“全球城市”的经济特质与二元劳动力市场
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摘要
在全球化的背景下,世界经济的地域联系及其空间结构正在发生复杂而深刻的变化。随着金融业等高级生产者服务业向世界主要城市集中,“全球城市”已经成为世界经济活动的重要单元。作为目前阶段城市发展的最高等级,“全球城市”理论模型的提出是以纽约、伦敦、东京等世界级大城市作为原型。在“全球城市”的概念提出以后,不少学者从实证研究的角度,企图论证“全球城市”理论模型的普遍性。在此过程中,有关“全球城市”的经济特质与劳动力市场、社会结构的“极化”或“专业化”、市场因素与政府管制的作用等问题逐渐成为学者关注的焦点。
本文对“全球城市”的研究重点集中在两个方面:“全球城市”的经济特质以及“全球城市”的二元劳动力市场。前者是“全球城市”赖以存在的经济基础,后者则是全球城市特殊的社会结构。本文在理论研究的基础上,重点以上海作为实证分析的对象,对崛起中的“全球城市”——上海的经济特质与二元劳动力市场进行研究。现将论文内容提要如下:
(一)“全球城市”的崛起与20世纪下半叶全球化的发展密切相关。“全球城市”与一般城市的不同之处在于它是控制和支配世界经济运行的关键城市,因此高级的生产者服务业是“全球城市”最重要的产业;在“全球城市”内部,与高级的生产者服务业同时存在的,还有大量低等级的“非正规部门”。高级的生产者服务业和低等级的非正规部门共同构成了“全球城市”具有标志性的经济特征。
(二)“全球城市”外来劳动力和本地劳动力在就业部门、收入结构等方面的差距,使得城市内部的劳动力市场明显分割为特征鲜明的本地劳动力市场和外来劳动力市场,两者共同促成“全球城市”二元劳动力市场的形成。“全球城市”社会结构是否出现二元分化(或者称为“极化”)一直是热点问题。越来越多的学者意识到需要从国家发展形态以及政府管制的角度去研究上述问题,特别是城市劳动力市场特征与政府管制安排已经成为理解和解释“全球城市”社会结构变化的重要视角。
(三)上海是中国内地最重要的经济中心城市,并且是全球资本在国内的集聚盆地。上海金融业的发展虽然历经波折,但成长为国际金融中心的前途和潜力不容小觑。上海正在迈向以服务业为主的经济结构,尤其是生产者服务业在第三产业中的重要性越来越高。上海的非正规就业也具有相当的规模,外来劳动力是其中的主体。上海在“全球城市”网络层级中的排名一直在上升,意味着上海与其他“全球城市”的联接强度日益紧密。
(四)上海作为崛起中的“全球城市”,市场因素与政府因素在塑造城市二元劳动力市场的过程中几乎发挥同等的作用。特别是户籍因素,成为影响上海劳动力市场分割的主要原因。上海本地劳动力和外来劳动力在职业构成、行业构成和收入构成上存在显著差异。人力资本不能完全解释这种差异,歧视性的管制政策是形成这种差异的重要原因。通过对新加坡、香港、台北等“全球城市”劳动力市场的比较,可以发现城市政府对外来劳动力市场的歧视性管制是东亚“全球城市”的共性特点。
(五)上海中心城区二元劳动力市场、中心城区整体劳动力市场以及上海城市整体劳动力市场对应的职业结构变化、收入结构变化各不相同,有些符合“全球城市”劳动力市场“极化”的理论,但有些表现出向“专业化”发展的趋势。新加坡、香港、台北等东亚“全球城市”本地劳动力市场的职业构成变化与“全球城市”理论有关社会极化的预测并不一致,但收入分布都呈现“极化”趋势,与上海的情况大致相同。
(六)“全球城市”的社会空间分异反映的是城市产业转型以及政府管制政策调整的背景下,城市内部不同社会群体居住或活动的空间差异。上海外来人口的社会空间分异表现为显著的倒U型。上海整体劳动力市场、外来劳动力市场内部不同职业人群的空间分异主要受经济因素影响,也与城市产业结构的调整与产业转移密切相关。上海社会空间是在传统因素和现代因子的双重夹击中重新塑造。“全球城市”社会空间分异的直接后果是形成居住隔离和居住集聚。混合居住模式或许是解决空间分异与隔离的有效措施,但仍需要进一步的探索和实践。
In the era of globalization, the economic ties between different regions have much tightened and the spatial structure of the world economy has witnessed profound changes. With the advanced producer services, including the financial industry, gradually becoming more concentrated in main cities, global cities have become major units of the world economic activities. As the highest development level of cities, the "global city" is a concept proposed on the basis of New York, London, Tokyo as prototypes of world metropolises. A number of scholars have carried out empirical studies to prove the universality of the theoretical model of the "global city". The economic features and labor market of global cities, the polarization or professionalization of social structure, and the roles of market factors and government regulations are gradually becoming the focuses of recent studies.
This dissertation attempts to focus mainly on two aspects of global cities--the economic features the dual labor market. The former is the economic base of global cities, while the latter is the social structure particular to global cities. Based on theoretical research, this dissertation takes Shanghai as the major subject of the empirical analysis and explores the economic features of Shanghai and its dual labor market. The main perspectives of the dissertation are as follows:
I. The rise of global cities is closely related with the development of globalization since the latter half of the 20th century. What distinguishes global cities from ordinary cities is the fact that a global city is a key city that controls and determines the world economic operations. Hence the producer services are the most important industries in global cities. Coexistent with advanced service industries are a large number of informal sectors within the global cities, both of which constitute the economic features typical of "global cities".
II. The disparity between foreign labor force and local labor force in terms of work places, income structures, etc. results in the segmentation of the urban labor market into the local labor market and the foreign labor market with their own distinctive features, both of which contribute to the formation of the dual labor market of global cities. There have been heated discussions as to whether the social structure of global cities is marked by polarization. An increasing number of scholars have come to the realization of the need to explore the above-mentioned issue from the perspectives of the national development mode and the government regulations—in particular, from the perspective that the features of the urban labor market and the government regulations have become an important aspect in interpreting the changes in the social structure of global cities.
III. Shanghai is the economic center of Chinese Mainland, with the country's biggest inflow of capital from around the world. The development of the financial industry in Shanghai has undergone vicissitudes, but no doubt Shanghai has enormous potential to become an international financial center. Shanghai is shifting to an economic structure with the service industry as the pillar, in which the importance of the producer services is gaining ground. With quite a large scale, the informal employment in Shanghai is mainly staffed by floating labor. Shanghai has been ranking higher among the global cities, which means a closer link with other global cities.
IV. As a global city on the rise, Shanghai has seen equal significance of the market factor and the government factor in the formation of the city's dual labor market. The household registration system, in particular, has become a major factor that exerts an influence on the segmentation of the city's labor market. There are disparities between the local labor and floating labor in Shanghai, in terms of the occupational structure, the industrial structure and the income structure. While educational background fails to adequately account for the disparities, discriminative administrative policies contribute to these differences. Through the comparison of the labor markets in Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei, we can find that discriminative administration imposed by the urban governments is a shared characteristic of the Eastern Asian global cities.
V. The Shanghai downtown dual labor market, Shanghai's downtown whole labor market and Shanghai's urban whole labor market each feature different occupational structures and income structures. Some of them are in accordance with the polarization theory of the global cities labor market structural changes, while others manifest the development trend of professionalization. The occupational structures in the local labor markets of some Eastern Asian global cities, including Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, etc., do not comply with the predictions of the classic social polarization in "global cities", but their income distribution has manifested the trend of polarization, as is the case in Shanghai.
VI. The socio-spatial differentiation of global cities reveals the spatial differences between different social groups within a city in the context of urban industrial transformation and the government regulation policy adjustment. The socio-spatial differentiation of the floating population in Shanghai exhibits an inverted U-shape. The spatial differentiation of vocational hierarchy within Shanghai's whole labor market and the floating labor market is mainly influenced by economic factors, but is also closely related with the urban industrial restructuring and the industrial transfer. Shanghai's social space is being reconstructed under the dual influence of traditional and modern factors. The direct consequence of the socio-spatial differentiation in "global cities" is the formation of the residential segregation and the residential agglomeration within the same space. The mixed-income housing may be an effective remedy for spatial differentiation and segregation, but whether it can work effectively depends on more practice and exploration.
本文对“全球城市”的研究重点集中在两个方面:“全球城市”的经济特质以及“全球城市”的二元劳动力市场。前者是“全球城市”赖以存在的经济基础,后者则是全球城市特殊的社会结构。本文在理论研究的基础上,重点以上海作为实证分析的对象,对崛起中的“全球城市”——上海的经济特质与二元劳动力市场进行研究。现将论文内容提要如下:
(一)“全球城市”的崛起与20世纪下半叶全球化的发展密切相关。“全球城市”与一般城市的不同之处在于它是控制和支配世界经济运行的关键城市,因此高级的生产者服务业是“全球城市”最重要的产业;在“全球城市”内部,与高级的生产者服务业同时存在的,还有大量低等级的“非正规部门”。高级的生产者服务业和低等级的非正规部门共同构成了“全球城市”具有标志性的经济特征。
(二)“全球城市”外来劳动力和本地劳动力在就业部门、收入结构等方面的差距,使得城市内部的劳动力市场明显分割为特征鲜明的本地劳动力市场和外来劳动力市场,两者共同促成“全球城市”二元劳动力市场的形成。“全球城市”社会结构是否出现二元分化(或者称为“极化”)一直是热点问题。越来越多的学者意识到需要从国家发展形态以及政府管制的角度去研究上述问题,特别是城市劳动力市场特征与政府管制安排已经成为理解和解释“全球城市”社会结构变化的重要视角。
(三)上海是中国内地最重要的经济中心城市,并且是全球资本在国内的集聚盆地。上海金融业的发展虽然历经波折,但成长为国际金融中心的前途和潜力不容小觑。上海正在迈向以服务业为主的经济结构,尤其是生产者服务业在第三产业中的重要性越来越高。上海的非正规就业也具有相当的规模,外来劳动力是其中的主体。上海在“全球城市”网络层级中的排名一直在上升,意味着上海与其他“全球城市”的联接强度日益紧密。
(四)上海作为崛起中的“全球城市”,市场因素与政府因素在塑造城市二元劳动力市场的过程中几乎发挥同等的作用。特别是户籍因素,成为影响上海劳动力市场分割的主要原因。上海本地劳动力和外来劳动力在职业构成、行业构成和收入构成上存在显著差异。人力资本不能完全解释这种差异,歧视性的管制政策是形成这种差异的重要原因。通过对新加坡、香港、台北等“全球城市”劳动力市场的比较,可以发现城市政府对外来劳动力市场的歧视性管制是东亚“全球城市”的共性特点。
(五)上海中心城区二元劳动力市场、中心城区整体劳动力市场以及上海城市整体劳动力市场对应的职业结构变化、收入结构变化各不相同,有些符合“全球城市”劳动力市场“极化”的理论,但有些表现出向“专业化”发展的趋势。新加坡、香港、台北等东亚“全球城市”本地劳动力市场的职业构成变化与“全球城市”理论有关社会极化的预测并不一致,但收入分布都呈现“极化”趋势,与上海的情况大致相同。
(六)“全球城市”的社会空间分异反映的是城市产业转型以及政府管制政策调整的背景下,城市内部不同社会群体居住或活动的空间差异。上海外来人口的社会空间分异表现为显著的倒U型。上海整体劳动力市场、外来劳动力市场内部不同职业人群的空间分异主要受经济因素影响,也与城市产业结构的调整与产业转移密切相关。上海社会空间是在传统因素和现代因子的双重夹击中重新塑造。“全球城市”社会空间分异的直接后果是形成居住隔离和居住集聚。混合居住模式或许是解决空间分异与隔离的有效措施,但仍需要进一步的探索和实践。
In the era of globalization, the economic ties between different regions have much tightened and the spatial structure of the world economy has witnessed profound changes. With the advanced producer services, including the financial industry, gradually becoming more concentrated in main cities, global cities have become major units of the world economic activities. As the highest development level of cities, the "global city" is a concept proposed on the basis of New York, London, Tokyo as prototypes of world metropolises. A number of scholars have carried out empirical studies to prove the universality of the theoretical model of the "global city". The economic features and labor market of global cities, the polarization or professionalization of social structure, and the roles of market factors and government regulations are gradually becoming the focuses of recent studies.
