中国北方旱生植物种子与水分相关的适应性策略研究
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摘要
中国北方地区因其独特的地理位置和气候条件,使该地区旱生植物资源非常丰富,但受全球气候变暖的影响,荒漠化程度日益严重,而这些旱生植物种群也将面临原有生存环境发生改变的严峻考验,其中,水分条件的改变(干旱加剧)是学者们普遍公认的重要环境改变之一。种子作为植物主要的繁殖器官,既是植物体的终结,又是新植物体的起点,对种的繁衍起着极为重要的作用。种子对不同水分条件的响应方式和适应能力会直接影响种群稳定,种群数量,种群分布和种群结构。以往的植物抗旱性研究,多集中在植物成株后的根、茎、叶组织等方面,而对种子的抗旱性研究较少,特别是对批量旱生植物种子,在各种水分条件下的响应方式的研究未见报道。为此,本文对分布于中国北方不同地域的多种旱生植物种子,在不同水分条件下生理生化特点及种子形态特征进行了研究,旨在探讨旱生植物种子对各种水分环境的适应机理与策略,为旱生植物种群稳定性的保持和物种多样性的保护提供借鉴。
首先,我们通过对20个科,38属,47种旱生植物种子在水分充足和不同梯度的干旱处理(聚乙二醇PEG6000)条件下的萌发率及吸水率实验发现,当水分胁迫强烈时,分布于干旱沙漠地区的植物种子其吸水率和萌发率都高于半干旱和湿润地区的植物群落,相反,湿润地区植物种子的吸水率和萌发率对任何的水分胁迫都表现出敏感的响应趋势,也就是说,生境恶劣的植物种子在较强的干旱胁迫下,仍然保持了较高较快的萌发率及吸水率,水分充足与水分缺乏时无显著差异,而生境相对较好的植物种子在水分充足情况下萌发与吸水良好,但在干旱胁迫时则受到明显抑制,水分充足与水分缺乏时差异显著。其次,通过比较47种旱生植物种子的SEM图片,并结合中国地区近20年年降水量图发现,植物群落分布在干旱荒漠地区,年降水量＜200mm的植物种皮具有形态规则、表皮粗糙的复杂结构特征;降水量较多(＞600mm)且气候适宜的较湿润地区的植物群落,其种皮具有形态杂乱,表皮光滑的简单结构特征;介于干旱与湿润地区的半干旱地区的植物种子,其种皮形态则属于从复杂到简单的过渡形态。第三,通过对这些植物种子种皮元素成分分析发现,干旱地区植物种子的种皮元素成分表现出含钙量高的特征,而湿润地区植物种子的种皮元素成分则表现出含钾量高的特征。
本文通过对批量旱生植物抗旱性强弱在种子层面上表现出的生理差异及种皮微形态结构特征的研究可知,荒漠地区旱生植物种子,吸水周期短、萌发能力强、种皮微形态结构复杂;较湿润地区旱生植物种子相对于荒漠地区植物种子,吸水周期长、萌发能力弱、种皮微形态结构简单。说明种子生理特点和种皮形态结构具有相同(似)水分区域的趋同性和不同水分区域的差异性,而且每种水分生境中的种子都具有适应当地水分条件的生理与形态特点。这说明水分环境与种子间存在相互选择,种子对水分环境的适应性能力不同。在植物漫长的系统演化过程中,植物是通过“环境影响功能,功能决定形态,形态适应环境”这个良性循环不断进化和繁衍!
另外,我们选用荒漠典型抗旱植物细枝岩黄耆(花棒)的种子为材料,对其种子的干旱胁迫和水恢复实验中各种抗氧化酶、蛋白等的变化进行了研究。同时,我们还研究了骆驼蓬的种子特性及群落分布特点,这些研究结果均有助于我们进一步了解植物种子的抗旱生理生化机制和群落分布规律,为荒漠治理及优势群落的发展与保护等提供理论依据。
我们对旱生植物种子与水分相关的适应性策略的研究,为种子在其它环境因素(温度、光照、土壤养分等)影响下的适应性机制研究提供了参考。同时,也是植物与环境适应性研究中的有益补充。
Although there is a large of arid or semi-arid area and abundant plant source in North China,the globle warm and environment change made so many xerophil species face to huge challenges of unfavorable environment,especially,water stress. Seeds have an important role that the only link from one year to the next also the terminal and start of the plant as an organ of reproduction.Thus,seeds adaptable ability under unfavorable conditions could directly influence population stability, population quantity,plant diversity and community structure.In previous study,the ability of plant resist-drought almost focuses on plant foot,corm and leaf,except seed, especially,large number kinds of plant species is not report.For this reason,we investigate the physiology and morphology's characteristics of different seeds which distributed in different regions in northern China under different water condition,to find out the important mechanism and strategies of adapted environment to protect population stability andplant diversity.
