瓷为例研究了预烧对钛酸钡陶瓷居里点的影响规律,发现掺杂球磨后进行预烧会加大钛酸钡陶瓷居里点的移动幅度。Mn~(2+)浓度对TiO_2/SiO_2复合掺杂钛酸钡陶瓷的温度特性产生强烈影响,SEM和XRD分析发现Mn~(2+)可以抑制TiO_2/SiO_2在BT陶瓷中产生的第二相的析出,第二相的体积分数和存在状态改变了陶瓷的内应力状态使陶瓷的温度特性曲线得到改善。合成了高居里点的新起始基料BTBNT,并利用几种压峰剂对BTBNT-Nb-ZMT系统进行掺杂改性,获得了温度特性满足X9R特性要求的耐高温瓷料。
4.利用不同颗粒尺寸的BaTiO_3粉体为起始原料,从粉体形貌、晶粒形貌、微观结构、应力变化以及居里点移动等方面分析了纯BaTiO_3陶瓷的晶粒尺寸效应,随着晶粒尺寸增大,室温四方率降低,内应力降低,居里点下降。基于几何模型说明了“壳-芯”结构中的内应力状态,表明在Nb掺杂的BaTiO_3陶瓷中晶粒芯仅仅受到压应力而不存在张应力。基于此模型,Landau-Devonshire理论被成功用于解释室温介电常数的变化。研究了CBS玻璃不掺杂/掺杂时Mn~(2+)浓度变化对钛酸钡陶瓷介电性能和微观结构的影响。掺CBS时Mn~(2+)可使CBS析晶,条状第二相Ca_4Mn_4Si_8O_(24)的产生改变了BT系统的内应力结构是钛酸钡陶瓷电容量温度特性产生规律变化的原因。
Multilayer ceramic capacitors(MLCC) are important electric components which are used in almost all areas of electronics.Barium titanate(BaTiO_3,BT) was the most widely developed and used perovskite ferroelectrics.The reason behind a wide range of applications is that the barium titanate boasts of high specific permittivity and long lifetime of insulation resistance.Currently,the development of MLCC has focused on the BT ceramics.Moreover,present application of MLCC required preferable temperature characteristics.However,domestic low-frequency PME-MLCC military used X7R series of ceramic materials almost entirely dependent on imports,X8R PME-MLCC materials research is still at the fledgling stage,development for the higher temperature resistance PME-MLCC ceramic materials is almost blank.It is for this reason that the goal of this study was to investigate temperature stable PME-MLCC dielectrics based on BaTiO_3.The main works and conclusion are summarized as follows:
1.The influence of rare earth dopants upon dielectric properties of BT-Nb_2O_5-ZnO system are investigated in detail.The experiment results have revealed that,according to the effects on the low temperature peak(at about 40℃) and the high temperature peak(at about 127℃) of the variation rate curve of capacitance of BT ceramics,the doping rare earth oxides can be divided into three categories.The dielectric properties and micro-properties of Gd/Ce Co-doped and Gd/Nd Co-doped BaTiO_3 are discussed. The vary of the dielectric constant at room temperature can be explained by the occupational sites of ions in perovskite structure.Low porosity and high density was observed in Gd/Ce Co-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.The high temperature variation rate of capacitance for Gd/Nd co-doped BT ceramic is found to be only governed by the effect of Gd.Nano-scale rare earth dopant(Nd-Li-B-Si) was prepared by sol-gel processing to develop high performance dielectrics.The use amount of Nd in nano dopant have considerable effect to BaTiO_3,quite the contrary,the effect of Nd_2O_3 on BaTiO_3 dielectric properties is not obvious when nano dopant exist.The non-linear regression equation y=b_0+∑b_ix_i+∑b_(ii)x_i~2+∑b_(iii)x_i~3 regarding the relationship between the dosage of different dopants and the dielectric properties were established based on the experimental data to develop the environmental friendly X7R MLCC ceramics successfully.X7R type PME-MLCC sintered at 1104℃prepared from our composite with independent intelligence possessed excellent dielectric properties:K=2950±100, dielectric loss＜1.5%,insulation resistance＞5×10~(10)Ω,△C/C＜±10%(-55℃～125℃), average breakdown voltage＞1500V/mil.
2.Calcium borosilicate(CBS) glass ceramic have been doped into BT-Nb_2O_5-ZnO system to obtain the X8R materials.Experiment showed that CBS can significantly both reduce the sintering temperature and flat the temperature characteristics of BaTiO_3.The influence of CaZrO_3 on the dielectric properties and microstructures of BaTiO_3-based ceramics has been investigated.Comparison of the experimentally measured temperature coefficient of capacitance(TCC) at 125℃and refined microstrain of BaTiO_3 ceramics with various concentrations of CaZrO_3 gave the indication that the high temperature peak of TCC was dependent on the microstrain of the sample in a manner.The high performance dielectrics satisfying X8R are achieved in the BT-Nb_2O_5-ZMT new system.The influence of Nb_2O_5 and ZMT addition on phase transition,microstructure,TCC,temperature dependence of permittivity and Curie temperature have been studied profoundly.Regression analysis based on uniform design was introduced as a new approach of designing BT-Nb2Os-ZMT based X8R ceramics. By using partial differentiation,trend analysis,surface/contour plots and the established regression model,optimized proportion conditions were obtained at given ranges to achieve lead-free X8R ceramics with various dielectric constants ranged from 1500 to 3300.X8R type PME-MLCC sintered at 1110℃prepared from our composite with independent intelligence had good dielectric properties:K=2200±100,dielectric loss＜1.6%,insulation resistance＞5×10~(10)Ω,△C/C＜±7.5%(-55℃～125℃),average breakdown voltage＞1050V/mil.
3.The effects of tetragonality and secondary phase on the Curie point of BaTiO_3 ceramics were investigated in BaTiO_3-MnNb_2O_6 system using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The study of BaTiO_3 ceramics sintered with MnNb_2O_6 additions up to 0.50 mol% reconfirms the hypothesis that the Curie point decreased as the room temperature tetragonality decreased.Additions of MnNb_2O_6 to BaTiO_3 above 1.0 mol%were found to result in the formation of the secondary phase of Ba_2Ti_3Nb_4O_(18) and shift the Curie point to higher temperature by means of alters the internal stress system of BT ceramics.The presintering process on Curie point in BaTiO_3-BiNbO_4 ceramics was studied in detail from microstructure consideration.Shift of Curie point significantly increased when presintering technology was introduced to BaTiO_3 ceramics.TCC of BT ceramics containing titania and silica additives is found to be strongly affected by Mn~(2+) concentration.The reduction of the volume fraction of the secondary phase obtained from SEM and XRD analysis proved that the introduction of Mn~(2+) can restrain the crystallization of TiO_2/SiO_2 glass in BT ceramics.The secondary phase altered the internal stress system,and in consequence TCC improved a lot.The new starting powder BTBNT with high Curie point was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction.Several effective peak suppressors have been doped into BTBNT-Nb_2O_5-ZMT system in order to obtain the X9R materials.
4.Using high purity BaTiO_3 powders of various particle size,we investigated the effects of grain size on the room temperature crystal structure,microstrain and Curie point.As the initial particle size of BaTiO_3 powders increased,the ceramic grain size increased,room temperature tetragonality decreased,microstrain decreased and Curie point shifted toward lower temperature,respectively.Based on a geometric model depicting the state of stress in core-shell structure,only existence of compressive stress but not exist tensile stress was observed in Nb doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.According to our model,Landau-Devonshire theory was applied to explain the change of the room-temperature permittivity successfully.The effects of Mn~(2+) concentration on dielectric properties and microstructure of barium titanate without/with CBS glass doping were investigated.The SEM and XRD analysis showed that Mn~(2+) can induce the crystallization of CBS glass.The formation of the strip-shaped secondary phase of Ca_4Mn_4Si_8O_(24),which alters the internal stress system of BT ceramics,is presumed to be the factor that improves the TCC of barium tianate.
引文
[1]Kishi H,Mizuno Y,Chazono H.Base-metal electrode-multilayer ceramic capacitors:Past,present and future perspectives.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2003.42(1):1-5.
[2]邓湘云,李建保,王晓慧,等.MLCC的发展趋势及在军用电子设备中的应用.电子元件与材料,2006.25(5):1-6.
[3]Hennings D F K.Multilayer ceramic capacitors with base metal electrodes.IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics,2000,135-138.
[4]Sakabe Y,Reynolds T.Base-metal electrode capacitors.American Ceramic Society Bulletin,2002.81(10):24-26.
[5]吴顺华,苏皓,王国庆,等.一种温度超稳定型电子陶瓷材料的组成及其制造方法.中国专利,200410093859.2005-07-13.
[6]Chazono H,Fujimoto M.Sintering characteristics and formation mechanisms of 'core-shell'structure in BaTiO_3-NB_2O_5-CO_3O_5 ternary system.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1995.34(9B):5354-5359.
[7]Chazono H,Kishi H.Sintering Characteristics in BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-Co_3O_4 Ternary System:I,Electrical Properties and Microstructure.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1999.82(10):2689-2697.
[8]Chazono H,Kishi H.Sintering characteristics in the BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-Co_3O_4 ternary system:Ⅱ,stability of so-called 'core-shell' structure.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(1):101-106.
[9]Kishi H,Okino Y,0onda M,et al.Effect of MgO and rare-earth oxide on formation behavior of core-shell structure in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997.36(9B):5954-5957.
[10]Saito H,Chazono H,Kishi H,et al.X7R multilayer ceramic capacitors with nickel electrodes.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1991.30(9B):2307-2310.