This dissertation attempts to focus mainly on two aspects of global cities--the economic features the dual labor market. The former is the economic base of global cities, while the latter is the social structure particular to global cities. Based on theoretical research, this dissertation takes Shanghai as the major subject of the empirical analysis and explores the economic features of Shanghai and its dual labor market. The main perspectives of the dissertation are as follows:
I. The rise of global cities is closely related with the development of globalization since the latter half of the 20th century. What distinguishes global cities from ordinary cities is the fact that a global city is a key city that controls and determines the world economic operations. Hence the producer services are the most important industries in global cities. Coexistent with advanced service industries are a large number of informal sectors within the global cities, both of which constitute the economic features typical of "global cities".
II. The disparity between foreign labor force and local labor force in terms of work places, income structures, etc. results in the segmentation of the urban labor market into the local labor market and the foreign labor market with their own distinctive features, both of which contribute to the formation of the dual labor market of global cities. There have been heated discussions as to whether the social structure of global cities is marked by polarization. An increasing number of scholars have come to the realization of the need to explore the above-mentioned issue from the perspectives of the national development mode and the government regulations—in particular, from the perspective that the features of the urban labor market and the government regulations have become an important aspect in interpreting the changes in the social structure of global cities.
III. Shanghai is the economic center of Chinese Mainland, with the country's biggest inflow of capital from around the world. The development of the financial industry in Shanghai has undergone vicissitudes, but no doubt Shanghai has enormous potential to become an international financial center. Shanghai is shifting to an economic structure with the service industry as the pillar, in which the importance of the producer services is gaining ground. With quite a large scale, the informal employment in Shanghai is mainly staffed by floating labor. Shanghai has been ranking higher among the global cities, which means a closer link with other global cities.
IV. As a global city on the rise, Shanghai has seen equal significance of the market factor and the government factor in the formation of the city's dual labor market. The household registration system, in particular, has become a major factor that exerts an influence on the segmentation of the city's labor market. There are disparities between the local labor and floating labor in Shanghai, in terms of the occupational structure, the industrial structure and the income structure. While educational background fails to adequately account for the disparities, discriminative administrative policies contribute to these differences. Through the comparison of the labor markets in Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei, we can find that discriminative administration imposed by the urban governments is a shared characteristic of the Eastern Asian global cities.
V. The Shanghai downtown dual labor market, Shanghai's downtown whole labor market and Shanghai's urban whole labor market each feature different occupational structures and income structures. Some of them are in accordance with the polarization theory of the global cities labor market structural changes, while others manifest the development trend of professionalization. The occupational structures in the local labor markets of some Eastern Asian global cities, including Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, etc., do not comply with the predictions of the classic social polarization in "global cities", but their income distribution has manifested the trend of polarization, as is the case in Shanghai.
VI. The socio-spatial differentiation of global cities reveals the spatial differences between different social groups within a city in the context of urban industrial transformation and the government regulation policy adjustment. The socio-spatial differentiation of the floating population in Shanghai exhibits an inverted U-shape. The spatial differentiation of vocational hierarchy within Shanghai's whole labor market and the floating labor market is mainly influenced by economic factors, but is also closely related with the urban industrial restructuring and the industrial transfer. Shanghai's social space is being reconstructed under the dual influence of traditional and modern factors. The direct consequence of the socio-spatial differentiation in "global cities" is the formation of the residential segregation and the residential agglomeration within the same space. The mixed-income housing may be an effective remedy for spatial differentiation and segregation, but whether it can work effectively depends on more practice and exploration.
引文
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[4]“millionaire cities”的概念最初由C.B.Fawcett在1936年的一篇论文“millionaire cities(1935)”中提出,参见下一脚注。
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Gary Gereffi,1998,“Commodity Chains and Regional Divisions of Labor in East Asia”,in Eun Mee Kim,“The Four Asian Tigers:Economic Development and the Global Political Economy”,San Diego:Academic Press.
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[4]James R.Markusen and Anthony J.Venables,1998,“Multinational Firms and the New Trade Theory”,Journal of International Economics,46(2):183-203.
Elhanan Helpman,1984,“A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations”,Journal of political economy,92(3):451-471.
[1]G.L.克拉克,M.P.费尔德曼、M.S.格特勒主编,刘卫东等译,2005,《牛津经济地理学手册》,北京:商务印书馆。
[2]Peter W.Daniels,1993,“Service Industries in the World Economy”,Oxford:Blackwell.
[1]William B.Beyers,1992,“Producer Services”,Progress in Human Geography,16(4):573-583.
William B.Beyers,1993,“Producer Services”,Progress in Human Geography,17(2):221-231.
P.N.O'Farrell and P.A.Wood,1999,“Formations of Strategic Alliances in Business Services:Towards a New Client-oriented Conceptual Framework”,Service Industries Journal,19(1):133-151.
[2]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global City:New York,London,Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition),New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[1]Peter Hall.1966.“The World Cities”.London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
[2]Stephen Hymer.1972.“The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development”,in Jaqdish Bhagwati.Economics and World Order from the 1970s to the 1990s,Collier:MacMillan.
David A.Heenan.1977.“Global Cities of Tomorrow”.Harvard Business Review,55(3):79-92.
David A.Heenan.1979.“The Regional Headquarters Decision:A Comparative Analysis”.The Academy of Management Journal,22(2):410-415.
[3]R.Cohen,1981,“The New International Division of Labor.Multinational Corporations and Urban Hierarchy”.in Michael J.Dear.and Allen J.Scott(eds.),Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society,London:Methuen:287-315.
John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff,1982,“World City Formation:an Agenda for Research and Action”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.6(3):309-343.
John Fridmann,1986.“The World City Hypothesis”.Development and Chang,17:69-83.
John Fridmann.1995.“Where We Stand:a Decade of World City Research”.in Paul L.Knox.and Peter J.
Taylor(eds.),World Cities in a World-System,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Norman J.Glickman,1987,“Cities and the International Division of Labor”,in Michael Peter Smith and Joe R.Feagin(eds.).The Capitalist City.Oxford:Blackwel.
Joe R.Feagin and Michael Peter Smith.1987,“Cities and the New International Division of Labor”.in Michael Peter Smith and Joe R.Feagin(eds.).The Capitalist City.Oxford:Blackwell.
Godfrey.Brain J.and YU Zhou,1999.“Ranking Cities:Multinational Corporations and the Global Urban Hierarchy”,Urban Geography,20:268-281.
Paul L.Knox.1995,“World Cities in A World System”,in Paul L.Knox and Peter J.Taylor(eds.),World Cities in a World-System,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Nigel Thrift,1989,“The Geography of International Economic Disorder”,in RJ Johnston and Peter J.Taylor (eds.),A World in Crisis?Geographical Perspectives.Oxford:Blackwell.
[1]引语来自Fridmann(1986)。
[2]Fridmann(1986)把世界分成三部分,分别是核心国家(core countries)、半外围区国家(semi-periphery countries)和外围区国家(periphery countries)。
[3]Peter J.Taylor.1997.“Hierarchical Tendencies amongst World Cities:A Global Research Proposal”.Cities,14(6):323-332.
[4]John Friedmann,1995.“The World City Hypothesis”,in Paul L.Knox and Peter J.Taylor(eds.),World Cities in a World-System,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[1]J.V.Beaverstock,P.J.Taylor and R.G.Smith,1999,“A Roster of World Cities”,Cities,16(6):445-458.
[1]Singelmann Joachim,1978,“The Transformation of Industry:from Agriculture to Service Employment”.Beverly Hills:Sage Publication.
[2]Peter W.Daniels.1993.“Services Industries in the World Economy”.Blackwell Publishers.
[3]Peter W.Daniels,1985,“Services Industries:A Geographical Appraisal”,London:Methuen.
[4]James William Harrington and J.R.Lombard,1989.“Producer-service Firm in a Declining Manufacturing Region”,Environment and Planning A,21(1):65-79.
[1]William J.Coffey,2000.“The Geographies of Producer Services”.Urban Geography,21(2):170-183.
[2]赫伯特·G·格鲁伯、迈克尔·A·沃克,1993,《服务业的增长原因与影响》,上海三联书店。
[3]J.N.Marshall,P.Damesick and P.Wood.1987,“Understanding the Location and Role of Producer Services in The United Kingdom”,Environment and Planning A,19(5):575-595.
[4]S.Illeris and P.Sjoholt,1995,“The Nordic Countries:High Quality Service in a Low Density Environment”.Progress in Planning,43(2-3):205-221.
[5]F.Moulaert and F.Todtling.1995.“Conclusions and Prospects”.Progress in Planning,43(2-3):261-274.
[6]Harry I.Greenfield.1966,“Manpower and the Growth of Producer Services”.New York:Columbia University Press.
[1]Saskia Sassen,2001.“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition).New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[2]ILO.1972.“Employment.Incomes and Equality:a Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya”.
