麻栎SPAC界面水分非稳态传输过程的研究
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摘要
森林是陆地生态系统的主体,对调节气候、维持水资源平衡具有重要作用。掌握森林个体和群体水分传输特性对区域水量平衡的影响是评价森林生态效应的重要依据。以往由于对植物的内在耗水规律和传输过程缺乏了解,导致现有人工林管理存在很大盲目性,仅停留在经验管理的粗放水平上,致使自然生态环境现状和要求之间以及水资源供需之间矛盾突出,森林资源数量和质量远远不能满足改善生态环境、调节水资源平衡的需求。本文以山东省山地次生林主要树种麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carr.)为研究对象,以揭示其SPAC界面,即土壤-植物-大气连续体(Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum,简称SPAC),水分传输特性和耗水规律为目标,进而为麻栎耗水性的评价、林分耗水尺度扩展、林分结构调整提供理论和实践依据。
利用盆栽试验研究方法,结合野外林分环境下活立木的测定,利用CIRAS-2光合作用测定系统和TPS-1蒸腾作用测定系统测定分析了叶片蒸腾及气孔调节作用;利用Delta-T全自动微型气象站全天候检测林分气象和土壤生态环境因子的时空变化过程,利用TDP-30(Thermal Dissipation Probe)树干径流测定系统连续测定分析了单木树干边材木质部液流的时空变化规律;利用PSΨPRO露点微伏压计测定土壤和叶片水势,利用植物水势压力室测定植物组织水势,利用AQUA-TEL-TDR土壤时域反射仪测定土壤容积含水量,利用冲洗法(Flashing Method)和自行设计的装备测定树木输导组织的导水性、栓塞脆弱性和组织、树干水容。
本文重点研究了麻栎苗木的SPAC界面的蒸腾作用、气孔调节;在不同层面上测定分析了麻栎水分传输过程、空变异规律、液流特性及其主要影响因子;从叶片气孔特征及麻栎木质部水分输导组织显微结构和导水性、组织水容、栓塞脆弱性等不同侧面研究并揭示了麻栎自身存在的SPAC界面水分传输非稳态过程和调节机制;研究了人工控制条件下,麻栎盆栽苗木的SPAC界面土壤、叶片水势随干旱胁迫加强的变化规律,发现干旱胁迫加强,麻栎土壤、叶片水势下降;实测了干旱胁迫期间麻栎叶片的蒸腾速率和气孔导度变化,以及麻栎叶片气孔密度、气孔开度、气孔长、短轴日变化规律;分析了环境因子对麻栎叶片蒸腾速率、气孔开度的影响及其相关性。
从单木水平上,研究麻栎树干边材液流时空变异规律,边材液流的日变化和季节变化,日变化具有“启动、液流上升、峰值出现、下降、进入低谷”等特征,季节变化表现在液流速率夏季>春季>秋季。比较了不同树干高度、不同树干方位、不同树干直径边材液流速率、液流通量的差异,统计分析了麻栎不同直径一天中各时段输水量动态。分析不同季节贮水量变化发现,春季树干贮水量变化较大,树干水分增加,有连日积累现象;秋季树干贮水量变化不大,树干水分相对稳定。春季树干相对补水时间每日约为20 h,秋季约10～12 h。
结合林分内部环境因子动态变化,分析了环境因子对麻栎单木边材液流的影响。不同深度土壤温度、相对湿度在不同季节对麻栎边材液流速率和通量的影响不同;空气温度和相对湿度对麻栎树干边材液流速率和液流通量的影响存在差异;风速较低时,液流随风速的增加较快,但风速达到1.2 m/s后,风速增加对液流的影响并不明显。太阳辐射和净辐射对液流的影响较为显著,两者达到极显著水平,是影响液流的主要环境因子。大气饱和水汽压亏缺VPD,对液流的影响相关较小。
树干高度不同,影响边材液流的相关因子有差异,太阳净辐射对麻栎树干边材液流的影响最大,成极显著正相关,主要决定树干下部边材液流特征;空气温度、湿度对树干边材液流的影响小于太阳净辐射,主要影响树干上部边材液流,空气温度与液流成正相关,与湿度成负相关。
基于对多种曲线模型对麻栎液流特征进行曲线估计,分别建立了各环境因子的模拟曲线方程,方程的有效性存在差异。验证空气相对湿度和净辐射的模拟和求解,对空气相对湿度采用三次方程y = 0 .0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa3模拟液流速率,存在一定误差,采用y = 0. 0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa3模拟液流通量,效果较好。采用方程y = 0 .0002+2.2E-06×TBB-3.0E?09×TBB2 +3.1E-12×TBB3模拟净辐射与液流速率的关系,预测值和实测值基本吻合,采用三次方程对液流通量进行模拟,模拟效果也较好,方程为y = 21 .7665+0.2030×TBB-0.0003×TBB2 +2.7E-07×TBB~3。不同季节麻栎树干不同高度边材液流速率、液流通量均存在非稳态流动。季节不同液流速率和液流通量剧烈波动期和相对稳定期存在差异,顺延时差分析表现为液流速率和液流通量变幅和变动频率差别较大,但在总体上,麻栎液流特征顺延差异非稳态过程,是一个白天成倒“V”型,夜晚“V”型曲线。
比较了麻栎根、枝条、叶片显微结构的差异,包括导管直径、密度,分布、相对传导面积。研究了麻栎枝条导水特性及枝条水势下降过程木质部栓塞过程,比较了不同季节麻栎枝条的栓塞脆弱性。研究了麻栎不同季节苗木枝条水容特征和树干水容、水分传输阻力日变化及影响因子,发现SPAC界面水势值本身与麻栎树干液流特征、蒸腾速率的相关性较小,但对土壤-麻栎系统阻力的影响较大,其中土壤水势对系统阻力的影响最大,为-0.709达到极显著水平,根系水势的影响次之,相关系数为-0.634,叶水势对系统阻力的影响最小,仅为-0.583。
麻栎树干水容时均值日变化规律明显,呈单峰曲线。清晨树干水容较小,仅为0.41 kg·Mpa-1,随后树干水容开始增加,近中午树干水容增至1.64 kg·Mpa-1,过午树干水容值缓慢降低,至17:00~18:00时麻栎树干水容值下降至0.83 kg·Mpa-1。研究麻栎树干边材液流瞬态效应发现:上、中和下部树干边材液流与太阳净辐射变化的延迟时间分为80 min、20 min和30 min;空气温度分别提前60 min、130 min、110 min后分别与树干边材液流动态相关性最好;空气相对湿度与树干下部边材液流波动之间的时间差值约90 min,提前160 min后与树干上部边材液流流速的相关系数最大,提前170 min后与树干中部液流变化动态相关性最高。
As the principal part of terrene ecosystem, forest contributed an important rule for climate accommodating and water resource equilibrium. Grasping the effect of forest individual and colony water transfer characteristic to regional water balance is the importance references to appraising forest ecological effect. For a long time, due to low awareness of water consumption and transportation law for plants, supervising of standing forest in existence was considered blindly. Shortage in forest resource mass and quality can not satisfy the need