[11]Sato S,Fujikawa Y,Nomura T.Rare Earth Doping onTemperature-capacitance Characteristics for MLCCs with Ni Electrode.American Ceramic Society Bulletin 2000.79:155.
[12]Hwang J H,Choi S K,Han Y H.Dielectric Properties of BaTiO_3 Codoped with Er_2O_3 and MgO.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(8):4952-4955.
[13]Jung Y S,Na E S,Paik U,et al.A study on the phase transition and characteristics of rare earth elements doped BaTiO_3.Materials Research Bulletin,2002.37(9):1633-1640.
[14]Smolenskii G A,Isupov V A,Agranovskayy A I,et al.Ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transitions.Sov.Phys.Solid State,1961.2(11):2584-2594.
[15]Maher G H.New PLZT dielectric for use in characterisitic X7R multilayer ceramic capacitors.IEEE Transactions on Components,Hybrids and Manufacturing Technology,1983.6(4):372-376.
[16]Villegas M,Fernandez J F,Moure C,et al.Preparation,microstructural development and dielectric properties of Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-Pb(Ti_xZr_(1-x))O_3 multilayer ceramic capacitors.Journal of Materials Science,1994.29(19):4999-5004.
[17]Natarajan R,Dougherty J P.Role of Mn in controlling the dielectric loss and ageing effect in Pb(Zn_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-Pb(Fe_(2/3)W_(1/3_)O_3-Pb(Fe_(1/2_Nb_(1/2_)O_3.Journal of Materials Science,1998.33(8):1991-1995.
[18]Gui Z L,Wang Y,Li L T.Lead-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics for high performance low firing MLCs.IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroeleclrics,1996,409-412.
[19]Natarajan R,Dougherty J P.Influence of Li addition on the sintering and dielectric properties of PNN-PMW-PT relaxor ferroelectrics.Materials Research Society Symposium-Proceedings,1997.453(Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials):473-481.
[20]Boufrou B,Desgardin G;Raveau B.Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Niobate,K_(0.2)Sr_(0.4)NbO_3:A New Material for Capacitors with Flat Dielectric Curves.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1991.74(11):2809-2814.
[21]Tribotte B,Haussonne J M,Desgardin G.K_2Sr_4Nb_(10)O_(30)-based dielectric ceramics having the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure and temperature-stable high permittivity.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1999.19(6-7):1105-1109.
[22]Furukawa O,Harata M,Imai M,et al.Low firing and high dielectric constant X7R ceramic dielectric for multilayer capacitors based on relaxor and barium titanate composite.Journal of Materials Science,1991.26(21):5838-5842.
[23]Rase D E,Roy R.Phase Equilibria in the System BaO-TiO_2.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1955.38(3):102-113.
[24]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press,1971,59.
[25]Tkacz-Smiech K,Kolezynski A,Ptak W S.Crystal-chemical aspects of phase transitions in barium titanate.Solid State Communications,2003.127(8):557-562.
[26]Merz W J.Domain Properties in BaTiO_3.Physical Review,1952.88(2):421.
[27]Hooton J A,Merz W J.Etch Patterns and Ferroelectric Domains in BaTiO_3 Single Crystals.Physical Review,1955.98(2):409.
[28]Merz W J.The Electric and Optical Behavior of BaTiO_3 Single-Domain Crystals.Physical Review,1949.76(8):1221.
[29]Merz W J.Double Hysteresis Loop of BaTiO_3 at the Curie Point.Physical Review,1953.91(3):513.
[30]Merz W J.The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Curie Point of Barium Titanate Single Crystals.Physical Review,1950.78(1):52.
[31]Merz W J.The Dielectric Behavior of BaTiO_3 Single-Domain Crystals.Physical Review,1949.75(4):687.
[32]Kniekamp H,Heywang W.Depolarization Effects in Polycrystalline BaTiO_3.Z.Angew.Phys.,1954.6(9):385-390.
[33]Huibregtse E J,Young D R.Triple Hysteresis Loops and the Free-Energy Function in the Vicinity of the 5℃ Transition in BaTiO_3.Physical Review,1956.103:1705-1711.
[34]Yan M F.Microstructural control in the processing of electronic ceramics.Materials Science and Engineering,1981.48(1):53-72.
[35]Bell A J,Moulson A J,Cross L E.Effect of grain size on the permittivity of BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1983.54(1-4):487-490.
[36]Arlt G,Hennings D,With G D.Dielectric properties of fine-grained barium titanate ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1985.58(4):1619-1625.
[37]Park Y,Kim Y H,Kim H G.The effect of grain size on dielectric behavior of BaTiO_3 based X7R materials.Materials Letters,1996.28(1-3):101-106.
[38]Leonard M R,Safari A.Crystallite and grain size effects in BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1996.ISAF '96.,Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Symposium,1996,1003-1005.
[39]Frey M H,Payne D A.Grain-size effect on structure and phase transformations for barium titanate.Physical Review B,1996.54(5):3158.
[40]Begg B D,Vance E R,Nowotny J.Effect of Particle Size on the Room-Temperature Crystal Structure of Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(12):3186-3192.
[41]Lee B W,Auh K H.Effect of grain size and mechanical processing on the dielectric properties of BaTiO_3.Journal of Materials Research,1995.10(6):1418-1423.
[42]Martirena H T,Burfoot J C.Grain-size effects on properties of some ferroelectric ceramics. Journal of Physics C:Solid State Physics,1974.7(17):3182-3192.
[43]Buessem W R,Cross L E,Goswami A K.Phenomenological theory of high permittivity in fine-gained barium fitanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1966.49(1):33-36.
[44]Little E A.Dynamic Behavior of Domain Walls in Barium Titanate.Physical Review,1955.98(4):978.
[45]Buessem W R,Cross L E,Goswami A K.Effect of two-dimensional pressure on permittivity of fineand coarse-grained barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1966.49(1):36-39.
[46]Yamaji A,Enomoto Y,Kinoshita K,et al.Preparation,characterization,and properties of Dy-doped small-grained BaTiO3 ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1977.60(3-4):97-101.
[47]Enomoto Y,Yamaji A.Preparation of uniformly small-grained BaTiO3.American Ceramic Society Bulletin,1981.60(5):566-570.
[48]Bell A J,Moulson A J,Cross L E.The effect of grain size on the permittivity of BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1984.54(I):147-150.
[49]Niesel W.Dielectric Constants of Heterogeneous Mixtures of Isotropic and Nonisotropic Substances.Ann.Phys.,1952.10(6-7):336-348.
[50]Okazaki K,Kashiwabara S.Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of high Permittivity Ceramics.J.Ceram.Assoc.Japan,1965.73(3-11):60-66.
[51]Kahn M.Effects of Sintering and Grain Growth on the Distribution of Niobium Addition in Barium Titanate Ceramics:[Ph.D.Thesis].PA:Pennsylvania State University,1969.
[52]Rawal B S,Kahn M,Buessem W R.Grain core - grain shell structure in barium titanate-based dielectrics.Proceedings of a Symposium held during the 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society,Advances in Ceramics,1981,172-189.
[53]Hennings D,Rosenstein G.Temperature-Stable Dielectrics Based On Chemically Inhomogeneous BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1984.67(4):249-254.
[54]Park Y,Kim H-G.Internal stress effect on the temperature dependence of the dielectric and lattice constant in Sm-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997.36(6A):3558-3563.
[55]Park Y,KIM H G.Pressure and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties in the perovskite solution of Gd-doped barium titanate.Journal of Materials Science Letters,1998.17(2):157-158.
[56]Park Y,Kim H G.The Microstmcture Analysis of Cerium-Modified Barium Titanate Having Core-Shell Structured Grains.Ceramics International,1997.23(4):329-336.
[57]杨永旺.制程对於X7R陶瓷电容器的介电性质及显微结构的影响:[硕士学位论文].台湾:成功大学,2000.
[58]Mizuno Y Y,Hagiwara T T,Chazono H H,et al.Effect of milling process on core-shell microstructure and electrical properties for BaTiO_3-based Ni-MLCC.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2001.21:1649-1652.
[59]Mizuno Y,Okino Y,Kohzu N,et al.Influence of the microstmcture evolution on electrical properties of multilayer capacitor with Ni electrode.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1998.37(9B):5227-5231.
[60]Park Y,Kim H-G.Dielectric temperature characteristics of cerium-modified barium titanate based ceramics with core-shell grain structure.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1997.80(1):106-112.
[61]Sakabe Y,Wada N,Hiramatsu T,et al.Dielectric properties of fine-grained BaTiO_3 ceramics doped with CaO.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2002.41(11 B):6922-6925.
[62]Lin J-N,Wu T-B.Wetting reaction between lithium fluoride and barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1989.72(9):1709-1712.
[63]Kahn M.Influence of Grain Growth on Dielectric Properties ofNb-Doped BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1971.54(9):455-457.
[64]Subbarao E C,Shirane G.Dielectric and Structural Studies in the Systems Ba(Ti,Nb)O_3 and Ba(Ti,Ta)O_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1959.42(6):279-284.
[65]Murugaraj P,Kutty T,Subba Rao M.Diffuse phase transformations in neodymium-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.Journal of Materials Science,1986.21(10):3521-3527.
[66]Qi J Q,Chen W P,Wang Y,et al.Dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics doped by B_2O_3 vapor.Journal of Applied Physics,2004.96(11):6937-6939.
[67]Lin J N,Wu T B.Effects of isovalent substitutions on lattice softening and transition character of BaTiO_3 solid solutions.Journal of Applied Physics,1990.68(3):985-993.
[68]Hennings D,Schnell A,Simon G.Diffuse Ferroelectric Phase Transitions in Ba(Til.yZry)O_3Ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1982.65(11):539-544.