[3]姚宇,2008,《国外非正规就业研究综述》,《国外社科科学》第1期。
[4]Alejandro Portes.Manuel Castells and Lauren Benton(eds.).1989,“The Informal Economy:Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries”,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
[1]Roger Waldinger,1996,“Still the Promised Land?African Americans and New Immigrants in New York”.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
[2]Ivan Light,2004,“Immigration and Ethnic Economies in Giant Cities”.International Social Science Journal,56(181):385-398.
[3]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition).New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[1]Gary S.Becker,1964,“Human Capital:A Theoretical aud Empirical Analysis.with Special Reference to Education”.New York:Columbia University Press.
Theodore W.Schultz.1961,“Investment in Human Capital”.American Economic Review,51(1):1-17.
[1]Peter B.Doeringer and Michael J.Piore,1971.“Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis”,Lexington.MA:D.C.Heath.
[2]James Tobin,1972,“Inflation and Unemployment”,American Economic Review,62(1):1-18.
Nicholas Bosanquet and Peter B.Doeringer,1973,“Is There a Dual Labor Market in Great Britain?”.The Economic Journal,83(330):421-435.
[3]William T.Dickens and Keving Lang.1985.“A Test Dual Labor Market Theory”.American Economic Review,75(4):792-805.
William T.Dickens and Keying Lang.1988.“The Reemergence of Segmented Labor Market Theory”.American Economic Review,78(2):129-134.
[4]William Arthur Lewis.1954.“Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”.The Manchester School,22(2):139-191.
[5]Michael.P.Todaro.1969.“A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries”,American Economic Review,59(1):138-148.
[1]Paul Boyle,Keith Halfacree and Vaughan Robinson.1998.“Exploring Contemporary Migration”.Essex:Pearson Education Limited.
[2]Stephen Castels,2000.“International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty-first century:Global Trends and Issues”.International Social Science Journal,52(165):269-281.
[3]Douglas S.Massey.Joaquin Arango,Graeme Hugo,Ali Kouaouci.Adela Pellegrino.J.Edward Taylor.1993.
[4]“Theories of International Migration:a Review and Appraisal”.Population and Development Review,19(3):431-466.
[1]Douglas S.Massey,Jorge Durand,and Nolan J.Malone,2002,“Beyond Smoke and Mirrors:Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration”.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
[2]Ivan Light,2004.“Immigration and Ethnic Economies in Giant Cities”.International Social Science Journal,56(181):385-398.
[3]William B.Johnston,1991,“Global Work Force 2000:the New World Labor Market”.Harvard Business Review,March-April.69(2):115-127.
[4]United Nations Development Program(UNDP).1999,“Human Development Report 1999:Globalization with a Human Face.New York:United Nations.
[5]Ivan Light and Steven J.Gold,2000.“Ethnic Economies”,San Diego:Academic Press.
[1]Antoine Pecoud,2002.“Weltoffenheit schafft Jobs:Turkish entrepreneurship and multiculturalism in Berlin”.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.26(3):494-507.
[2]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition),New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[3]曼纽尔·卡斯特(Manuel Castells)著,夏铸九等译,2006,《网络社会的崛起》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[4]同上。
[1]曼纽尔·卡斯泰尔(Manuel Castells)著,崔保国等译,2001,《信息化城市》,南京:江苏人民出版社。
[2]Daniel Bell,1976,“The Coming of Post-industrial Society”(2~(nd)edition),New York:Basic Books.
[3]Jaroslaw Wieczorek.1995.“Sectoral Trends in World Employment and the Shift toward Services”.International Labour Review,134(2):205-226.
[4]Saskia Sassen,2001.“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition),New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[1]Chris Hamnett,1998,“Social polarization,economic restructuring and welfare state regimes”,in Sako Musterd and Wim Ostendorf(eds.).Urban Segregation and the Welfare State:Inequality and Exclusion in Western Cities.London:Routledge.
[1]Saskia Sassen,1996,“Rebuilding the Global City:Economy.Ethnicity and Space”.in Anthony D.King(eds.),Re-Presenting the City:Ethnicity,Capital and Culture in the Twenty-First Century Metropolis,London:Macmillan.
[2]Peter Marcuse.1989.“Dual city:a muddy metaphor for a quartered city”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,13:697-708.
[1]John H.Mollenkopf and Manuel Castells,1991,“Dual city:Restructuring New York”.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
[2]Chris Hamnett,1996.“Social Polarization.Economic Restructuring and Welfare State regimes”.Urban Studies.33(8):1407-1430.
[3]John O'Loughlin and Jurgen Friedrichs,1996.“Polarisation in Post-Industrial Societies:Social and Economic Roots and Consequences”.in John O'Loughlin and Jurgen Friedrichs(eds),Social Polarisation in Post-industrial Metropolises,Berlin,Walter de Gruyter.
[4]Scott Baum,1997.“Sydney.Australia:A Global City?Testing the Social Polarisation Thesis”,Urban Studies,34(11):1881-1901.
[5]Susan S.Fainstein and Michael Harloe.1992.“Introduction:London and New York in the Contemporary World”.in Susan S.Fainstein.Ian Gordon and Michael Harloe(eds),Divided Cities:New York and London in the Contemporary World,Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
[1]Chris Hamnett,1998,“Social polarization,economic restructuring and welfare state regimes”,in Sako Musterd and Wim Ostendorf(eds.),Urban Segregation and the Welfare State:Inequality and Exclusion in Western Cities,London:Routledge.
[2]Chris Hamnett,1994,“Social Polarization in Global Cities:Theory and Evidence”.Urban Studies,31(3):401-424.
[3]Chris Hamnett.1996.“Why Sassen is Wrong.a Response to Burgers”.Urban Studies,33(1):107-110.
[4]Jack Burgers.1996.“No Polarisation in Dutch Cities?Inequality in a Corporatist Country”.Urban Studies,33(1):99-105.
[5]Scott Baum.1999.“Social Transformations in the Global City:Singapore”,Urban Studies,36(7):99-105.
[1]Saskia Sassen,2001,“The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo.Princeton”(2~(nd)sedition).NJ:Princeton University Press.
[2]Chris Hamnett.1994.“Social Polarization in Global Cities:Theory and Evidence”,Urban Studies,31(3):401-424.
Chris Hamnett.1996.“Why Sassen is Wrong.a Response to Burgers”.Urban Studies,33(1):107-110.
Scott Baum.1999.“Social Transformations in the Global City:Singapore”,Urban Studies,36(7):99-105.
Susan S.Fainstein and Michael Harloe,1992,“Introduction:London and New York in the Contemporary World”.in Susan S.Fainstein.Ian Gordon.Michael Harloe(eds),Divided Cities:New York and London in the Contemporary World,Oxford:Blackwell.
[1]Richard Child Hill and June Woo Kim.2000.“Global Cities and Developmental States:New York.Tokyo and Seoul”,Urban Studies,37(12):2167-2195.
[1]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global Cities and Developmentalist States:How to Derail What Could Be an Interesting Debate:A Response to Hill and Kim”.Urban Studies,38(13):2537-2540.
John Friedmann,2001,“World Cities Revisited:A Comment”,Urban Studies,38(13):2535-2536.
[2]Gosta Esping-Anderson,1990,“The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism”,Cambridge:Polity Press.
Gosta Esping-Anderson.1993,“Changing Classes:Stratification and Mobility in Post-industrial Societies”,London:Sage Publication.
[3]Chia-Huang Wang,2003.“Taipei as a Global City:a Theoretical and Empirical Examination”.Urban Studies,40(2):309-334.
Ray Forrest.Adrienne La Grange and Ngai-ming Yip.2004.“Hong Kong as a Global City?Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation”.Urban Studies,41(1):207-227.
[1]Po-Fen Tai.2006.“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore,Hong Kong and Taipei”,Urban Studies,43(10):1737-1756.
[1]参见《中国统计年鉴2007》、联合国《人类发展报告2006》。
[1]以上海和广东的比较而言,“七五”期间,上海的国民生产总值平均年递增5.7%,广东比上海高1倍,达到12.5%;人均国民生产总值,上海平均递增4.5%,广东是10.6%,也超过上海1倍;吸引外商直接投资,上海五年累计16亿美元,广东达到95亿美元,数倍于上海;发展外向型经济,上海五年累计完成外贸进出口总额337亿美元,平均年递增7.5%,而广东达到579亿美元,年递增24.8%,是上海的3倍多。(康燕,2001年,《解读上海》,上海人民出版社)
[2]2008年受全球金融危机影响,上海的经济增长速度是9.7%,是1992年来首次下降到10%以下。
[3]数据来源:《中国统计年鉴2007》。
[4]中共十四大报告原文的表述是“以上海浦东开发开放为龙头,进一步开放长江沿岸城市,尽快把上海建成国际经济、金融、贸易中心之一,带动长江三角洲和整个长江流域地区经济的新飞跃。”。
[5]1996年1月,国务院领导在沪召开江苏、浙江、上海两省一市负责人会议,正式启动以上海深水港为主体的上海国际航运中心建设。
[1]数据来源:上海统计年鉴2006。
[1]前六位为纳斯达克交易所、纽约交易所、伦敦交易所、东京证交所、泛欧交易所、德意志交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[2]前七位为泛欧交易所、纽约交易所、伦敦交易所、香港交易所、澳大利亚交易所、西班牙交易所、巴西交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[3]前二位为纽约交易所、伦敦交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[4]前五位为纽约交易所、东京交易所、纳斯达克交易所、泛欧交易所、伦敦交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[5]数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。 菱东京日联银行、新加坡星展银行、花旗银行、荷兰银行。
[1]数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[2]刘刚,2007,《上海国际金融中心建设的进程判断——基于与主要国际金融中心的比较分析》,《经济问题探索》第5期。
杨咸月,2007,《上海国际金融中心建设的问题与出路》,《世界经济研究》第2期。
[1]“两个长期坚持”和“两个优先发展”曾被写入上海市的“十一五”规划,但在2007年以后,已不再提“两个长期坚持”和“两个优先发展”。
[2]2003年5月,上海市财税局等六部门正式与嘉定、青浦、松江三区签订《关于推进落实试点园区降低商务成本政策备忘录》,一般被解读为“173计划”。
[3]范军勇,2004,《从“173计划”的实施看上海产业政策的调整对策》,《城市规划汇刊》第2期。
韩建安等,2003,《上海:打造“四个中心”还是重新工业化——区域经济一体化背景下的上海发展战略 定位研究》,《上海经济研究》第12期。
[1]数据来源:上海市统计年鉴2006。
[2]信息服务业指“信息传输、计算机服务和软件业”,物流业包括“交通运输业”和“仓储业”。
[1]参见上海市政府2005年1月发布的《上海加速发展现代服务业实施纲要》中的第一部分“上海服务业发展的基本概况”。
[2]数据来源:国家统计局《国际统计数据2005》。
[3]参见2008年2月4日上海市政府新闻发布会介绍2007年上海市国民经济和社会发展情况,网址http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/node2319/node12344/userobject26ai13446.html。
[4]赵弘等,2007,《2007-2008:中国总部经济发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[5]张晓鸣,2008年1月4日,《跨国公司亚太总部首选上海》,《文汇报》第10版。
[1]白冰冰,《上海市非正规就业的发展及其城市空间形态研究》,华东师范大学2004届博士学位论文。
[1]任远,2008,《完善非正规就业“上海模式”的思考》,《社会科学》第1期。
[2]乔观民,《大城市非正规就业空间研究》,华东师范大学2005届博士学位论文。
[3]数据来源:上海统计年鉴2008。
[4]Shahid Yusuf and Weiping Wu.2002.“Pathways to a World City:Shanghai Rising in an Era of Globalisation”.Urban Studies,39(7):1213-1240.