First of all,we tested the germination and water uptake rate of 47 species typical xerophil seeds grow up in north China from 20 families,38 genuses under sufficient water and different Grads water stress by high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol(PEG6000).The results show that Xerophil seeds from the same habitat exhibited similar patterns in response to water stress.Xerophil seeds from arid community were stronger in germination and imbibition than that from other two communities under serious water stress,whereas Xerophil seeds from humid community were sensitive to any degree of water stress.Namely,the seeds live in arid habitat possessed high germination and quickly water uptake in sufficient water or any degree of water stress,but the others grow up in humid habitat shown significant difference which germination and water uptake well under sufficient water but inhibited even if slight water stress.Secondly,we use the SEM photography of 47 xerophil seeds and combine with the data about rainfall of last 20 years in China to conclude that community-specific morphological traits displaying by seed coats were consistent with the pattern of water availability in different habitat.Arid(annual rainfall<200mm) species displayed complex and rough seed coats,while humid (annual rainfall>600mm) species exhibited simple and glossy seed coats.In contrast,semi-arid species showed transitive morphology of seed coats between arid and humid species.Thirdly,the elements of arid seed coats have high Ca,while the humid seed coats have high K.
In our research,we study the differences of seeds physiology and morphology and conclude that seed live in hungriness shown short period of imbibitions,strong ability of germination and complicated seed coat,contrarily this,seed live in humid region shown long period of imbibitions,weak ability of germination and simple seed coat.We can sum up this phenomenon is "the convergence in same habitat and difference in different habitats",mean that selectivity between environment and seeds, and the different of seed adaptive ability to environment.Our result shown that seeds live in same water condition has similar traits on physiology and morphology; different traits appeared among different rainfall region;but all seeds have adaptive traits in each habitat.Namely,in the long process of phylogeny,seeds ensure its development and production by migrated to more suitable moisture or developed superior traits to adapt environment,when the environment has changed.This is the general adaptive strategies to different water condition.
Additionally,we specially tested seeds antioxidant enzyme and protein of Hedysarum scoparium under drought stress or recover condition,and the Peganum harmala characteristics of seed traits and communities distribution to find out the mechanism of resist-drought.
Our research on seeds adaptive strategies to different water condition will supply a new thought and role to study the selectivity and adaption of seeds to other environments(i.e.temperature,light,soil).Also,it's an important supplement to research of plant adaptive strategies to environment.
首先,我们通过对20个科,38属,47种旱生植物种子在水分充足和不同梯度的干旱处理(聚乙二醇PEG6000)条件下的萌发率及吸水率实验发现,当水分胁迫强烈时,分布于干旱沙漠地区的植物种子其吸水率和萌发率都高于半干旱和湿润地区的植物群落,相反,湿润地区植物种子的吸水率和萌发率对任何的水分胁迫都表现出敏感的响应趋势,也就是说,生境恶劣的植物种子在较强的干旱胁迫下,仍然保持了较高较快的萌发率及吸水率,水分充足与水分缺乏时无显著差异,而生境相对较好的植物种子在水分充足情况下萌发与吸水良好,但在干旱胁迫时则受到明显抑制,水分充足与水分缺乏时差异显著。其次,通过比较47种旱生植物种子的SEM图片,并结合中国地区近20年年降水量图发现,植物群落分布在干旱荒漠地区,年降水量＜200mm的植物种皮具有形态规则、表皮粗糙的复杂结构特征;降水量较多(＞600mm)且气候适宜的较湿润地区的植物群落,其种皮具有形态杂乱,表皮光滑的简单结构特征;介于干旱与湿润地区的半干旱地区的植物种子,其种皮形态则属于从复杂到简单的过渡形态。第三,通过对这些植物种子种皮元素成分分析发现,干旱地区植物种子的种皮元素成分表现出含钙量高的特征,而湿润地区植物种子的种皮元素成分则表现出含钾量高的特征。
本文通过对批量旱生植物抗旱性强弱在种子层面上表现出的生理差异及种皮微形态结构特征的研究可知,荒漠地区旱生植物种子,吸水周期短、萌发能力强、种皮微形态结构复杂;较湿润地区旱生植物种子相对于荒漠地区植物种子,吸水周期长、萌发能力弱、种皮微形态结构简单。说明种子生理特点和种皮形态结构具有相同(似)水分区域的趋同性和不同水分区域的差异性,而且每种水分生境中的种子都具有适应当地水分条件的生理与形态特点。这说明水分环境与种子间存在相互选择,种子对水分环境的适应性能力不同。在植物漫长的系统演化过程中,植物是通过“环境影响功能,功能决定形态,形态适应环境”这个良性循环不断进化和繁衍!