of ecological environmental and water resource balance for agriculture and industry and other social affairs’sustainable development and cuased a serious conflict between now day’s demand and nature state of environment degradation and water resource sparseness. In order to evaluate Quercus acutissima’s water transportation and consumption characteristic in the SPAC interface, namely soil-plant-atmosphere continua, and fulfill water consumption scaling-up method form single tree to stand scale, and provide theoretical foundation for forest construction adjustment, the hilly terrain second growth principal species of Quercus acutissima was investigated in this paper.
By using pot experiment and on forest spot research, water transportation characteristics and water consumption controlling mechanisms of seedlings and wood trees of Quercus acutissima were researched. Many instrument and equipment was used in this research: CIRAS-2 photosynthesis system and TPS-1 for leaf transpiration and stomatal conductance adjustment measurement, Delta-T auto-moveable climatic station for all-weather forest air and soil environmental eco-factors measurement, Thermal Dissipation Probe (TDP-30) for single tree sapwood flow’s temporal-and-spatial fluctuation, PSΨPRO micro-dew point voltage meter for soil and leaf water potential, AQUA-TEL-TDR time and space echo-meter for soil moisture measurement, Flashing Method and a set of developed instrument for branch tissue water conductance measurement and embolism vulnerability analysis, and stem water were measured by these methods. Tree’s leaf transpiration and water conductance and its influence factors were measured and analyzed, and tree’s self biological water unsteady transportation and consumption mechanisms, such as stomatal adjustment, tissue water capacitance, sapwood water conductance tissue structure, sap flow temporal-and-spatial fluctuation, and sapwood embolism vulnerability, tissue and stem water capacitance and so on was analyzed.
With hand control conditions, leaf and soil water potential of potted seedlings in response to drought stress was researched. The results showed that soil and leaf water potential dropped along with drought stress degree. Leaf transpiration velocity ,stomatal conductance, stomatal density, stomatal opening, length and minor axis of stomata daily fluctuation were measured during drought stress period. Correlationship between leaf transpiration velocity, stomatal conductance and environmental factors was analysised.
On single tree level, sap flow temporal-and-spatial variation law, daily fluctuation and seasonal variations of Quercus acutissima were researched. The characteristics of sap flow daily fluctuation were curved by“start-up, rose, peak value, descent, trough”. Sap flow seasonal variations of Quercus acutissima was expressed by sap flow velocity: Summer > Springtime > Autumn. Sap flow velocity and fluid-in-flux of Quercus acutissima in different trunk height,different stem orientations,different stem diameters were compared. The water delivery dynamic in daily parts of Quercus acutissima was analyzed with statistical methods. Spring trunk poundage fluctuated sharply and extended greatly than that in autumn. The relative trunk water restoring time in spring was about 20 hours, and 10~12 hours longer than that in autumn.