[1]Fulong Wu.2000.“The Global and Local Dimensions of Place-making:Remaking Shanghai as a World City”.Urban Studies.37(8):1359-1377.
[2]David A.Smith and Michael F.Timberlake.2001.“World City Networks and Hierarchies,1977-1997:An Empirical Analysis of Global Air Travel Links”.American Behavioral Scientist,44(10):1656-1678.
[1]这7个城市分别是东京、新加坡、香港、马尼拉、卡拉奇、孟买、首尔。
[2]彼得·泰勒,2006年12月3日,《世界城市网络中的上海和北京——彼得·泰勒在华东师范大学大夏论坛的演讲》,《文汇报》第8版。
[1]Peter J.Taylor.G.Catalano and D.R.F.Walker.2002,“Measurement of the World City Network”.Urban Studies,39(13):2367-2376.
[1]Peter J.Taylor et al..2009-3-2.“Measuring the World City Network:New Developments and Results”.参见GaWC Research Bulletin 300:http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb300.html.
[1]杨云彦、蔡昉、陈金永、王德文,2004,《城市就业与劳动力市场转型》,北京:中国统计出版社。
[2]Ross M.Stolzenberg.1975.“Occupations.Labor Markets and the Process of Wage Attainment”.American Sociological Review,40(Oct):645-665.
[1]Robert L.Kaufman,1983.“A Structural Decomposition of Black-White Earnings Differentials”,American Journal of Sociology.89(3):585-611.
[2]杨云彦、陈金永,2001,《外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力市场的影响》,《中国人口科学》第2期。
蔡昉、都阳、王美艳,2001,《户籍制度与劳动力市场保护》,《经济研究》第12期。
[1]2005年上海市劳动适龄人口占全市常住人口的比重约为79.1%(数据来源:2005年上海市1%人口抽样调查)。
[2]朱宝树,2008,《城市外来人口的差别特征及相关政策启示》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)第1期。
[3]国务院研究室课题组,2006,《中国农民工调研报告》,北京:中国言实出版社。
[1]杰华,2006,《都市里的农家女》,南京:江苏人民出版社。
[2]李若建,2001,《城镇户籍价值的显化与淡化过程分析》,《社会科学》第9期。
[3]吴晓刚,2007,《中国的户籍制度与代际职业流动》,《社会学研究》第6期。
[1]数据来源:年末户籍人口数据来自《上海市统计年鉴2001》、《上海市统计年鉴2006》;其他数据来自《上海市第五次人口普查公报》和《上海市2005年1%人口抽样调查主要数据公报》。
[2]数据来源:上海市第五次人口普查。
[3]数据来源:上海统计年鉴2006。
[4]数据来源:卢湾区政府网站http://www.luwan.sh.cn。
[5]卢湾区面积为8.05平方公里,2005年区内常住人口27.3万人,常住人口密度33702人/平方公里,在全市区县中仅次于黄浦区;2005年外来人口3.3万人,外来人口密度4099人/平方公里,在上海9个中心城区中排到第四位(数据来源:上海统计年鉴2006)。
[1]即使“生产操作人员”也不全是制造业人员(产业工人),例如其中的飞机驾驶员就很难归入这个行列。
[1]参见2003年5月14日发布的“国家统计局关于印发《三次产业划分规定》的通知”,见国家统计局网页http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/t20030528_402369827.htm。
[2]参见“李德水就实施新的三次产业划分规定答记者问”,见国家统计局网页http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/reldetail.jsp?docid=79332。
[1]周海旺,2007,《上海市外来从业人员综合保险存在六大制度缺陷》,《经济咨询》第2期。
[1]杨云彦、陈金永、刘塔,2001,《外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力市场的影响——“武汉调查“的基本框架与主要发现》,《中国人口科学》第2期。
[2]王美艳,2005,《城市劳动力市场上的就业机会与工资差异——外来劳动力就业与报酬研究》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
[3]高慧、周海旺,2007,《上海外来与本地劳动力收入差异及影响因素对比分析》,《人口与经济》第4期。
[1]杨云彦、陈金永,2000,《转型劳动力市场的分层与竞争》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
[2]王桂新、沈建法,2001,《上海外来劳动力与本地劳动力补缺替代关系研究》,《人口研究》第1期。
[1]参见1952年8月4日《人民日报》第1版文章《中央人民政府政务院关于劳动就业问题的决定》。
[2]参见1953年4月18日《人民日报》第1版文章《中央人民政府政务院关于劝止农民盲目流入城市的指示》。
[3]参见1954年3月15日《人民日报》第2版文章《中央内务部和中央劳动部关于继续贯彻“劝止农民盲目流入城市”的指示》。
[4]参见1957年12月14日《人民日报》第3版文章《国务院关于各单位从农村中招用临时工的暂行规定》。
[1]参见上海市政府1993年12月18日颁布的《上海市单位使用和聘用外地劳动力管理暂行规定》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-35.html。
[2]俞德鹏,2002,《城乡社会:从隔离走向开放》,山东人民出版社。
[1]参见上海市劳动局1996年9月10日颁布的《关于进一步加强本市单位使用外地劳动力管理的若干意见》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-3805.html。
[2]参见上海市政府1996年6月26日颁布的《上海市人民政府印发关于使用外地劳动力管理基金的征收和使用办法的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-62546.html。
[3]参见北京市政府1995年6月13日颁布的《北京市外地来京人员务工管理规定》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-23187.html。
[4]参见深圳市政府1997年1月7日颁布的《深圳市居民按比例就业暂行办法》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-3177.html。
[1]参见国务院办公厅2003年1月5日下发的《关于做好农民进城务工就业管理和服务工作的通知》,见中国劳动资讯网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-50880.html。
[2]参见国务院办公厅2004年12月27日下发的《关于进一步做好改善农民进城就业环境工作的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-38101.html。
[3]参见劳动和社会保障部2005年3月1日下发的《关于废止〈农村劳动力跨省流动就业管理暂行规定〉及有关配套文件的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-38335.html。劳动部于1994年11月17日颁布《农村劳动力跨省流动就业管理暂行规定》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-49661.html。
[4]国务院研究室课题组,2006,《中国农民工调研报告》,北京:中国言实出版社。
[5]参见国务院2006年3月27日颁布的《国务院关于解决农民工问题的若干意见》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-44324.html。
[1]参见中组部、人事部2007年11月6日颁布的《公务员录用规定(试行)》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-74666.html。
[1]参见上海市人事局2003年10月24日公布的《上海市国家公务员考试录用试行意见》,见原上海市人事局官方网站“二十一世纪人才网”政府信息公开http://www.21cnhr.gov.cn/xinxi/file.jsp?f_ID=2674。
[2]参见《上海市2009年度考试录用公务员政策问答》,见http://rsj.sh.gov.cn/gongwuyuan/zc3.htm。
[3]参见北京市委组织部、北京市人事局2003年10月17日颁布的《关于面向社会公开招考录用机关工作人员和国家公务员公共科目笔试工作的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-38349.html。
[4]参见广州市委组织部、广州市人事局2007年12月17日公布的《广州市2007年下半年考试录用公务员公告》,见广州人事网www.gzpi.gov.cn。
[5]参见深圳市委组织部、深圳市人事局2008年4月29日公布的《深圳市2008年上半年考试录用公务员公告》,见深圳市人事局网站www.rsj.sz.gov.cn。
[1]部分内容参考Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[2]就业准证(employment pass)主要提供给国外高级专业人才赴新工作使用:个人化就业准证(personalized employment pass)提供给更高层次的全球精英人才赴新工作使用:S准证(S pass)提供给国外中等专业技术人才赴新工作使用;工作准证(work permit)包括两类,分别提供给非熟练或半熟练的普通劳工(work permit for foreign worker)或者家政劳工(work permit for foreign domestic worker)使用。
[1]参见新加坡政府人力资源部网站http://www.mom.gov.sg。
[2]“抵垒”(touch base)是网球术语,意指球员只要及时碰及网,即不用离开出局。抵垒政策是香港政府于1974年11月宣布实施的一项针对非法移民的政策。大陆内地的非法入境者若在偷渡到香港后能抵达市区,并接触到香港的亲人,便可在香港居留;如果偷渡者在边境范围被执法人员截获,则会被遣返内地。
[3]Kit-chun Lam and Pak-wai Liu.1998.“Immigration and the Economy of Hong Kong”.Hong Kong:City University of Hong Kong Press.
[4]Ronald Skeldon.1994.“Turning Points in Labor Migration:The Case of Hong Kong”,Asian and Pacific Migation Journal,3(1):93-118.
[1]Lu Chien-Yi,2000,“Politics of Foreign Labor Policy in Taiwan”.African and Asian Studies.35(1):113-131.
[2]Kanjanapan W.,1992.“White-collar Foreign Workers in Taiwan”.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal.1(3-4):569-83.
[3]Prema-chandra Athukorala,1993.“International Labor Migration in the Asia Pacific Region:Patterns.Policies.and Economic Implications”.Asian-Pacific Economic Literature.7(2):28-57.
[4]Abella MI,1994,“Turning Points in Labor Migration”,Asian and Pacific Migration Journal.3(1):1-7.
[1]Tsai HH,1996,“Globalization and the Urban System in Taiwan”.in Fu-chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung(Eds),“Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia”.Tokyo:United Nations University Press.