[69]Payne W H,Tennery V J.Dielectric and Structural Investigations of the System BaTiO_3-BaHfO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1965.48(8):413-417.
[70]Zhuang Z Q,Harmer M P,Smyth D M,et al.The effect of octahedrally-coordinated calcium on the ferroelectric transition of BaTiO_3.Materials Research Bulletin,1987.22(10):1329-1335.
[71]Mitsui T,Westphal W B.Dielectric and X-Ray Studies of Ca_xBa_(1-x)TiO_3 and Ca_xSr_(1-x)TiO_3.Physical Review,1961.124(5):1354.
[72]Hennings D F K,Schreinemacher B,Schreinemacher H.High-permittivity dielectric ceramics with high endurance.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1994.13(1):81-88.
[73]Chen A,Zhi Y,Zhi J,et al.Synthesis and characterization of Ba(Ti_(1-x)Ce_x)O_3 ceramics.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1997.17(10):1217-1221.
[74]Begg B D,Finnie K S,Vance E R.Raman Study of the Relationship between Room-Temperature Tetragonality and the Curie Point of Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1996.79(10):2666-2672.[75]Kurata N,Kuwabara M.Semiconducting-Insulating Transition for Highly Donor-Dopod Barium Titanate Ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1993.76(6):1605-1608.
[76]Morrison F D,Sinclair D C,West A R.Electrical and structural characteristics of lanthanum-doped barium titanate ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1999.86(11):6355-6366.
[77]Jing Z,Ang C,Yu Z,et al.Dielectric properties of Ba(T_(1-y)Y_y)O_3 ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1998.84(2):983-986.
[78]Hwang J H,Han Y H.Dielectric properties of erbium doped barium titanate.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(2A):676-679.
[79]Baxter P,Hellicar N J,Lewis B.Effect of additives of limited solid solubility on ferroelectric properties of barium titanate ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1959.42(10):465-470.
[80]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press,1971,102.
[81]Okazaki K.Ceramic Engineering for Dielectrics-Fourth Edition.Tokyo:Gakken-sha Publishing Co.Ltd,1992,281-285.
[82]Nagai T,Iijima K,Hwang H J,et al.Effect of MgO Doping on the Phase Transformations of BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(1):107-12.
[83]Kyoichi K,Akihiko Y.Grain-size effects on dielectric properties in barium titanate ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1976.47(1):371-373.
[84]Wada S,Suzuki T,Noma T.Preparation of barium titanate ceramics from amorphous fine particles of the Ba-Ti-O system and its dielectric properties.Journal of Materials Research,1995.10(2):306-311.
[85]Wang X-H,Chen R-Z,Gui Z-L,et al.The grain size effect on dielectric properties of BaTiO_3based ceramics.Materials Science and Engineering B,2003.99(1-3):199-202.
[86]Uchino K,Sadanaga E,Hirose T.Dependence of the Crystal Structure on Particle Size in Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1989.72(8):1555-1558.
[87]Anliker M,Bragger H R,Kanzig a W.Study of Fine Powders Ferroelectrics Ⅱ:Barium Titanate BaTiO_3.Helv.Phys.Acta,1952.27:99.
[88]Kuwabara M,Matsuda H,Kurata N,et al.Shift of the Curie Point of Barium Titanate Ceramics with Sintering Temperature.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1997.80(10):2590-2596.
[89]Ern V,Newnham R E.Effect of WO_3 on Dielectric Properties of BaTiO_3 Ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1961.44(4):199-199.
[90]DeVries R C.Lowering of Curie Temperature of BaTiO_3 by Chemical Reduction.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1960.43(4):226-226.
[91]Burn I.Mn-doped polycrystalline BaTiO_3.Journal of Materials Science,1979.14(10):2453-2458.
[92]Hardtl K H,Wernicke R.Lowering the Curie temperature in reduced BaTiO_3.Solid State Communications,1972.10(1):153-157.
[93]Arend H,Kihlborg L.Phase composition of reduced and reoxidized barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1969.52(2):63-65.
[94]Bois G V,Mikhailova N A,Prodavtsova E I.Partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen vacancies in BaTiO_3.Neorganicheskie Materialy,1976 12(9):1588-91.
[95]Lee S,Liu Z-K,Kim M-H,et al.Influence of nonstoichiometry on ferroelectric phase transition in BaTiO_3.Journal of Applied Physics,2007.101(5):054119-8.
[96]Samara G A.Pressure and temperature dependences of the dielectric properties of the perovskites BaTiO_3 and SrTiO_3.Physical Review,1966.151(2):378.
[97]李标荣,王筱珍,张绪礼.无机电介质.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1995,73.
[98]Baeten F,Derks B,Coppens W,et al.Barium titanate characterization by differential scanning calorimetry.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2006.26(4-5):589-592.
[99]Armstrong T R,Buchanan R C.Influence of core-shell grains on the internal stress state and permittivity response of zirconia-modified barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1990.73(5):1268-1273.
[100]Song Y H,Hwang J H,Han Y H.Effects of Y_2O_3 on temperature stability of acceptor-doped BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2005.44(3):1310-1313.
[101]王升.钛酸钡基抗还原介质材料的组成、改性机理及应用研究:[博士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005.
[102]Pohanka R C,Rice R W,Walker B E,et al.Fracture,fractography and internal stress of BaTiO_3 ceramics.Ferroelectrics,1975.10(1-4):231-235.
[103]Kleint C A,Stoepel U,Rost A.X-ray diffraction and conductivity investigations of lanthanum-doped barium titanate ceramics.Physica Status Solidi(A) Applied Research,1989.115(1):165-172.
[104]Okazaki K.Mechanical behavior of ferroelectric ceramics.American Ceramic Society Bulletin,1984.63(9):1150-1157.
[105]Song Y H,Han Y H.Effects of rare-earth oxides on temperature stability of acceptor-doped BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2005.44(8):6143-6147.
[106]Feng Q,McConville C J.Weak-beam dark-field microscopy of complex stress states in X7R-Type BaTiO_3 dielectric core-shell structures.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2004.87(10):1945-1951.
[107]Liu G,Roseman R D.Secondary thermal treatment effect on PTCR BaTiO_3.Journal of Materials Science Letters,1999.18(22):1875-1878.
[108]Hiramatsu T,Tamura T,Wada N,et al.Effects of grain boundary on dielectric properties in fine-grained BaTiO_3 ceramics.Materials Science and Engineering B,2005.120(1-3):55-58.
[109]Jung-Kun L,Young Hyun L,Kug Sun H,et al.Role of internal stress on room-temperature permittivity of BaTiO_3 ceramics and thin films.Journal of Applied Physics,2004.95(1):219-225.
[110]Bell A J,Moulson A J.Effect of grain size on the dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramic.British Ceramic Proceedings,1985,57-66.
[111]Chen J-C,Lee Y-C,Lin S-P.New technique to eliminate the 90 domains in BaTiO_3 crystal fibers.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2000.39(4A):1812-1814.
[112]Tiwari V S,Pandey D.Structure and properties of(Ba,Ca)TiO_3 ceramics prepared using (Ba,Ca)CO_3 precursors:Ⅱ,diffuse phase transition behavior.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(7):1819-1824.
[113]Jonker G H,Noodander W.Science of Ceramics.New York:Academic Press,1962,255-260.
[114]Gijp S,Elshof J E,Steigelmann O,et al.Influence of stress and chemical homogeneity on dielectric properties of BaTi_(0.9)Zr_(0.1)O_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(10): 2610-2612.
[115]Damm A,Schmitt H,Mueser H E.Dielectric properties of thin sections of barium titanate ceramics.Applied Physics,1981.25(3):195-200.
[116]Zhu W,Wang C C,Akbar S A,et al.Fast-sintering of hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO_3powders and their dielectric properties.Journal of Materials Science,1997.32(16):4303-4307.
[117]Bow J S.Microstructure of temperature-stable barium titanate dielectrics.MRL Bulletin of Research and Development,1988.2(2):59-65.
[118]Park Y,Kim Y.Effect of external pressure on the dielectric temperature characteristics of cerium-modified barium titanate based ceramic.Materials Research Bulletin,1996.31(12):1479-1489.
[119]Park Y,Kim Y,Kim H-G.Effect of stress on the dielectric-temperature characteristics of core-shell grain structure.Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1996.29(9):2483-2491.
[120]Park Y,Cho K,Kim H-G.Effect of external pressure and grain size on the phase transition in the Gd-doped BaTiO_3 ceramic.Materials Research Bulletin,1997.32(11):1485-1494.
[121]Park Y,Kim H-G.Effect of external stress on the dielectric temperature characteristics of samarium-modified barium titanate.Ferroelectrics,1997.198(1-4):67-76.
[122]Park Y,Song S A.Effect of grain size and external stress on dielectric temperature characteristics of dysprosium modified barium titanate.Materials Science & Engineering B,1997.B47(1):28-32.
[123]Park Y,Cho K,Kim H-G.Effect of internal stress on physical temperature characteristics of cerium-doped and gadolinium-doped barium titanate ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1998.81(7):1893-1899.
[124]Chen J-H,Hwang B-H,Hsu T-C,et al.Domain switching of barium titanate ceramics induced by surface grinding.Materials Chemistry and Physics,2005.91(1):67-72.
[125]罗金玲,周志刚.亚纳米铁电陶瓷介电性能的粒度效应.无机材料学报,1995.10(02):209-213.
[126]Sahu P,Pradhan S K,De M.X-ray diffraction studies of the decomposition and microstructural characterization of cold-worked powders of Cu-15Ni-Sn alloys by Rietveld analysis.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2004.377(1-2):103-116.