另外,我们选用荒漠典型抗旱植物细枝岩黄耆(花棒)的种子为材料,对其种子的干旱胁迫和水恢复实验中各种抗氧化酶、蛋白等的变化进行了研究。同时,我们还研究了骆驼蓬的种子特性及群落分布特点,这些研究结果均有助于我们进一步了解植物种子的抗旱生理生化机制和群落分布规律,为荒漠治理及优势群落的发展与保护等提供理论依据。
我们对旱生植物种子与水分相关的适应性策略的研究,为种子在其它环境因素(温度、光照、土壤养分等)影响下的适应性机制研究提供了参考。同时,也是植物与环境适应性研究中的有益补充。
Although there is a large of arid or semi-arid area and abundant plant source in North China,the globle warm and environment change made so many xerophil species face to huge challenges of unfavorable environment,especially,water stress. Seeds have an important role that the only link from one year to the next also the terminal and start of the plant as an organ of reproduction.Thus,seeds adaptable ability under unfavorable conditions could directly influence population stability, population quantity,plant diversity and community structure.In previous study,the ability of plant resist-drought almost focuses on plant foot,corm and leaf,except seed, especially,large number kinds of plant species is not report.For this reason,we investigate the physiology and morphology's characteristics of different seeds which distributed in different regions in northern China under different water condition,to find out the important mechanism and strategies of adapted environment to protect population stability andplant diversity.
First of all,we tested the germination and water uptake rate of 47 species typical xerophil seeds grow up in north China from 20 families,38 genuses under sufficient water and different Grads water stress by high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol(PEG6000).The results show that Xerophil seeds from the same habitat exhibited similar patterns in response to water stress.Xerophil seeds from arid community were stronger in germination and imbibition than that from other two communities under serious water stress,whereas Xerophil seeds from humid community were sensitive to any degree of water stress.Namely,the seeds live in arid habitat possessed high germination and quickly water uptake in sufficient water or any degree of water stress,but the others grow up in humid habitat shown significant difference which germination and water uptake well under sufficient water but inhibited even if slight water stress.Secondly,we use the SEM photography of 47 xerophil seeds and combine with the data about rainfall of last 20 years in China to conclude that community-specific morphological traits displaying by seed coats were consistent with the pattern of water availability in different habitat.Arid(annual rainfall<200mm) species displayed complex and rough seed coats,while humid (annual rainfall>600mm) species exhibited simple and glossy seed coats.In contrast,semi-arid species showed transitive morphology of seed coats between arid and humid species.Thirdly,the elements of arid seed coats have high Ca,while the humid seed coats have high K.
In our research,we study the differences of seeds physiology and morphology and conclude that seed live in hungriness shown short period of imbibitions,strong ability of germination and complicated seed coat,contrarily this,seed live in humid region shown long period of imbibitions,weak ability of germination and simple seed coat.We can sum up this phenomenon is "the convergence in same habitat and difference in different habitats",mean that selectivity between environment and seeds, and the different of seed adaptive ability to environment.Our result shown that seeds live in same water condition has similar traits on physiology and morphology; different traits appeared among different rainfall region;but all seeds have adaptive traits in each habitat.Namely,in the long process of phylogeny,seeds ensure its development and production by migrated to more suitable moisture or developed superior traits to adapt environment,when the environment has changed.This is the general adaptive strategies to different water condition.
Additionally,we specially tested seeds antioxidant enzyme and protein of Hedysarum scoparium under drought stress or recover condition,and the Peganum harmala characteristics of seed traits and communities distribution to find out the mechanism of resist-drought.
Our research on seeds adaptive strategies to different water condition will supply a new thought and role to study the selectivity and adaption of seeds to other environments(i.e.temperature,light,soil).Also,it's an important supplement to research of plant adaptive strategies to environment.
引文
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