[2]“3D”指“脏、险、烦”,对应的英文首字母(dirty.dangerous,difficulty)都有个“D”。
[3]参见新加坡政府人力资源部网站http://www.mom.gov.sg。
[4]Allan M.Findlay,Huw Jones and Gillian M.Davidson,1998,“Migration Transition or Migration Transformation in the Asian Dragon Economics?”.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.22(4):643-663.
[5]参见“Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics 2003”(香港统计年刊2003)
[6]Po-Fen Tai,2006,“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore.Hong Kong and Taipei”,Urban Studies,43(10):1737-1756.
[7]参加“Hong Kong 1991 Population Census”(香港人口统计1991)和“Hong Kong 2001 Population Census”(香港人口普查2001)。
[1]1999这年1月29日,香港终审法院就“吴嘉玲案”宣判,指出所有香港人在内地所生的子女均可行使居港权,这判決令香港人在内地所生的非婚生子女都享有居港权,包括私生子女在内。当时的保安局局长叶刘淑仪估计在10年内会有167万人可从中国内地移居到香港,这将会为香港社会带来沉重的人口压力。因此,叶刘淑仪联同当时的香港律政司司长梁爱诗到北京寻求人大释法。同年6月,人大常委会对《基本法》作出解释,指出只有香港人在内地所生的婚生子女才享有居港权,非婚生子女及出生时父或母仍未成为香港居民的则没有居港权,而使有权来香港的人数減至20万。
[2]Po-Fen Tai,“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore.Hong Kong and Taipei”,Urban Studies.43(10):1737-1756.
Manuel Castelle,1997,“Asia-Pacific Migration and Emerging Civil Societies”,Asian Migration,10(2):41-48.曼纽尔·卡斯特著、曹荣湘译,2006,《认同的力量》(第2版),北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[1]Allan M.Findlay,Huw Jones and Gillian M.Davidson.1998.“Migration Transition or Migration Transformation in the Asian Dragon Economics?”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.22(4):643-663.
[2]Ronald Skeldon,1996.“Hong Kong in An International Migration System,in Ming K.Chan,Gerard A.Postiglione(Eds),The Hong Kong Reader:Passage to Chinese Sovereignty,New York:M.E.Sharpe.
[3]David Wen-wei Chang and Richard Y.Chuang,1999.“The Politics ofHong Kong's Reversion to China”.Palgrave Macmillan.
[4]参见台北市统计摘要(2004),转引自Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[5]Shirley L.Chang.1992.“Cause of Brain Drain and Solution:The Taiwan Experience”.Studies in Comparative International Development.27(1):27-43.
[1]仇立平,2001,《职业地位:社会分层的指示器——上海社会结构与社会分层研究》,《社会学研究》第3期。
[2]陆学艺,2002,《当代中国社会阶层研究报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[1]Po-Fen Tai.2006.“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore.Hong Kong and Taipei”.Urban Studies,43(10):1737-1756.
[1]表格转引自Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[1]表格转引自Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[1]R.J.约翰斯顿主编、柴彦威等译,2004,《人文地理学词典》,北京:商务印书馆。
[2]Margaret Stacey.1969,“The Myth of Community Studies”.The British Journal of Sociology.20(2):134-147.Paul Hatt.1946.“The Concept of Natural Area”.American Sociological Review.11(4):423-427.
[3]Anne Buttimer.1969.“Social Space in interdisciplinary perspective”.Geographical Review.59(3):417-426.
[4]Edward W.Soja.1980.“The Socio-spatial Dialectics”.Annals of the Association of American Geographer,70(2):207-225.
[1]Kevin Fox Gotham.2003,“Toward an understanding of the spatiality of urban poverty:the urban poor as spatial actors”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,27(3):723-737.
[2]曼纽尔·卡斯特著、夏铸九等译,2006,《网络社会的崛起》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[3]R.J.约翰斯顿主编、柴彦威等译,2004,《人文地理学词典》,北京:商务印书馆。
[1]Eshref Shevky and Wendell Bell.1955.“Social Area Analysis:Theory.Illustrative Application and Computational Procedures”,Stanford.CA.Stanford University Press.
[2]RA Murdie.1969.“Factorial Ecology of Metropolitan Toronto.1951-1961:An Essay on the Social Geography of The City”,research paper No.116.Department of Geography.University of Chicago.
[3]Wayne K.D.Davies.1984.“Factorial Ecology”.Gower Publishing Company.
[4]萨森著、周振华等译校,2005,《全球城市:纽约、伦敦、东京》,上海社会科学院出版社。
[1]William Julius Wilson.1990.“The Truly Disadvantaged:the Inner City.the Underclass.and Public Policy”,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[2]John R.Logan,2002,“The New Chinese City:Globalization and Market Retform”.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.
[3]许学强、叶嘉安,1989,《广州市社会空间结构的因子生态分析》,《地理学报》第4期。
[4]郑静、许学强,1995,《广州市社会空间的因子生态再分析》,《地理研究》第2期。
[5]顾朝林、C·克斯特洛德,1997,《北京社会极化与空间分异研究》,《地理学报》第5期。顾朝林、C·克斯特洛德,1997,《北京社会空间结构影响因素及其演化研究》,《城市规划》第4期。
[6]李志刚、吴缚龙,2006,《转型期上海社会空间分异研究》,《地理学报》第2期。李志刚、吴缚龙、高向东,2007,《“全球城市”极化与上海社会空间分异研究》,《地理科学》第3期。
[7]吴启焰,2001,《大都市居住空间分异研究的理论与实践》,北京:科学出版社。黄怡,2006,《城市社会分层与居住隔离》,上海:同济大学出版社。刘玉亭,2005,《转型期中国城市贫困的社会空间》,北京:科学出版社。
[1]Ludek Sykora,1999,“Proce sse s of Socio-spatial Diffe rentiation in Post-communist Prague”,Housing Studies,14(5):679-701.
[2]黄吉乔,2001,《上海市中心城区居住空间结构的演变》,《城市问题》第4期。
[1]陈果、顾朝林、吴缚龙,2004,《南京城市贫困空间训查与分析》,《地理科学》第5期。
[1]参见美国住房和城市发展部(HUD)“Mixed-Income Housing and The HOME Program(2003)”,http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/affordablehousing/library/modelguides/2004/200315.pdf。
[1]李志刚、张京祥,2004,《调解社会空间分异,实现城市规划对“弱势群体”的关怀》,《国外城市规划》第6期。
[1]孙立平,2006年6月12日,《“大混居、小聚居”与阶层融合》,《北京日报》第18版。
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28.杨云彦、陈金永,2001,《外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力市场的影响》,《中国人口科学》第2期。
29.杨云彦、陈金永、刘塔,2001,《外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力市场的影响——“武汉训查”的基本框架与主要发现》,《中国人口科学》第2期。
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[1]Felix Driver and David Gilbert,1999,“Imperial Cities:Landscape,Display and Identity”,Manchester:Manchester university press.
[2]Mark Jefferson,1939,“The Law of the Primate City”,Geographical Review,29(2):226-232.
[3]Richard Dennis,1984,“English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century:A Social Geography”,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[4]“millionaire cities”的概念最初由C.B.Fawcett在1936年的一篇论文“millionaire cities(1935)”中提出,参见下一脚注。
[4]Audrey M.Lambert,1956,“Millionaire Cities,1955”,Economic Geography,32(4):283-293.
[5]Zoltan Kovacs,1999,“Cities From State-socialism to Global Capitalism:An Introduction”,Geo Journal,49:1-6.
[1]Peter Calthorpe and William Fulton,2001,“The Regional City”,Washington DC:Island Press.
[2]Peter J.Taylor,1997,“Hierarchical Tendencies amongst World Cities:a Global Research Proposal”,Cities,14(6):323-332.
[3]参见www.megacitiesproject.org。
[1]Patrick Geddes,1915,“Cities in Evolution:An Introduction to The Town Planning Movement And to The Study of Civic”,London:Williams and Norgate.
[2]Peter Hall,1966,“The World Cities”,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
[3]Peter Hall.1997.“Melgacities,World Cities and Global Cities”,参见http://www.megacities:nl/jecture_1/lecture.html。
[4]John Friedmann,1986,“The World City Hypothesis”,Development andChang,17:69-83.
[1]Saskia Sassen,2001,“The Global Cities:New York,London,Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition),Princeton:Princeton University Press.
[1]戴维·赫尔德等著、杨雪冬等译,2001,《全球大变革——全球化时代的政治、经济与文化》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[2]James A.Caporaso and David P.Levine,1992,“Theories of political economy”,Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press.
[3]Francis Fukuyama,1992,“The End of History and the Last Man”,NY:Free Press.
[1]Kenichi Ohmae,1996,“The End of the Nation State:the Rise of Regional Economies”,NY:Free Press.
[2]Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson,1996,“Globalization in Question:the International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance”,London:Polity Press.
[3]Linda Weiss,1998,“The Myth of the Powerless State”,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press.
[4]Anthony Giddens,1990,“The Consequence of Modernity”,London:Polity Press.
[5]Ulrich Beck,2000,“What is globalization?”,London,Polity Press.
[6]Robertson,1992,“Globalization:social theory and global culture”,London:Sage.
[1]Theodore Levitt,1983,“The Globalization of Markets”,Harvard Business Review,May-June:2-11.
[2]曼纽尔·卡斯特(Manuel Castells)著、夏铸九等译,2006,《网络社会的崛起》,北京:社会科学文献出版社.
[3]同上。
[1]安东尼奥·葛兰西,2000,《狱中札记》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
[2]Michel Aglietta,1979,“A Theory of Capitalist Regulation Theory”,London:New Left Books.
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[4]戴维·哈维著,阎嘉译,2003,《后现代的状况——对文化变迁之源起的探究》,北京:商务印书馆。
[5]Swyngedouw,E.,1986,“The Socio-spatial Implications of Innovations in Industrial Organization”,参见上文(pp224-226)的转引。
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[1]余晓敏,2006,《经济全球化背景下的劳工运动:现象、问题与理论》,《社会学研究》第3期。
[2]戴维·哈维著,阎嘉译,2003,《后现代的状况——对文化变迁之源起的探究》,北京:商务印书馆。
[1]曼纽尔·卡斯特(Manuel Castells)著、夏铸九等译,2006,《网络社会的崛起》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[2]保罗·克鲁格曼、茅瑞斯·奥伯斯法尔德著,海闻等译,1998,《国际经济学》(第4版),北京:中国人民大学出版社。
[3]卢锋,2004,《产品内分工》,《经济学》第1期。
[1]Folker Frobel,Jurgen Heinrichs and Otto Kreye,1980,“The New International Division of Labor:Structural Unemployment in Industrialized Countries and Industrialization in Developing Countries”,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
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Boy Luthje,2002,“Electronics Contract manufacturing:Global Production and The International Division of labor in the Age of The Internet”,Industry and Innovation,9(3):227-247.