[127]Cont L,Chateigner D,Lutterotti L,et al.Combined X-ray Texture-Structure-Microstructure Analysis Applied to Ferroelectric Ultrastructures:A Case Study on Pb_(0.76)Ca_(0.24)TiO_3.Ferroelectrics,2002.267(1):323-328.
[128]Tsur Y,Dunbar T D,Randall C A.Crystal and defect chemistry of rare earth cations in BaTiO_3.Journal of Electroceramics,2001.7(1):25-34.
[129]Tsur Y,Hitomi A,Scrymgeour I,et al.Site occupancy of rare-earth cations in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(1):255-258.
[130]Tennery V J,Cook R L.Investigation of rare-earth doped barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1961.44(4):187-193.
[131]Watanabe K,Ohsato H,Kishi H,et al.Solubility of La-Mg and La-Al in BaTiO_3.Solid State Ionics,1998.108(1-4):129-135.
[132]Kishi H,Kohzu N,Mizuno Y,et al.Effect of occupational sites of rare-earth elements on the microstructure in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1999.38(9B):5452-5456.
[133]Buscaglia M T,Buscaglia V,Viviani M,et al.Influence of foreign ions on the crystal structure of BaTiO_3.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2000.20(12):1997-2007.
[134]Kishi H,Kohzu N,Iguchi Y,et al.Occupational sites and dielectric properties of rare-earth and Mn substituted BaTiO_3.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2001.21(10-11):1643-1647.
[135]Lin M-H,Lu H-Y.Site-occupancy of yttrium as a dopant in BaO-excess BaTiO_3.Materials Science and Engineering:A,2002.335(1-2):101-108.
[136]Makovec D,Samardzija Z,Drofenik M.Solid Solubility of Holmium,Yttrium,and Dysprosium in BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2004.87(7):1324-1329.
[137]Jeong J,Lee E J,Han Y H.Effects of Ho_2O_3 addition on defects of BaTiO_3.Materials Chemistry and Physics,2006.100(2-3):434-437.
[138]Hennings D F K,Schreinemacher B S.Temperature-stable dielectric materials in the system BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-Co_3O_4.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1994.14(5):463-471.
[139]Caballero A C,Fernandez J F,Moure C,et al.ZnO-doped BaTiO_3:Microstructure and electrical properties.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1997.17(4):513-523.
[140]Takeuchi T,Ado K,Asai T,et al.Thickness of cubic surface phase on barium titanate single-crystalline grains.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(6):1665-1668.
[141]Buchanan R C,Roseman R D,Eufinger K R.Electrical and mechanical properties of core-shell type structures in doped BaTiO_3.Proceedings of the 1996 10th IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics,ISAF'96.Part 2(of 2),Aug 18-21 1996,IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics,1996,887-890.
[142]李波.MLCC用BaTiO_3陶瓷的掺杂改性及机理研究:[博士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2007.
[143]Li Y,Yao X,Zhang L.High permittivity neodymium-doped barium titanate sintered in pure nitrogen.Ceramics International,2004.30(7):1325-1328.
[144]Shaikh A S,Vest R W.Defect structure and dielectric properties of Nd_2O_3-modified BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1986.69(9):689-94.
[145]Yuan Y,Zhang S,Li C.The effect of doping process on microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO_3-based X7R materials.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,2004.15(9):601-606.
[146]Zhou X,Zhang S,Yuan Y,et al.Preparation of BaTiO_3-based nonreducible X7R dielectric materials via nanometer powders doping.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,2006.17(2):133-136.
[147]Wang S-F,Yang T C K,Wang Y-R,et al.Effect of glass composition on the densification and dielectric properties of BaTiO_3 ceramics.Ceramics International,2001.27(2):157-162.
[148]Maher G H,Maher S,Wilson J M.High dielectric constant very low fired X7R ceramic capacitor,and powder for making.United States Patent,6723673.2004-April 20.
[149]Maher G H,Veerabhadrarao B.High dielectric constant X7R ceramic capacitor,and powder for making.United States Patent,6043174.2000-03-28.
[150]Li T,Li L,Zhao J,et al.Modulation effect of Mn~(2+) on dielectric properties of BaTiO_3-based X7R materials.Materials Letters,2000.44(1):1-5.
[151]Kobayashi H,Uchida T,Sato S,et al.Dielectric ceramic composition and electronic device.United States Patent,6764976.2002-08-23.
[152]Kazushige I,Akira S.Dielectric ceramic composition and electronic device.United States Patent,7262146.2007-08-28.
[153]Sato S,Nomura T,Sato A.Dielectric ceramic composition and electronic device.United States Patent,6226172.1999-07-27.
[154]Park E.Dielectric and strain effects of core-shell/barrier layer structures in modified barium titanate ceramics:[Ph.D.Thesis].Ohio:University of Cincinnati,2002.
[155]Hennings D.Liquid phase sintering of barium titanate.Berichte der Deutschen Keramischen Gesellschaft,1978.55(7):359-360.
[156]Kuromitsu Y,Wang S F,Yoshikawa S,et al.Interaction between barium titanate and binary glasses.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(2):493-498.
[157]Chowdary K R,Subbarao E C.Liquid phase sintered BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1981.37(1-4):689-692.
[158]Lu H-Y,Bow J-S,Deng W-H.Core-Shell structures in ZrO_2-modified BaTiO_3 ceramic.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1990.73(12):3562-3568.
[159]Krishnamoorthy P R,Ramaswamy P,Narayana B H.CaZrO_3 additives to enhance capacitance properties in BaTiO_3 ceramic capacitors.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,1992.3(3):176-180.
[160]Li Y,Yao X,Zhang L.Study on reduction-resistant properties of Mg doped barium titanate.Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2004.32(6):763-766.
[161]Lu Y-Y,Lai C-H,Tseng T-Y.Effect of soaking time on the temperature coefficient of resistivity of semiconducting barium titanate PTCR ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(9):2461-2464.
[162]Hirata Y,Nitta A,Sameshima S,et al.Dielectric properties of barium titanate prepared by hot isostatic pressing.Materials Letters,1996.29(4-6):229-234.
[163]Holland T J B,Redfern S A T.Unit cell refinement from powder diffraction data:the use of regression diagnostics.Mineralogical Magazine,1997.61(1):65-77.
[164]DullN F H,Rase D E.Phase Equilibria in the System ZnO-TiO_2.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1960.43(3):125-131.
[165]Yamaguchi O,Morimi M,Kawabata H,et al.Formation and transformation of ZnTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1987.70(5):C-97-C-98.
[166]Kim H T,Nahm S,Byan J D,et al.Low-Fired(Zn,Mg)TiO_3 microwave dielectrics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1999.82(12):3476-3480.
[167]Chang Y-S,Chang Y-H,Chen I-G,et al.Synthesis and characterization of zinc titanate doped with magnesium.Solid State Communications,2003.128(5):203-208.
[168]Fang K-T,Wang Y.Number-theoretic Methods in Statistics.London:Chapman and Hall,1994
[169]Fang K-T,Lin D K J,Winker P,et al.Uniform design:theory and application.Technometrics,2000.42(3):237-248.
[170]Amin N A S,Anggoro D D.Optimization of direct conversion of methane to liquid fuels over Cu loaded W/ZSM-5 catalyst.Fuel,2004.83(4-5):487-494.
[171]Samara G A.Pressure and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties and phase transitions of the ferroelectric perovslites:PbTiO_3 and BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1971.2:277-289.
[172]Uchino K,Nomura S.Critical exponents of the dielectric constants in diffused-phase-transition crystrals.Ferroelectrics Lett,1982.44(3):55-61.
[173]Zhang X,Wang Y,Li L.Study on the anti-reduction properties of Mn-doped BaTiO_3-based ceramics.IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1990.25(3):587-592.
[174]Brzozowski E,Castro M S,Foschini C R,et al.Secondary phases in Nb-doped BaTiO_3ceramics.Ceramics International,2002.28(7):773-777.
[175]Kirianov A,Ozaki N,Ohsato H,et al.Studies on the solid solution of Mn in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(9 B):5619-5623.
[176]Wu T-B,Lin J-N.Transition of Compensating Defect Mode in Niobium-Doped Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(3):759-764.
[177]Kagata H,Inoue T,Kato J,et al.Low-fire bismuth-based dielectric ceramics for microwave use.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1992.31(9B):3152-3155.
[178]胡金元.第二相Ba_6Ti_(17)O_(40)形成动力学的研究.物理学报,1991.40(9):1485-1491.
[179]Bomlai P,Sirikulrat N,Tunkasiri T.Effect of heating rate on the properties of Sb and Mn-doped barium strontium titanate PTCR ceramics.Materials Letters,2005.59(1):118-122.
[180]Voltzke D,Abicht H-P.Mechanistic investigations on the densification behaviour of barium titanate ceramics.Solid State Sciences,2001.3(4):417-422.
[181]Smolenskii G A,Isupov V A,Agranovkaya A I,et al.New ferroelectrics of complex composition.Sov.Phys.-Solid State,1961.2(11):2651-2654.
[182]Zhu W,Akbar S A,Asiaie R,et al.Sintering and dielectric properties of hydrothermally synthesized cubic and tetragonal BaTiO_3 powders.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997.36(1A):214-221.
[183]Liu S-F,Abothu I R,Komarneni S.Barium titanate ceramics prepared from conventional and microwave hydrothermal powders.Materials Letters,1999.38(5):344-350.
[184]Demartin M,Herard C,Carry C,et al.Dedensification and anomalous grain growth during sintering of undoped barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1997.80(5):1079-1084.