Gary Gereffi,1998,“Commodity Chains and Regional Divisions of Labor in East Asia”,in Eun Mee Kim,“The Four Asian Tigers:Economic Development and the Global Political Economy”,San Diego:Academic Press.
[3]孟庆民、李国平、杨开忠,2000,《新国际劳动分工的动态:概念与机制》,《中国软科学》第9期。
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Elhanan Helpman,1984,“A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations”,Journal of political economy,92(3):451-471.
[1]G.L.克拉克,M.P.费尔德曼、M.S.格特勒主编,刘卫东等译,2005,《牛津经济地理学手册》,北京:商务印书馆。
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P.N.O'Farrell and P.A.Wood,1999,“Formations of Strategic Alliances in Business Services:Towards a New Client-oriented Conceptual Framework”,Service Industries Journal,19(1):133-151.
[2]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global City:New York,London,Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition),New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[1]Peter Hall.1966.“The World Cities”.London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
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David A.Heenan.1977.“Global Cities of Tomorrow”.Harvard Business Review,55(3):79-92.
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John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff,1982,“World City Formation:an Agenda for Research and Action”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.6(3):309-343.
John Fridmann,1986.“The World City Hypothesis”.Development and Chang,17:69-83.
John Fridmann.1995.“Where We Stand:a Decade of World City Research”.in Paul L.Knox.and Peter J.
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Paul L.Knox.1995,“World Cities in A World System”,in Paul L.Knox and Peter J.Taylor(eds.),World Cities in a World-System,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
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[1]引语来自Fridmann(1986)。
[2]Fridmann(1986)把世界分成三部分,分别是核心国家(core countries)、半外围区国家(semi-periphery countries)和外围区国家(periphery countries)。
[3]Peter J.Taylor.1997.“Hierarchical Tendencies amongst World Cities:A Global Research Proposal”.Cities,14(6):323-332.
[4]John Friedmann,1995.“The World City Hypothesis”,in Paul L.Knox and Peter J.Taylor(eds.),World Cities in a World-System,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[1]J.V.Beaverstock,P.J.Taylor and R.G.Smith,1999,“A Roster of World Cities”,Cities,16(6):445-458.
[1]Singelmann Joachim,1978,“The Transformation of Industry:from Agriculture to Service Employment”.Beverly Hills:Sage Publication.
[2]Peter W.Daniels.1993.“Services Industries in the World Economy”.Blackwell Publishers.
[3]Peter W.Daniels,1985,“Services Industries:A Geographical Appraisal”,London:Methuen.
[4]James William Harrington and J.R.Lombard,1989.“Producer-service Firm in a Declining Manufacturing Region”,Environment and Planning A,21(1):65-79.
[1]William J.Coffey,2000.“The Geographies of Producer Services”.Urban Geography,21(2):170-183.
[2]赫伯特·G·格鲁伯、迈克尔·A·沃克,1993,《服务业的增长原因与影响》,上海三联书店。
[3]J.N.Marshall,P.Damesick and P.Wood.1987,“Understanding the Location and Role of Producer Services in The United Kingdom”,Environment and Planning A,19(5):575-595.
[4]S.Illeris and P.Sjoholt,1995,“The Nordic Countries:High Quality Service in a Low Density Environment”.Progress in Planning,43(2-3):205-221.
[5]F.Moulaert and F.Todtling.1995.“Conclusions and Prospects”.Progress in Planning,43(2-3):261-274.
[6]Harry I.Greenfield.1966,“Manpower and the Growth of Producer Services”.New York:Columbia University Press.
[1]Saskia Sassen,2001.“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition).New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[2]ILO.1972.“Employment.Incomes and Equality:a Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya”.
[3]姚宇,2008,《国外非正规就业研究综述》,《国外社科科学》第1期。
[4]Alejandro Portes.Manuel Castells and Lauren Benton(eds.).1989,“The Informal Economy:Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries”,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
[1]Roger Waldinger,1996,“Still the Promised Land?African Americans and New Immigrants in New York”.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
[2]Ivan Light,2004,“Immigration and Ethnic Economies in Giant Cities”.International Social Science Journal,56(181):385-398.
[3]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition).New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[1]Gary S.Becker,1964,“Human Capital:A Theoretical aud Empirical Analysis.with Special Reference to Education”.New York:Columbia University Press.
Theodore W.Schultz.1961,“Investment in Human Capital”.American Economic Review,51(1):1-17.
[1]Peter B.Doeringer and Michael J.Piore,1971.“Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis”,Lexington.MA:D.C.Heath.
[2]James Tobin,1972,“Inflation and Unemployment”,American Economic Review,62(1):1-18.
Nicholas Bosanquet and Peter B.Doeringer,1973,“Is There a Dual Labor Market in Great Britain?”.The Economic Journal,83(330):421-435.
[3]William T.Dickens and Keving Lang.1985.“A Test Dual Labor Market Theory”.American Economic Review,75(4):792-805.
William T.Dickens and Keying Lang.1988.“The Reemergence of Segmented Labor Market Theory”.American Economic Review,78(2):129-134.
[4]William Arthur Lewis.1954.“Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”.The Manchester School,22(2):139-191.
[5]Michael.P.Todaro.1969.“A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries”,American Economic Review,59(1):138-148.
[1]Paul Boyle,Keith Halfacree and Vaughan Robinson.1998.“Exploring Contemporary Migration”.Essex:Pearson Education Limited.
[2]Stephen Castels,2000.“International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty-first century:Global Trends and Issues”.International Social Science Journal,52(165):269-281.
[3]Douglas S.Massey.Joaquin Arango,Graeme Hugo,Ali Kouaouci.Adela Pellegrino.J.Edward Taylor.1993.
[4]“Theories of International Migration:a Review and Appraisal”.Population and Development Review,19(3):431-466.
[1]Douglas S.Massey,Jorge Durand,and Nolan J.Malone,2002,“Beyond Smoke and Mirrors:Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration”.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
[2]Ivan Light,2004.“Immigration and Ethnic Economies in Giant Cities”.International Social Science Journal,56(181):385-398.
[3]William B.Johnston,1991,“Global Work Force 2000:the New World Labor Market”.Harvard Business Review,March-April.69(2):115-127.
[4]United Nations Development Program(UNDP).1999,“Human Development Report 1999:Globalization with a Human Face.New York:United Nations.
[5]Ivan Light and Steven J.Gold,2000.“Ethnic Economies”,San Diego:Academic Press.
[1]Antoine Pecoud,2002.“Weltoffenheit schafft Jobs:Turkish entrepreneurship and multiculturalism in Berlin”.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.26(3):494-507.
[2]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition),New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[3]曼纽尔·卡斯特(Manuel Castells)著,夏铸九等译,2006,《网络社会的崛起》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[4]同上。
[1]曼纽尔·卡斯泰尔(Manuel Castells)著,崔保国等译,2001,《信息化城市》,南京:江苏人民出版社。
[2]Daniel Bell,1976,“The Coming of Post-industrial Society”(2~(nd)edition),New York:Basic Books.
[3]Jaroslaw Wieczorek.1995.“Sectoral Trends in World Employment and the Shift toward Services”.International Labour Review,134(2):205-226.
[4]Saskia Sassen,2001.“Global City:New York.London.Tokyo”(2~(nd)edition),New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
[1]Chris Hamnett,1998,“Social polarization,economic restructuring and welfare state regimes”,in Sako Musterd and Wim Ostendorf(eds.).Urban Segregation and the Welfare State:Inequality and Exclusion in Western Cities.London:Routledge.
[1]Saskia Sassen,1996,“Rebuilding the Global City:Economy.Ethnicity and Space”.in Anthony D.King(eds.),Re-Presenting the City:Ethnicity,Capital and Culture in the Twenty-First Century Metropolis,London:Macmillan.
[2]Peter Marcuse.1989.“Dual city:a muddy metaphor for a quartered city”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,13:697-708.
[1]John H.Mollenkopf and Manuel Castells,1991,“Dual city:Restructuring New York”.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
[2]Chris Hamnett,1996.“Social Polarization.Economic Restructuring and Welfare State regimes”.Urban Studies.33(8):1407-1430.
[3]John O'Loughlin and Jurgen Friedrichs,1996.“Polarisation in Post-Industrial Societies:Social and Economic Roots and Consequences”.in John O'Loughlin and Jurgen Friedrichs(eds),Social Polarisation in Post-industrial Metropolises,Berlin,Walter de Gruyter.
[4]Scott Baum,1997.“Sydney.Australia:A Global City?Testing the Social Polarisation Thesis”,Urban Studies,34(11):1881-1901.
[5]Susan S.Fainstein and Michael Harloe.1992.“Introduction:London and New York in the Contemporary World”.in Susan S.Fainstein.Ian Gordon and Michael Harloe(eds),Divided Cities:New York and London in the Contemporary World,Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
[1]Chris Hamnett,1998,“Social polarization,economic restructuring and welfare state regimes”,in Sako Musterd and Wim Ostendorf(eds.),Urban Segregation and the Welfare State:Inequality and Exclusion in Western Cities,London:Routledge.
[2]Chris Hamnett,1994,“Social Polarization in Global Cities:Theory and Evidence”.Urban Studies,31(3):401-424.
[3]Chris Hamnett.1996.“Why Sassen is Wrong.a Response to Burgers”.Urban Studies,33(1):107-110.
[4]Jack Burgers.1996.“No Polarisation in Dutch Cities?Inequality in a Corporatist Country”.Urban Studies,33(1):99-105.
[5]Scott Baum.1999.“Social Transformations in the Global City:Singapore”,Urban Studies,36(7):99-105.
[1]Saskia Sassen,2001,“The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo.Princeton”(2~(nd)sedition).NJ:Princeton University Press.
[2]Chris Hamnett.1994.“Social Polarization in Global Cities:Theory and Evidence”,Urban Studies,31(3):401-424.
Chris Hamnett.1996.“Why Sassen is Wrong.a Response to Burgers”.Urban Studies,33(1):107-110.
Scott Baum.1999.“Social Transformations in the Global City:Singapore”,Urban Studies,36(7):99-105.
Susan S.Fainstein and Michael Harloe,1992,“Introduction:London and New York in the Contemporary World”.in Susan S.Fainstein.Ian Gordon.Michael Harloe(eds),Divided Cities:New York and London in the Contemporary World,Oxford:Blackwell.
[1]Richard Child Hill and June Woo Kim.2000.“Global Cities and Developmental States:New York.Tokyo and Seoul”,Urban Studies,37(12):2167-2195.
[1]Saskia Sassen,2001,“Global Cities and Developmentalist States:How to Derail What Could Be an Interesting Debate:A Response to Hill and Kim”.Urban Studies,38(13):2537-2540.
John Friedmann,2001,“World Cities Revisited:A Comment”,Urban Studies,38(13):2535-2536.
[2]Gosta Esping-Anderson,1990,“The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism”,Cambridge:Polity Press.
Gosta Esping-Anderson.1993,“Changing Classes:Stratification and Mobility in Post-industrial Societies”,London:Sage Publication.
[3]Chia-Huang Wang,2003.“Taipei as a Global City:a Theoretical and Empirical Examination”.Urban Studies,40(2):309-334.
Ray Forrest.Adrienne La Grange and Ngai-ming Yip.2004.“Hong Kong as a Global City?Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation”.Urban Studies,41(1):207-227.
[1]Po-Fen Tai.2006.“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore,Hong Kong and Taipei”,Urban Studies,43(10):1737-1756.
[1]参见《中国统计年鉴2007》、联合国《人类发展报告2006》。
[1]以上海和广东的比较而言,“七五”期间,上海的国民生产总值平均年递增5.7%,广东比上海高1倍,达到12.5%;人均国民生产总值,上海平均递增4.5%,广东是10.6%,也超过上海1倍;吸引外商直接投资,上海五年累计16亿美元,广东达到95亿美元,数倍于上海;发展外向型经济,上海五年累计完成外贸进出口总额337亿美元,平均年递增7.5%,而广东达到579亿美元,年递增24.8%,是上海的3倍多。(康燕,2001年,《解读上海》,上海人民出版社)
[2]2008年受全球金融危机影响,上海的经济增长速度是9.7%,是1992年来首次下降到10%以下。
[3]数据来源:《中国统计年鉴2007》。
[4]中共十四大报告原文的表述是“以上海浦东开发开放为龙头,进一步开放长江沿岸城市,尽快把上海建成国际经济、金融、贸易中心之一,带动长江三角洲和整个长江流域地区经济的新飞跃。”。
[5]1996年1月,国务院领导在沪召开江苏、浙江、上海两省一市负责人会议,正式启动以上海深水港为主体的上海国际航运中心建设。
[1]数据来源:上海统计年鉴2006。
[1]前六位为纳斯达克交易所、纽约交易所、伦敦交易所、东京证交所、泛欧交易所、德意志交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[2]前七位为泛欧交易所、纽约交易所、伦敦交易所、香港交易所、澳大利亚交易所、西班牙交易所、巴西交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[3]前二位为纽约交易所、伦敦交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[4]前五位为纽约交易所、东京交易所、纳斯达克交易所、泛欧交易所、伦敦交易所。数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[5]数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。 菱东京日联银行、新加坡星展银行、花旗银行、荷兰银行。
[1]数据来源:上海市金融服务办公室网站http://sjr.sh.gov.cn。
[2]刘刚,2007,《上海国际金融中心建设的进程判断——基于与主要国际金融中心的比较分析》,《经济问题探索》第5期。
杨咸月,2007,《上海国际金融中心建设的问题与出路》,《世界经济研究》第2期。
[1]“两个长期坚持”和“两个优先发展”曾被写入上海市的“十一五”规划,但在2007年以后,已不再提“两个长期坚持”和“两个优先发展”。
[2]2003年5月,上海市财税局等六部门正式与嘉定、青浦、松江三区签订《关于推进落实试点园区降低商务成本政策备忘录》,一般被解读为“173计划”。
[3]范军勇,2004,《从“173计划”的实施看上海产业政策的调整对策》,《城市规划汇刊》第2期。
韩建安等,2003,《上海:打造“四个中心”还是重新工业化——区域经济一体化背景下的上海发展战略 定位研究》,《上海经济研究》第12期。
[1]数据来源:上海市统计年鉴2006。
[2]信息服务业指“信息传输、计算机服务和软件业”,物流业包括“交通运输业”和“仓储业”。
[1]参见上海市政府2005年1月发布的《上海加速发展现代服务业实施纲要》中的第一部分“上海服务业发展的基本概况”。
[2]数据来源:国家统计局《国际统计数据2005》。
[3]参见2008年2月4日上海市政府新闻发布会介绍2007年上海市国民经济和社会发展情况,网址http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/node2319/node12344/userobject26ai13446.html。
[4]赵弘等,2007,《2007-2008:中国总部经济发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[5]张晓鸣,2008年1月4日,《跨国公司亚太总部首选上海》,《文汇报》第10版。
[1]白冰冰,《上海市非正规就业的发展及其城市空间形态研究》,华东师范大学2004届博士学位论文。
[1]任远,2008,《完善非正规就业“上海模式”的思考》,《社会科学》第1期。
[2]乔观民,《大城市非正规就业空间研究》,华东师范大学2005届博士学位论文。
[3]数据来源:上海统计年鉴2008。
[4]Shahid Yusuf and Weiping Wu.2002.“Pathways to a World City:Shanghai Rising in an Era of Globalisation”.Urban Studies,39(7):1213-1240.
[1]Fulong Wu.2000.“The Global and Local Dimensions of Place-making:Remaking Shanghai as a World City”.Urban Studies.37(8):1359-1377.
[2]David A.Smith and Michael F.Timberlake.2001.“World City Networks and Hierarchies,1977-1997:An Empirical Analysis of Global Air Travel Links”.American Behavioral Scientist,44(10):1656-1678.
[1]这7个城市分别是东京、新加坡、香港、马尼拉、卡拉奇、孟买、首尔。
[2]彼得·泰勒,2006年12月3日,《世界城市网络中的上海和北京——彼得·泰勒在华东师范大学大夏论坛的演讲》,《文汇报》第8版。
[1]Peter J.Taylor.G.Catalano and D.R.F.Walker.2002,“Measurement of the World City Network”.Urban Studies,39(13):2367-2376.
[1]Peter J.Taylor et al..2009-3-2.“Measuring the World City Network:New Developments and Results”.参见GaWC Research Bulletin 300:http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb300.html.
[1]杨云彦、蔡昉、陈金永、王德文,2004,《城市就业与劳动力市场转型》,北京:中国统计出版社。
[2]Ross M.Stolzenberg.1975.“Occupations.Labor Markets and the Process of Wage Attainment”.American Sociological Review,40(Oct):645-665.
[1]Robert L.Kaufman,1983.“A Structural Decomposition of Black-White Earnings Differentials”,American Journal of Sociology.89(3):585-611.
[2]杨云彦、陈金永,2001,《外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力市场的影响》,《中国人口科学》第2期。
蔡昉、都阳、王美艳,2001,《户籍制度与劳动力市场保护》,《经济研究》第12期。
[1]2005年上海市劳动适龄人口占全市常住人口的比重约为79.1%(数据来源:2005年上海市1%人口抽样调查)。
[2]朱宝树,2008,《城市外来人口的差别特征及相关政策启示》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)第1期。
[3]国务院研究室课题组,2006,《中国农民工调研报告》,北京:中国言实出版社。
[1]杰华,2006,《都市里的农家女》,南京:江苏人民出版社。
[2]李若建,2001,《城镇户籍价值的显化与淡化过程分析》,《社会科学》第9期。
[3]吴晓刚,2007,《中国的户籍制度与代际职业流动》,《社会学研究》第6期。
[1]数据来源:年末户籍人口数据来自《上海市统计年鉴2001》、《上海市统计年鉴2006》;其他数据来自《上海市第五次人口普查公报》和《上海市2005年1%人口抽样调查主要数据公报》。
[2]数据来源:上海市第五次人口普查。
[3]数据来源:上海统计年鉴2006。
[4]数据来源:卢湾区政府网站http://www.luwan.sh.cn。
[5]卢湾区面积为8.05平方公里,2005年区内常住人口27.3万人,常住人口密度33702人/平方公里,在全市区县中仅次于黄浦区;2005年外来人口3.3万人,外来人口密度4099人/平方公里,在上海9个中心城区中排到第四位(数据来源:上海统计年鉴2006)。
[1]即使“生产操作人员”也不全是制造业人员(产业工人),例如其中的飞机驾驶员就很难归入这个行列。
[1]参见2003年5月14日发布的“国家统计局关于印发《三次产业划分规定》的通知”,见国家统计局网页http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/t20030528_402369827.htm。
[2]参见“李德水就实施新的三次产业划分规定答记者问”,见国家统计局网页http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/reldetail.jsp?docid=79332。
[1]周海旺,2007,《上海市外来从业人员综合保险存在六大制度缺陷》,《经济咨询》第2期。
[1]杨云彦、陈金永、刘塔,2001,《外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力市场的影响——“武汉调查“的基本框架与主要发现》,《中国人口科学》第2期。
[2]王美艳,2005,《城市劳动力市场上的就业机会与工资差异——外来劳动力就业与报酬研究》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
[3]高慧、周海旺,2007,《上海外来与本地劳动力收入差异及影响因素对比分析》,《人口与经济》第4期。
[1]杨云彦、陈金永,2000,《转型劳动力市场的分层与竞争》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
[2]王桂新、沈建法,2001,《上海外来劳动力与本地劳动力补缺替代关系研究》,《人口研究》第1期。
[1]参见1952年8月4日《人民日报》第1版文章《中央人民政府政务院关于劳动就业问题的决定》。
[2]参见1953年4月18日《人民日报》第1版文章《中央人民政府政务院关于劝止农民盲目流入城市的指示》。
[3]参见1954年3月15日《人民日报》第2版文章《中央内务部和中央劳动部关于继续贯彻“劝止农民盲目流入城市”的指示》。
[4]参见1957年12月14日《人民日报》第3版文章《国务院关于各单位从农村中招用临时工的暂行规定》。
[1]参见上海市政府1993年12月18日颁布的《上海市单位使用和聘用外地劳动力管理暂行规定》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-35.html。
[2]俞德鹏,2002,《城乡社会:从隔离走向开放》,山东人民出版社。
[1]参见上海市劳动局1996年9月10日颁布的《关于进一步加强本市单位使用外地劳动力管理的若干意见》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-3805.html。
[2]参见上海市政府1996年6月26日颁布的《上海市人民政府印发关于使用外地劳动力管理基金的征收和使用办法的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-62546.html。
[3]参见北京市政府1995年6月13日颁布的《北京市外地来京人员务工管理规定》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-23187.html。
[4]参见深圳市政府1997年1月7日颁布的《深圳市居民按比例就业暂行办法》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-3177.html。
[1]参见国务院办公厅2003年1月5日下发的《关于做好农民进城务工就业管理和服务工作的通知》,见中国劳动资讯网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-50880.html。
[2]参见国务院办公厅2004年12月27日下发的《关于进一步做好改善农民进城就业环境工作的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-38101.html。
[3]参见劳动和社会保障部2005年3月1日下发的《关于废止〈农村劳动力跨省流动就业管理暂行规定〉及有关配套文件的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-38335.html。劳动部于1994年11月17日颁布《农村劳动力跨省流动就业管理暂行规定》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-49661.html。
[4]国务院研究室课题组,2006,《中国农民工调研报告》,北京:中国言实出版社。
[5]参见国务院2006年3月27日颁布的《国务院关于解决农民工问题的若干意见》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-44324.html。
[1]参见中组部、人事部2007年11月6日颁布的《公务员录用规定(试行)》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-74666.html。
[1]参见上海市人事局2003年10月24日公布的《上海市国家公务员考试录用试行意见》,见原上海市人事局官方网站“二十一世纪人才网”政府信息公开http://www.21cnhr.gov.cn/xinxi/file.jsp?f_ID=2674。
[2]参见《上海市2009年度考试录用公务员政策问答》,见http://rsj.sh.gov.cn/gongwuyuan/zc3.htm。
[3]参见北京市委组织部、北京市人事局2003年10月17日颁布的《关于面向社会公开招考录用机关工作人员和国家公务员公共科目笔试工作的通知》,见中国劳动咨询网http://www.51 labour.com/lawcenter/lawshow-38349.html。
[4]参见广州市委组织部、广州市人事局2007年12月17日公布的《广州市2007年下半年考试录用公务员公告》,见广州人事网www.gzpi.gov.cn。
[5]参见深圳市委组织部、深圳市人事局2008年4月29日公布的《深圳市2008年上半年考试录用公务员公告》,见深圳市人事局网站www.rsj.sz.gov.cn。
[1]部分内容参考Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[2]就业准证(employment pass)主要提供给国外高级专业人才赴新工作使用:个人化就业准证(personalized employment pass)提供给更高层次的全球精英人才赴新工作使用:S准证(S pass)提供给国外中等专业技术人才赴新工作使用;工作准证(work permit)包括两类,分别提供给非熟练或半熟练的普通劳工(work permit for foreign worker)或者家政劳工(work permit for foreign domestic worker)使用。
[1]参见新加坡政府人力资源部网站http://www.mom.gov.sg。
[2]“抵垒”(touch base)是网球术语,意指球员只要及时碰及网,即不用离开出局。抵垒政策是香港政府于1974年11月宣布实施的一项针对非法移民的政策。大陆内地的非法入境者若在偷渡到香港后能抵达市区,并接触到香港的亲人,便可在香港居留;如果偷渡者在边境范围被执法人员截获,则会被遣返内地。
[3]Kit-chun Lam and Pak-wai Liu.1998.“Immigration and the Economy of Hong Kong”.Hong Kong:City University of Hong Kong Press.