[185]Hayashi T,Iida K,Shinozaki H,et al.Preparation and properties of Nb-coated barium titanate composite particles by surface modification with Nb alkoxide in hydrophobic solvent.Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,1999.16(1):159-164.
[186]Kowalski k,Ijjaali M,Bak T,et al.Electrical properties of Nb-doped BaTiO_3.Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2001.62(3):543-551.
[187]Buessem W R,Kahn M.Effects of grain growth on the distribution of Nb in BaTiO_3 ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1971.54(9):458-461.
[188]宋祥云,陈大任,马利泰,等.BaTiO_3陶瓷的晶粒壳-芯结构与畴.硅酸盐学报,1992.20(03):256-261.
[189]Jona F,Shirane G.Ferroelectric crystals.New York:Pergamon Press,1962.
[190]Fatuzzo E,Merz W J.Ferroelectricity.Amsterdam:North-Holland Pub.Co.,1967.
[191]Bline R,Zeks B.Soft modes in ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics.Amsterdam:North-Holland Pub.Co.,1974.
[192]Lines M E,Glass A M.Principles and applications of ferroelectrics and related materials.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1977.
[193]Devonshire A F.Theory of freeoelectrics.Adv.Phys.,1954.3:85.
[194]Haun M J,Furman E,Jang S J,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅰ:Phenomenology.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):13-25.
[195]Haun M J,Furman E,McKinstry H A,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅱ:Tricritical behavior.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):27-44.
[196]Haun M J,Zhuang Z Q,Furman E,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅲ:Curie constant and sixth-order polarization interaction dielectric stiffness coefficients.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):45-54.
[197]Haun M J,Furman E,Halemane T R,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅳ:Tilting of the oxygen octahedra.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):55-62.
[198]Haun M J,Furman E,Jang S J,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅴ:Theoretical calculations.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):63-86.
[199]Li Y L,Cross L E,Chen L Q.A phenomenological thermodynamic potential for BaTiO_3 single crystals.Journal of Applied Physics,2005.98(6):064101-4.
[200]Bell A J.Phenomenologically derived electric field-temperature phase diagrams and piezoelectric coefficients for single crystal barium titanate under fields along different axes.Journal of Applied Physics,2001.89(7):3907-3914.
[201]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press,1971,71.
[202]Park Y,Song S A.Influence of core-shell structured grain on dielectric properties of cerium-modified barium titanate.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,1995.6(6):380-388.
[203]Armstrong T R,Young K A,Buchanan R C.Dielectric properties of fluxed barium titanate ceramics with zirconia additions.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1990.73(3):700-706.
[204]Inomata Y,Chazono H,Kishi H.Microstructure and dielectric properties of SrTiO_3-PbTiO_3-CaTiO_3 ceramics.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1996.35(9B):5132-5136.
[205]Pathumarak S,Al-Khafaji M,Lee W E.Microstructural development on firing Nb_2O_5 and Bi_2O_3 doped BaTiO_3.British Ceramic Transactions,1994.93(3):114-118.
[206]千福熹.现代玻璃科学技术(下册).上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988,394.
[207]陈蓓,丁培道,周泽华.Al_2O_3/ZrO_2层状复合陶瓷的结构设计与性能.硅酸盐学报,2001.29(04):386-388.
[208]侯永改,栗政新,荆运杰,等.计算机辅助低温陶瓷结合剂热膨胀系数的测定及计算.金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2005(06):68-70.
[209]Lyon K G,Salinger G L,Swenson C A,et al.Linear thermal expansion measurements on silicon from 6 to 340 K.Journal of Applied Physics,1977.48(3):865-868.
[210]Lager G A,Jorgensen J D,Rotella F J.Crystal structure and thermal expansion of alpha-quartz SiO_2 at low temperatures.Journal of Applied Physics,1982.53(10):6751-6756.
[211]卢荣胜,费业泰.材料线膨胀系数的科学定义及应用.应用科学学报,1996.14(03):253-258.
[212]Templeton A,Wang X,Penn S J,et al.Microwave dielectric loss of titanium oxide.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(1):95-100.
[2]邓湘云,李建保,王晓慧,等.MLCC的发展趋势及在军用电子设备中的应用.电子元件与材料,2006.25(5):1-6.
[3]Hennings D F K.Multilayer ceramic capacitors with base metal electrodes.IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics,2000,135-138.
[4]Sakabe Y,Reynolds T.Base-metal electrode capacitors.American Ceramic Society Bulletin,2002.81(10):24-26.
[5]吴顺华,苏皓,王国庆,等.一种温度超稳定型电子陶瓷材料的组成及其制造方法.中国专利,200410093859.2005-07-13.
[6]Chazono H,Fujimoto M.Sintering characteristics and formation mechanisms of 'core-shell'structure in BaTiO_3-NB_2O_5-CO_3O_5 ternary system.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1995.34(9B):5354-5359.
[7]Chazono H,Kishi H.Sintering Characteristics in BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-Co_3O_4 Ternary System:I,Electrical Properties and Microstructure.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1999.82(10):2689-2697.
[8]Chazono H,Kishi H.Sintering characteristics in the BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-Co_3O_4 ternary system:Ⅱ,stability of so-called 'core-shell' structure.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(1):101-106.
[9]Kishi H,Okino Y,0onda M,et al.Effect of MgO and rare-earth oxide on formation behavior of core-shell structure in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997.36(9B):5954-5957.
[10]Saito H,Chazono H,Kishi H,et al.X7R multilayer ceramic capacitors with nickel electrodes.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1991.30(9B):2307-2310.
[11]Sato S,Fujikawa Y,Nomura T.Rare Earth Doping onTemperature-capacitance Characteristics for MLCCs with Ni Electrode.American Ceramic Society Bulletin 2000.79:155.
[12]Hwang J H,Choi S K,Han Y H.Dielectric Properties of BaTiO_3 Codoped with Er_2O_3 and MgO.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(8):4952-4955.
[13]Jung Y S,Na E S,Paik U,et al.A study on the phase transition and characteristics of rare earth elements doped BaTiO_3.Materials Research Bulletin,2002.37(9):1633-1640.
[14]Smolenskii G A,Isupov V A,Agranovskayy A I,et al.Ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transitions.Sov.Phys.Solid State,1961.2(11):2584-2594.
[15]Maher G H.New PLZT dielectric for use in characterisitic X7R multilayer ceramic capacitors.IEEE Transactions on Components,Hybrids and Manufacturing Technology,1983.6(4):372-376.
[16]Villegas M,Fernandez J F,Moure C,et al.Preparation,microstructural development and dielectric properties of Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-Pb(Ti_xZr_(1-x))O_3 multilayer ceramic capacitors.Journal of Materials Science,1994.29(19):4999-5004.
[17]Natarajan R,Dougherty J P.Role of Mn in controlling the dielectric loss and ageing effect in Pb(Zn_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-Pb(Fe_(2/3)W_(1/3_)O_3-Pb(Fe_(1/2_Nb_(1/2_)O_3.Journal of Materials Science,1998.33(8):1991-1995.
[18]Gui Z L,Wang Y,Li L T.Lead-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics for high performance low firing MLCs.IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroeleclrics,1996,409-412.
[19]Natarajan R,Dougherty J P.Influence of Li addition on the sintering and dielectric properties of PNN-PMW-PT relaxor ferroelectrics.Materials Research Society Symposium-Proceedings,1997.453(Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials):473-481.
[20]Boufrou B,Desgardin G;Raveau B.Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Niobate,K_(0.2)Sr_(0.4)NbO_3:A New Material for Capacitors with Flat Dielectric Curves.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1991.74(11):2809-2814.
[21]Tribotte B,Haussonne J M,Desgardin G.K_2Sr_4Nb_(10)O_(30)-based dielectric ceramics having the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure and temperature-stable high permittivity.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1999.19(6-7):1105-1109.
[22]Furukawa O,Harata M,Imai M,et al.Low firing and high dielectric constant X7R ceramic dielectric for multilayer capacitors based on relaxor and barium titanate composite.Journal of Materials Science,1991.26(21):5838-5842.
[23]Rase D E,Roy R.Phase Equilibria in the System BaO-TiO_2.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1955.38(3):102-113.
[24]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press,1971,59.
[25]Tkacz-Smiech K,Kolezynski A,Ptak W S.Crystal-chemical aspects of phase transitions in barium titanate.Solid State Communications,2003.127(8):557-562.
[26]Merz W J.Domain Properties in BaTiO_3.Physical Review,1952.88(2):421.
[27]Hooton J A,Merz W J.Etch Patterns and Ferroelectric Domains in BaTiO_3 Single Crystals.Physical Review,1955.98(2):409.
[28]Merz W J.The Electric and Optical Behavior of BaTiO_3 Single-Domain Crystals.Physical Review,1949.76(8):1221.
[29]Merz W J.Double Hysteresis Loop of BaTiO_3 at the Curie Point.Physical Review,1953.91(3):513.
[30]Merz W J.The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Curie Point of Barium Titanate Single Crystals.Physical Review,1950.78(1):52.
[31]Merz W J.The Dielectric Behavior of BaTiO_3 Single-Domain Crystals.Physical Review,1949.75(4):687.
[32]Kniekamp H,Heywang W.Depolarization Effects in Polycrystalline BaTiO_3.Z.Angew.Phys.,1954.6(9):385-390.
[33]Huibregtse E J,Young D R.Triple Hysteresis Loops and the Free-Energy Function in the Vicinity of the 5℃ Transition in BaTiO_3.Physical Review,1956.103:1705-1711.
[34]Yan M F.Microstructural control in the processing of electronic ceramics.Materials Science and Engineering,1981.48(1):53-72.
[35]Bell A J,Moulson A J,Cross L E.Effect of grain size on the permittivity of BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1983.54(1-4):487-490.