[4]Ronald Skeldon.1994.“Turning Points in Labor Migration:The Case of Hong Kong”,Asian and Pacific Migation Journal,3(1):93-118.
[1]Lu Chien-Yi,2000,“Politics of Foreign Labor Policy in Taiwan”.African and Asian Studies.35(1):113-131.
[2]Kanjanapan W.,1992.“White-collar Foreign Workers in Taiwan”.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal.1(3-4):569-83.
[3]Prema-chandra Athukorala,1993.“International Labor Migration in the Asia Pacific Region:Patterns.Policies.and Economic Implications”.Asian-Pacific Economic Literature.7(2):28-57.
[4]Abella MI,1994,“Turning Points in Labor Migration”,Asian and Pacific Migration Journal.3(1):1-7.
[1]Tsai HH,1996,“Globalization and the Urban System in Taiwan”.in Fu-chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung(Eds),“Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia”.Tokyo:United Nations University Press.
[2]“3D”指“脏、险、烦”,对应的英文首字母(dirty.dangerous,difficulty)都有个“D”。
[3]参见新加坡政府人力资源部网站http://www.mom.gov.sg。
[4]Allan M.Findlay,Huw Jones and Gillian M.Davidson,1998,“Migration Transition or Migration Transformation in the Asian Dragon Economics?”.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.22(4):643-663.
[5]参见“Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics 2003”(香港统计年刊2003)
[6]Po-Fen Tai,2006,“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore.Hong Kong and Taipei”,Urban Studies,43(10):1737-1756.
[7]参加“Hong Kong 1991 Population Census”(香港人口统计1991)和“Hong Kong 2001 Population Census”(香港人口普查2001)。
[1]1999这年1月29日,香港终审法院就“吴嘉玲案”宣判,指出所有香港人在内地所生的子女均可行使居港权,这判決令香港人在内地所生的非婚生子女都享有居港权,包括私生子女在内。当时的保安局局长叶刘淑仪估计在10年内会有167万人可从中国内地移居到香港,这将会为香港社会带来沉重的人口压力。因此,叶刘淑仪联同当时的香港律政司司长梁爱诗到北京寻求人大释法。同年6月,人大常委会对《基本法》作出解释,指出只有香港人在内地所生的婚生子女才享有居港权,非婚生子女及出生时父或母仍未成为香港居民的则没有居港权,而使有权来香港的人数減至20万。
[2]Po-Fen Tai,“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore.Hong Kong and Taipei”,Urban Studies.43(10):1737-1756.
Manuel Castelle,1997,“Asia-Pacific Migration and Emerging Civil Societies”,Asian Migration,10(2):41-48.曼纽尔·卡斯特著、曹荣湘译,2006,《认同的力量》(第2版),北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[1]Allan M.Findlay,Huw Jones and Gillian M.Davidson.1998.“Migration Transition or Migration Transformation in the Asian Dragon Economics?”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.22(4):643-663.
[2]Ronald Skeldon,1996.“Hong Kong in An International Migration System,in Ming K.Chan,Gerard A.Postiglione(Eds),The Hong Kong Reader:Passage to Chinese Sovereignty,New York:M.E.Sharpe.
[3]David Wen-wei Chang and Richard Y.Chuang,1999.“The Politics ofHong Kong's Reversion to China”.Palgrave Macmillan.
[4]参见台北市统计摘要(2004),转引自Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[5]Shirley L.Chang.1992.“Cause of Brain Drain and Solution:The Taiwan Experience”.Studies in Comparative International Development.27(1):27-43.
[1]仇立平,2001,《职业地位:社会分层的指示器——上海社会结构与社会分层研究》,《社会学研究》第3期。
[2]陆学艺,2002,《当代中国社会阶层研究报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[1]Po-Fen Tai.2006.“Social Polarization:Comparing Singapore.Hong Kong and Taipei”.Urban Studies,43(10):1737-1756.
[1]表格转引自Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[1]表格转引自Po-Fen Tai(2006)。
[1]R.J.约翰斯顿主编、柴彦威等译,2004,《人文地理学词典》,北京:商务印书馆。
[2]Margaret Stacey.1969,“The Myth of Community Studies”.The British Journal of Sociology.20(2):134-147.Paul Hatt.1946.“The Concept of Natural Area”.American Sociological Review.11(4):423-427.
[3]Anne Buttimer.1969.“Social Space in interdisciplinary perspective”.Geographical Review.59(3):417-426.
[4]Edward W.Soja.1980.“The Socio-spatial Dialectics”.Annals of the Association of American Geographer,70(2):207-225.
[1]Kevin Fox Gotham.2003,“Toward an understanding of the spatiality of urban poverty:the urban poor as spatial actors”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,27(3):723-737.
[2]曼纽尔·卡斯特著、夏铸九等译,2006,《网络社会的崛起》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
[3]R.J.约翰斯顿主编、柴彦威等译,2004,《人文地理学词典》,北京:商务印书馆。
[1]Eshref Shevky and Wendell Bell.1955.“Social Area Analysis:Theory.Illustrative Application and Computational Procedures”,Stanford.CA.Stanford University Press.
[2]RA Murdie.1969.“Factorial Ecology of Metropolitan Toronto.1951-1961:An Essay on the Social Geography of The City”,research paper No.116.Department of Geography.University of Chicago.
[3]Wayne K.D.Davies.1984.“Factorial Ecology”.Gower Publishing Company.
[4]萨森著、周振华等译校,2005,《全球城市:纽约、伦敦、东京》,上海社会科学院出版社。
[1]William Julius Wilson.1990.“The Truly Disadvantaged:the Inner City.the Underclass.and Public Policy”,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[2]John R.Logan,2002,“The New Chinese City:Globalization and Market Retform”.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.
[3]许学强、叶嘉安,1989,《广州市社会空间结构的因子生态分析》,《地理学报》第4期。
[4]郑静、许学强,1995,《广州市社会空间的因子生态再分析》,《地理研究》第2期。
[5]顾朝林、C·克斯特洛德,1997,《北京社会极化与空间分异研究》,《地理学报》第5期。顾朝林、C·克斯特洛德,1997,《北京社会空间结构影响因素及其演化研究》,《城市规划》第4期。
[6]李志刚、吴缚龙,2006,《转型期上海社会空间分异研究》,《地理学报》第2期。李志刚、吴缚龙、高向东,2007,《“全球城市”极化与上海社会空间分异研究》,《地理科学》第3期。
[7]吴启焰,2001,《大都市居住空间分异研究的理论与实践》,北京:科学出版社。黄怡,2006,《城市社会分层与居住隔离》,上海:同济大学出版社。刘玉亭,2005,《转型期中国城市贫困的社会空间》,北京:科学出版社。
[1]Ludek Sykora,1999,“Proce sse s of Socio-spatial Diffe rentiation in Post-communist Prague”,Housing Studies,14(5):679-701.
[2]黄吉乔,2001,《上海市中心城区居住空间结构的演变》,《城市问题》第4期。
[1]陈果、顾朝林、吴缚龙,2004,《南京城市贫困空间训查与分析》,《地理科学》第5期。
[1]参见美国住房和城市发展部(HUD)“Mixed-Income Housing and The HOME Program(2003)”,http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/affordablehousing/library/modelguides/2004/200315.pdf。
[1]李志刚、张京祥,2004,《调解社会空间分异,实现城市规划对“弱势群体”的关怀》,《国外城市规划》第6期。
[1]孙立平,2006年6月12日,《“大混居、小聚居”与阶层融合》,《北京日报》第18版。
1.Audrey M.Lambert.1956.“Millionaire Cities,1955”.Economic Geography,32(4):283-293.
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11.Gary Gereffi,1998,“Commodity Chains and Regional Divisions of Labor in East Asia”.in Eun Mee Kim.“The Four Asian Tigers:Economic Development and the Global Political Economy”,San Diego:Academic Press.
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