[36]Arlt G,Hennings D,With G D.Dielectric properties of fine-grained barium titanate ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1985.58(4):1619-1625.
[37]Park Y,Kim Y H,Kim H G.The effect of grain size on dielectric behavior of BaTiO_3 based X7R materials.Materials Letters,1996.28(1-3):101-106.
[38]Leonard M R,Safari A.Crystallite and grain size effects in BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1996.ISAF '96.,Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Symposium,1996,1003-1005.
[39]Frey M H,Payne D A.Grain-size effect on structure and phase transformations for barium titanate.Physical Review B,1996.54(5):3158.
[40]Begg B D,Vance E R,Nowotny J.Effect of Particle Size on the Room-Temperature Crystal Structure of Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(12):3186-3192.
[41]Lee B W,Auh K H.Effect of grain size and mechanical processing on the dielectric properties of BaTiO_3.Journal of Materials Research,1995.10(6):1418-1423.
[42]Martirena H T,Burfoot J C.Grain-size effects on properties of some ferroelectric ceramics. Journal of Physics C:Solid State Physics,1974.7(17):3182-3192.
[43]Buessem W R,Cross L E,Goswami A K.Phenomenological theory of high permittivity in fine-gained barium fitanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1966.49(1):33-36.
[44]Little E A.Dynamic Behavior of Domain Walls in Barium Titanate.Physical Review,1955.98(4):978.
[45]Buessem W R,Cross L E,Goswami A K.Effect of two-dimensional pressure on permittivity of fineand coarse-grained barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1966.49(1):36-39.
[46]Yamaji A,Enomoto Y,Kinoshita K,et al.Preparation,characterization,and properties of Dy-doped small-grained BaTiO3 ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1977.60(3-4):97-101.
[47]Enomoto Y,Yamaji A.Preparation of uniformly small-grained BaTiO3.American Ceramic Society Bulletin,1981.60(5):566-570.
[48]Bell A J,Moulson A J,Cross L E.The effect of grain size on the permittivity of BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1984.54(I):147-150.
[49]Niesel W.Dielectric Constants of Heterogeneous Mixtures of Isotropic and Nonisotropic Substances.Ann.Phys.,1952.10(6-7):336-348.
[50]Okazaki K,Kashiwabara S.Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of high Permittivity Ceramics.J.Ceram.Assoc.Japan,1965.73(3-11):60-66.
[51]Kahn M.Effects of Sintering and Grain Growth on the Distribution of Niobium Addition in Barium Titanate Ceramics:[Ph.D.Thesis].PA:Pennsylvania State University,1969.
[52]Rawal B S,Kahn M,Buessem W R.Grain core - grain shell structure in barium titanate-based dielectrics.Proceedings of a Symposium held during the 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society,Advances in Ceramics,1981,172-189.
[53]Hennings D,Rosenstein G.Temperature-Stable Dielectrics Based On Chemically Inhomogeneous BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1984.67(4):249-254.
[54]Park Y,Kim H-G.Internal stress effect on the temperature dependence of the dielectric and lattice constant in Sm-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997.36(6A):3558-3563.
[55]Park Y,KIM H G.Pressure and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties in the perovskite solution of Gd-doped barium titanate.Journal of Materials Science Letters,1998.17(2):157-158.
[56]Park Y,Kim H G.The Microstmcture Analysis of Cerium-Modified Barium Titanate Having Core-Shell Structured Grains.Ceramics International,1997.23(4):329-336.
[57]杨永旺.制程对於X7R陶瓷电容器的介电性质及显微结构的影响:[硕士学位论文].台湾:成功大学,2000.
[58]Mizuno Y Y,Hagiwara T T,Chazono H H,et al.Effect of milling process on core-shell microstructure and electrical properties for BaTiO_3-based Ni-MLCC.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2001.21:1649-1652.
[59]Mizuno Y,Okino Y,Kohzu N,et al.Influence of the microstmcture evolution on electrical properties of multilayer capacitor with Ni electrode.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1998.37(9B):5227-5231.
[60]Park Y,Kim H-G.Dielectric temperature characteristics of cerium-modified barium titanate based ceramics with core-shell grain structure.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1997.80(1):106-112.
[61]Sakabe Y,Wada N,Hiramatsu T,et al.Dielectric properties of fine-grained BaTiO_3 ceramics doped with CaO.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2002.41(11 B):6922-6925.
[62]Lin J-N,Wu T-B.Wetting reaction between lithium fluoride and barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1989.72(9):1709-1712.
[63]Kahn M.Influence of Grain Growth on Dielectric Properties ofNb-Doped BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1971.54(9):455-457.
[64]Subbarao E C,Shirane G.Dielectric and Structural Studies in the Systems Ba(Ti,Nb)O_3 and Ba(Ti,Ta)O_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1959.42(6):279-284.
[65]Murugaraj P,Kutty T,Subba Rao M.Diffuse phase transformations in neodymium-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics.Journal of Materials Science,1986.21(10):3521-3527.
[66]Qi J Q,Chen W P,Wang Y,et al.Dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics doped by B_2O_3 vapor.Journal of Applied Physics,2004.96(11):6937-6939.
[67]Lin J N,Wu T B.Effects of isovalent substitutions on lattice softening and transition character of BaTiO_3 solid solutions.Journal of Applied Physics,1990.68(3):985-993.
[68]Hennings D,Schnell A,Simon G.Diffuse Ferroelectric Phase Transitions in Ba(Til.yZry)O_3Ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1982.65(11):539-544.
[69]Payne W H,Tennery V J.Dielectric and Structural Investigations of the System BaTiO_3-BaHfO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1965.48(8):413-417.
[70]Zhuang Z Q,Harmer M P,Smyth D M,et al.The effect of octahedrally-coordinated calcium on the ferroelectric transition of BaTiO_3.Materials Research Bulletin,1987.22(10):1329-1335.
[71]Mitsui T,Westphal W B.Dielectric and X-Ray Studies of Ca_xBa_(1-x)TiO_3 and Ca_xSr_(1-x)TiO_3.Physical Review,1961.124(5):1354.
[72]Hennings D F K,Schreinemacher B,Schreinemacher H.High-permittivity dielectric ceramics with high endurance.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1994.13(1):81-88.
[73]Chen A,Zhi Y,Zhi J,et al.Synthesis and characterization of Ba(Ti_(1-x)Ce_x)O_3 ceramics.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1997.17(10):1217-1221.
[74]Begg B D,Finnie K S,Vance E R.Raman Study of the Relationship between Room-Temperature Tetragonality and the Curie Point of Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1996.79(10):2666-2672.[75]Kurata N,Kuwabara M.Semiconducting-Insulating Transition for Highly Donor-Dopod Barium Titanate Ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1993.76(6):1605-1608.
[76]Morrison F D,Sinclair D C,West A R.Electrical and structural characteristics of lanthanum-doped barium titanate ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1999.86(11):6355-6366.
[77]Jing Z,Ang C,Yu Z,et al.Dielectric properties of Ba(T_(1-y)Y_y)O_3 ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1998.84(2):983-986.
[78]Hwang J H,Han Y H.Dielectric properties of erbium doped barium titanate.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(2A):676-679.
[79]Baxter P,Hellicar N J,Lewis B.Effect of additives of limited solid solubility on ferroelectric properties of barium titanate ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1959.42(10):465-470.
[80]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press,1971,102.
[81]Okazaki K.Ceramic Engineering for Dielectrics-Fourth Edition.Tokyo:Gakken-sha Publishing Co.Ltd,1992,281-285.
[82]Nagai T,Iijima K,Hwang H J,et al.Effect of MgO Doping on the Phase Transformations of BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(1):107-12.
[83]Kyoichi K,Akihiko Y.Grain-size effects on dielectric properties in barium titanate ceramics.Journal of Applied Physics,1976.47(1):371-373.
[84]Wada S,Suzuki T,Noma T.Preparation of barium titanate ceramics from amorphous fine particles of the Ba-Ti-O system and its dielectric properties.Journal of Materials Research,1995.10(2):306-311.
[85]Wang X-H,Chen R-Z,Gui Z-L,et al.The grain size effect on dielectric properties of BaTiO_3based ceramics.Materials Science and Engineering B,2003.99(1-3):199-202.
[86]Uchino K,Sadanaga E,Hirose T.Dependence of the Crystal Structure on Particle Size in Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1989.72(8):1555-1558.
[87]Anliker M,Bragger H R,Kanzig a W.Study of Fine Powders Ferroelectrics Ⅱ:Barium Titanate BaTiO_3.Helv.Phys.Acta,1952.27:99.
[88]Kuwabara M,Matsuda H,Kurata N,et al.Shift of the Curie Point of Barium Titanate Ceramics with Sintering Temperature.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1997.80(10):2590-2596.
[89]Ern V,Newnham R E.Effect of WO_3 on Dielectric Properties of BaTiO_3 Ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1961.44(4):199-199.
[90]DeVries R C.Lowering of Curie Temperature of BaTiO_3 by Chemical Reduction.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1960.43(4):226-226.
[91]Burn I.Mn-doped polycrystalline BaTiO_3.Journal of Materials Science,1979.14(10):2453-2458.
[92]Hardtl K H,Wernicke R.Lowering the Curie temperature in reduced BaTiO_3.Solid State Communications,1972.10(1):153-157.
[93]Arend H,Kihlborg L.Phase composition of reduced and reoxidized barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1969.52(2):63-65.
[94]Bois G V,Mikhailova N A,Prodavtsova E I.Partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen vacancies in BaTiO_3.Neorganicheskie Materialy,1976 12(9):1588-91.
[95]Lee S,Liu Z-K,Kim M-H,et al.Influence of nonstoichiometry on ferroelectric phase transition in BaTiO_3.Journal of Applied Physics,2007.101(5):054119-8.
[96]Samara G A.Pressure and temperature dependences of the dielectric properties of the perovskites BaTiO_3 and SrTiO_3.Physical Review,1966.151(2):378.
[97]李标荣,王筱珍,张绪礼.无机电介质.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1995,73.
[98]Baeten F,Derks B,Coppens W,et al.Barium titanate characterization by differential scanning calorimetry.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2006.26(4-5):589-592.
[99]Armstrong T R,Buchanan R C.Influence of core-shell grains on the internal stress state and permittivity response of zirconia-modified barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1990.73(5):1268-1273.
[100]Song Y H,Hwang J H,Han Y H.Effects of Y_2O_3 on temperature stability of acceptor-doped BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2005.44(3):1310-1313.
[101]王升.钛酸钡基抗还原介质材料的组成、改性机理及应用研究:[博士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005.
[102]Pohanka R C,Rice R W,Walker B E,et al.Fracture,fractography and internal stress of BaTiO_3 ceramics.Ferroelectrics,1975.10(1-4):231-235.
[103]Kleint C A,Stoepel U,Rost A.X-ray diffraction and conductivity investigations of lanthanum-doped barium titanate ceramics.Physica Status Solidi(A) Applied Research,1989.115(1):165-172.
[104]Okazaki K.Mechanical behavior of ferroelectric ceramics.American Ceramic Society Bulletin,1984.63(9):1150-1157.
[105]Song Y H,Han Y H.Effects of rare-earth oxides on temperature stability of acceptor-doped BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2005.44(8):6143-6147.
[106]Feng Q,McConville C J.Weak-beam dark-field microscopy of complex stress states in X7R-Type BaTiO_3 dielectric core-shell structures.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2004.87(10):1945-1951.
[107]Liu G,Roseman R D.Secondary thermal treatment effect on PTCR BaTiO_3.Journal of Materials Science Letters,1999.18(22):1875-1878.
[108]Hiramatsu T,Tamura T,Wada N,et al.Effects of grain boundary on dielectric properties in fine-grained BaTiO_3 ceramics.Materials Science and Engineering B,2005.120(1-3):55-58.
[109]Jung-Kun L,Young Hyun L,Kug Sun H,et al.Role of internal stress on room-temperature permittivity of BaTiO_3 ceramics and thin films.Journal of Applied Physics,2004.95(1):219-225.
[110]Bell A J,Moulson A J.Effect of grain size on the dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramic.British Ceramic Proceedings,1985,57-66.
[111]Chen J-C,Lee Y-C,Lin S-P.New technique to eliminate the 90 domains in BaTiO_3 crystal fibers.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2000.39(4A):1812-1814.
[112]Tiwari V S,Pandey D.Structure and properties of(Ba,Ca)TiO_3 ceramics prepared using (Ba,Ca)CO_3 precursors:Ⅱ,diffuse phase transition behavior.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(7):1819-1824.
[113]Jonker G H,Noodander W.Science of Ceramics.New York:Academic Press,1962,255-260.
[114]Gijp S,Elshof J E,Steigelmann O,et al.Influence of stress and chemical homogeneity on dielectric properties of BaTi_(0.9)Zr_(0.1)O_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(10): 2610-2612.
[115]Damm A,Schmitt H,Mueser H E.Dielectric properties of thin sections of barium titanate ceramics.Applied Physics,1981.25(3):195-200.
[116]Zhu W,Wang C C,Akbar S A,et al.Fast-sintering of hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO_3powders and their dielectric properties.Journal of Materials Science,1997.32(16):4303-4307.
[117]Bow J S.Microstructure of temperature-stable barium titanate dielectrics.MRL Bulletin of Research and Development,1988.2(2):59-65.
[118]Park Y,Kim Y.Effect of external pressure on the dielectric temperature characteristics of cerium-modified barium titanate based ceramic.Materials Research Bulletin,1996.31(12):1479-1489.
[119]Park Y,Kim Y,Kim H-G.Effect of stress on the dielectric-temperature characteristics of core-shell grain structure.Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1996.29(9):2483-2491.
[120]Park Y,Cho K,Kim H-G.Effect of external pressure and grain size on the phase transition in the Gd-doped BaTiO_3 ceramic.Materials Research Bulletin,1997.32(11):1485-1494.
[121]Park Y,Kim H-G.Effect of external stress on the dielectric temperature characteristics of samarium-modified barium titanate.Ferroelectrics,1997.198(1-4):67-76.
[122]Park Y,Song S A.Effect of grain size and external stress on dielectric temperature characteristics of dysprosium modified barium titanate.Materials Science & Engineering B,1997.B47(1):28-32.
[123]Park Y,Cho K,Kim H-G.Effect of internal stress on physical temperature characteristics of cerium-doped and gadolinium-doped barium titanate ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1998.81(7):1893-1899.
[124]Chen J-H,Hwang B-H,Hsu T-C,et al.Domain switching of barium titanate ceramics induced by surface grinding.Materials Chemistry and Physics,2005.91(1):67-72.
[125]罗金玲,周志刚.亚纳米铁电陶瓷介电性能的粒度效应.无机材料学报,1995.10(02):209-213.
[126]Sahu P,Pradhan S K,De M.X-ray diffraction studies of the decomposition and microstructural characterization of cold-worked powders of Cu-15Ni-Sn alloys by Rietveld analysis.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2004.377(1-2):103-116.
[127]Cont L,Chateigner D,Lutterotti L,et al.Combined X-ray Texture-Structure-Microstructure Analysis Applied to Ferroelectric Ultrastructures:A Case Study on Pb_(0.76)Ca_(0.24)TiO_3.Ferroelectrics,2002.267(1):323-328.
[128]Tsur Y,Dunbar T D,Randall C A.Crystal and defect chemistry of rare earth cations in BaTiO_3.Journal of Electroceramics,2001.7(1):25-34.
[129]Tsur Y,Hitomi A,Scrymgeour I,et al.Site occupancy of rare-earth cations in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(1):255-258.
[130]Tennery V J,Cook R L.Investigation of rare-earth doped barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1961.44(4):187-193.
[131]Watanabe K,Ohsato H,Kishi H,et al.Solubility of La-Mg and La-Al in BaTiO_3.Solid State Ionics,1998.108(1-4):129-135.
[132]Kishi H,Kohzu N,Mizuno Y,et al.Effect of occupational sites of rare-earth elements on the microstructure in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1999.38(9B):5452-5456.
[133]Buscaglia M T,Buscaglia V,Viviani M,et al.Influence of foreign ions on the crystal structure of BaTiO_3.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2000.20(12):1997-2007.
[134]Kishi H,Kohzu N,Iguchi Y,et al.Occupational sites and dielectric properties of rare-earth and Mn substituted BaTiO_3.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2001.21(10-11):1643-1647.
[135]Lin M-H,Lu H-Y.Site-occupancy of yttrium as a dopant in BaO-excess BaTiO_3.Materials Science and Engineering:A,2002.335(1-2):101-108.
[136]Makovec D,Samardzija Z,Drofenik M.Solid Solubility of Holmium,Yttrium,and Dysprosium in BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2004.87(7):1324-1329.
[137]Jeong J,Lee E J,Han Y H.Effects of Ho_2O_3 addition on defects of BaTiO_3.Materials Chemistry and Physics,2006.100(2-3):434-437.
[138]Hennings D F K,Schreinemacher B S.Temperature-stable dielectric materials in the system BaTiO_3-Nb_2O_5-Co_3O_4.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1994.14(5):463-471.
[139]Caballero A C,Fernandez J F,Moure C,et al.ZnO-doped BaTiO_3:Microstructure and electrical properties.Journal of the European Ceramic Society,1997.17(4):513-523.
[140]Takeuchi T,Ado K,Asai T,et al.Thickness of cubic surface phase on barium titanate single-crystalline grains.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(6):1665-1668.
[141]Buchanan R C,Roseman R D,Eufinger K R.Electrical and mechanical properties of core-shell type structures in doped BaTiO_3.Proceedings of the 1996 10th IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics,ISAF'96.Part 2(of 2),Aug 18-21 1996,IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics,1996,887-890.
[142]李波.MLCC用BaTiO_3陶瓷的掺杂改性及机理研究:[博士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2007.
[143]Li Y,Yao X,Zhang L.High permittivity neodymium-doped barium titanate sintered in pure nitrogen.Ceramics International,2004.30(7):1325-1328.
[144]Shaikh A S,Vest R W.Defect structure and dielectric properties of Nd_2O_3-modified BaTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1986.69(9):689-94.
[145]Yuan Y,Zhang S,Li C.The effect of doping process on microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO_3-based X7R materials.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,2004.15(9):601-606.
[146]Zhou X,Zhang S,Yuan Y,et al.Preparation of BaTiO_3-based nonreducible X7R dielectric materials via nanometer powders doping.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,2006.17(2):133-136.
[147]Wang S-F,Yang T C K,Wang Y-R,et al.Effect of glass composition on the densification and dielectric properties of BaTiO_3 ceramics.Ceramics International,2001.27(2):157-162.
[148]Maher G H,Maher S,Wilson J M.High dielectric constant very low fired X7R ceramic capacitor,and powder for making.United States Patent,6723673.2004-April 20.
[149]Maher G H,Veerabhadrarao B.High dielectric constant X7R ceramic capacitor,and powder for making.United States Patent,6043174.2000-03-28.
[150]Li T,Li L,Zhao J,et al.Modulation effect of Mn~(2+) on dielectric properties of BaTiO_3-based X7R materials.Materials Letters,2000.44(1):1-5.
[151]Kobayashi H,Uchida T,Sato S,et al.Dielectric ceramic composition and electronic device.United States Patent,6764976.2002-08-23.
[152]Kazushige I,Akira S.Dielectric ceramic composition and electronic device.United States Patent,7262146.2007-08-28.
[153]Sato S,Nomura T,Sato A.Dielectric ceramic composition and electronic device.United States Patent,6226172.1999-07-27.
[154]Park E.Dielectric and strain effects of core-shell/barrier layer structures in modified barium titanate ceramics:[Ph.D.Thesis].Ohio:University of Cincinnati,2002.
[155]Hennings D.Liquid phase sintering of barium titanate.Berichte der Deutschen Keramischen Gesellschaft,1978.55(7):359-360.
[156]Kuromitsu Y,Wang S F,Yoshikawa S,et al.Interaction between barium titanate and binary glasses.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(2):493-498.
[157]Chowdary K R,Subbarao E C.Liquid phase sintered BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1981.37(1-4):689-692.
[158]Lu H-Y,Bow J-S,Deng W-H.Core-Shell structures in ZrO_2-modified BaTiO_3 ceramic.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1990.73(12):3562-3568.
[159]Krishnamoorthy P R,Ramaswamy P,Narayana B H.CaZrO_3 additives to enhance capacitance properties in BaTiO_3 ceramic capacitors.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,1992.3(3):176-180.
[160]Li Y,Yao X,Zhang L.Study on reduction-resistant properties of Mg doped barium titanate.Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2004.32(6):763-766.
[161]Lu Y-Y,Lai C-H,Tseng T-Y.Effect of soaking time on the temperature coefficient of resistivity of semiconducting barium titanate PTCR ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(9):2461-2464.
[162]Hirata Y,Nitta A,Sameshima S,et al.Dielectric properties of barium titanate prepared by hot isostatic pressing.Materials Letters,1996.29(4-6):229-234.
[163]Holland T J B,Redfern S A T.Unit cell refinement from powder diffraction data:the use of regression diagnostics.Mineralogical Magazine,1997.61(1):65-77.
[164]DullN F H,Rase D E.Phase Equilibria in the System ZnO-TiO_2.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1960.43(3):125-131.
[165]Yamaguchi O,Morimi M,Kawabata H,et al.Formation and transformation of ZnTiO_3.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1987.70(5):C-97-C-98.
[166]Kim H T,Nahm S,Byan J D,et al.Low-Fired(Zn,Mg)TiO_3 microwave dielectrics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1999.82(12):3476-3480.
[167]Chang Y-S,Chang Y-H,Chen I-G,et al.Synthesis and characterization of zinc titanate doped with magnesium.Solid State Communications,2003.128(5):203-208.
[168]Fang K-T,Wang Y.Number-theoretic Methods in Statistics.London:Chapman and Hall,1994
[169]Fang K-T,Lin D K J,Winker P,et al.Uniform design:theory and application.Technometrics,2000.42(3):237-248.
[170]Amin N A S,Anggoro D D.Optimization of direct conversion of methane to liquid fuels over Cu loaded W/ZSM-5 catalyst.Fuel,2004.83(4-5):487-494.
[171]Samara G A.Pressure and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties and phase transitions of the ferroelectric perovslites:PbTiO_3 and BaTiO_3.Ferroelectrics,1971.2:277-289.
[172]Uchino K,Nomura S.Critical exponents of the dielectric constants in diffused-phase-transition crystrals.Ferroelectrics Lett,1982.44(3):55-61.
[173]Zhang X,Wang Y,Li L.Study on the anti-reduction properties of Mn-doped BaTiO_3-based ceramics.IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1990.25(3):587-592.
[174]Brzozowski E,Castro M S,Foschini C R,et al.Secondary phases in Nb-doped BaTiO_3ceramics.Ceramics International,2002.28(7):773-777.
[175]Kirianov A,Ozaki N,Ohsato H,et al.Studies on the solid solution of Mn in BaTiO_3.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,2001.40(9 B):5619-5623.
[176]Wu T-B,Lin J-N.Transition of Compensating Defect Mode in Niobium-Doped Barium Titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1994.77(3):759-764.
[177]Kagata H,Inoue T,Kato J,et al.Low-fire bismuth-based dielectric ceramics for microwave use.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1992.31(9B):3152-3155.
[178]胡金元.第二相Ba_6Ti_(17)O_(40)形成动力学的研究.物理学报,1991.40(9):1485-1491.
[179]Bomlai P,Sirikulrat N,Tunkasiri T.Effect of heating rate on the properties of Sb and Mn-doped barium strontium titanate PTCR ceramics.Materials Letters,2005.59(1):118-122.
[180]Voltzke D,Abicht H-P.Mechanistic investigations on the densification behaviour of barium titanate ceramics.Solid State Sciences,2001.3(4):417-422.
[181]Smolenskii G A,Isupov V A,Agranovkaya A I,et al.New ferroelectrics of complex composition.Sov.Phys.-Solid State,1961.2(11):2651-2654.
[182]Zhu W,Akbar S A,Asiaie R,et al.Sintering and dielectric properties of hydrothermally synthesized cubic and tetragonal BaTiO_3 powders.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997.36(1A):214-221.
[183]Liu S-F,Abothu I R,Komarneni S.Barium titanate ceramics prepared from conventional and microwave hydrothermal powders.Materials Letters,1999.38(5):344-350.
[184]Demartin M,Herard C,Carry C,et al.Dedensification and anomalous grain growth during sintering of undoped barium titanate.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1997.80(5):1079-1084.
[185]Hayashi T,Iida K,Shinozaki H,et al.Preparation and properties of Nb-coated barium titanate composite particles by surface modification with Nb alkoxide in hydrophobic solvent.Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,1999.16(1):159-164.
[186]Kowalski k,Ijjaali M,Bak T,et al.Electrical properties of Nb-doped BaTiO_3.Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2001.62(3):543-551.
[187]Buessem W R,Kahn M.Effects of grain growth on the distribution of Nb in BaTiO_3 ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1971.54(9):458-461.
[188]宋祥云,陈大任,马利泰,等.BaTiO_3陶瓷的晶粒壳-芯结构与畴.硅酸盐学报,1992.20(03):256-261.
[189]Jona F,Shirane G.Ferroelectric crystals.New York:Pergamon Press,1962.
[190]Fatuzzo E,Merz W J.Ferroelectricity.Amsterdam:North-Holland Pub.Co.,1967.
[191]Bline R,Zeks B.Soft modes in ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics.Amsterdam:North-Holland Pub.Co.,1974.
[192]Lines M E,Glass A M.Principles and applications of ferroelectrics and related materials.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1977.
[193]Devonshire A F.Theory of freeoelectrics.Adv.Phys.,1954.3:85.
[194]Haun M J,Furman E,Jang S J,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅰ:Phenomenology.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):13-25.
[195]Haun M J,Furman E,McKinstry H A,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅱ:Tricritical behavior.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):27-44.
[196]Haun M J,Zhuang Z Q,Furman E,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅲ:Curie constant and sixth-order polarization interaction dielectric stiffness coefficients.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):45-54.
[197]Haun M J,Furman E,Halemane T R,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅳ:Tilting of the oxygen octahedra.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):55-62.
[198]Haun M J,Furman E,Jang S J,et al.Thermodynamic theory of the lead zirconate-titanate solid solution system,part Ⅴ:Theoretical calculations.Ferroelectrics,1989.99(1):63-86.
[199]Li Y L,Cross L E,Chen L Q.A phenomenological thermodynamic potential for BaTiO_3 single crystals.Journal of Applied Physics,2005.98(6):064101-4.
[200]Bell A J.Phenomenologically derived electric field-temperature phase diagrams and piezoelectric coefficients for single crystal barium titanate under fields along different axes.Journal of Applied Physics,2001.89(7):3907-3914.
[201]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press,1971,71.
[202]Park Y,Song S A.Influence of core-shell structured grain on dielectric properties of cerium-modified barium titanate.Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics,1995.6(6):380-388.
[203]Armstrong T R,Young K A,Buchanan R C.Dielectric properties of fluxed barium titanate ceramics with zirconia additions.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1990.73(3):700-706.
[204]Inomata Y,Chazono H,Kishi H.Microstructure and dielectric properties of SrTiO_3-PbTiO_3-CaTiO_3 ceramics.Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1996.35(9B):5132-5136.
[205]Pathumarak S,Al-Khafaji M,Lee W E.Microstructural development on firing Nb_2O_5 and Bi_2O_3 doped BaTiO_3.British Ceramic Transactions,1994.93(3):114-118.
[206]千福熹.现代玻璃科学技术(下册).上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988,394.
[207]陈蓓,丁培道,周泽华.Al_2O_3/ZrO_2层状复合陶瓷的结构设计与性能.硅酸盐学报,2001.29(04):386-388.
[208]侯永改,栗政新,荆运杰,等.计算机辅助低温陶瓷结合剂热膨胀系数的测定及计算.金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2005(06):68-70.
[209]Lyon K G,Salinger G L,Swenson C A,et al.Linear thermal expansion measurements on silicon from 6 to 340 K.Journal of Applied Physics,1977.48(3):865-868.
[210]Lager G A,Jorgensen J D,Rotella F J.Crystal structure and thermal expansion of alpha-quartz SiO_2 at low temperatures.Journal of Applied Physics,1982.53(10):6751-6756.
[211]卢荣胜,费业泰.材料线膨胀系数的科学定义及应用.应用科学学报,1996.14(03):253-258.
[212]Templeton A,Wang X,Penn S J,et al.Microwave dielectric loss of titanium oxide.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2000.83(1):95-100.