The influence of environmental factors to single tree sap flow of Quercus acutissima was analyzed based on the incorporation of dynamic variation environmental factors inside of standing forest. The influence of different depth of soil temperature and relative humidity to sap flow velocity and density of Quercus acutissima differed in seasons. There were a difference between the influence of air temperature and relative humidity to sap flow velocity and fluid-in-flux of Quercus acutissima. In lower wind speed, sap flow velocity increased quickly along with wind speed, but when wind speed reached 1.2 m / s, sap flow velocity augmented slowly. It was significant that the influence of solar radiation and net radiation to sap flow. The correlation between solar radiation, net radiation and sap flow velocity, density were in level of significance, so solar radiation and net radiation were the main effect environmental factors to sap flow. The influence of atmosphere saturation vapor pressure deficient to sap flow was smaller.
The daily rhythm of environmental factors such as TBB, TPa, RHa in the stand were regularly and similar to sap flow significantly, not like the TPs, RHs which had no significant correlations to sap flow during measuring period. TBB showed positive and highest respond to the SFV. The influence of TPa and RHa to SFV was smaller than TBB, with positive and negative correlation to SFV respectively.
Based on the curve estimate of sap flow characteristic of Quercus acutissima using manifold curve model, the simulation curvilinear equation of environmental factors to sap flow were founded, but the availability of these equations differed each other. The models of relative humidity of air and net radiation to sap flow were tested and verified. We build prediction cubic equation to fit the relationship of air relative humidity to sap flow velocity and density. Their expressions were: y = 0. 0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa~3, y = 0. 0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa~3.
There was a certainty error existed the relationship between air relative humidity and sap flow velocity. The effect of the simulation of air relative humidity to sap flow density was creditable. The simulation equation of net radiation with sap flow velocity and sap flow density was adopted as follows: y = 0 .0002+2.2E-06×TBB-3.0E-09×TBB2 +3.1E-12×TBB~3, y = 21 .7665+0.2030×TBB-0.0003×TBB2 +2.7E-07×TBB3. The predictor based on cubic equation agreed with reasonably measured value very well.
The unsteady sap flow velocity and density were existed in different seasons and different trunk height. In different seasons, the acute fluctuation and relative stabilization phase of sap flow velocity and density were different. The amplitude and frequency of fluctuation of sap flow differed greatly by comparing the postponed step-out time analysis. But on the whole, the unsteady state course of sap flow characteristics of Quercus acutissima was a type curve of reverse“V”in days and“V”at night.
The microstructural difference of Quercus acutissima root, twig and leaf were compared, including vessel diameter, vessel density, distribution and relatively conduction area. Twigs' hydraulic conductivity and xylem embolism vulnerability of Quercus acutissima was researched and compared during the period of water potential of twigs dropping in different seasons. Twig's water capacitance characteristics of Quercus acutissima seedling in different seasons, trunk water capacitance, daily fluctuation of hydraulic transportation resistance and it's influence factors were researched. The correlation of sap flow characteristics and transpiration velocity of Quercus acutissima stem to water potential in the interface of SPAC were smaller. The influence of water potential in the SPAC interface to system resistance was very bigger. The correlation index of soil water potential to system resistance was the biggest with -0.709 in level of significance. The influence of root system water potential taken second place, with correlation index of -0.634. The correlation index only to -0.583 was the least influence of leaf water potential to system resistance.
The diurnal variation of trunk hydraulic capacitance of Q. acutissima assumed uni-model curve in unsteady environment. In early morning, the time average of trunk hydraulic capacitance was smaller, with 0.41 kg·MPa-1. Subsequently, the trunk hydraulic capacitance was increasing and mounted up to maxima 1.64 kg·MPa-1 all day along at 10:00~11:00 o’clock. In afternoon, the time average of trunk hydraulic capacitance was decreasing slowly. At 17:00~18:00 pm, the trunk hydraulic capacitance went down 0.83 kg·MPa-1. The effect of trunk hydraulic capacitance on sap flow velocity and density was significant, with the correlation coefficient of 0.925, 0.924 respectively. The correlation between trunk hydraulic capacitance and leaf transpiration taken second place compared to the correlation of trunk hydraulic capacitance to sap flow, with correlation coefficient of 0.802.
The temporal dynamic response of measured stem flow to main climatic forcing was exploited using the cross-correlation analysis, Correlations over a range of time lag -100 min to +180 min. For TBB versus SFV, correlation ranged from 0.265 to 0.944; whereas from 0.409 to 0.869 and form -0.406 to -0.159 for TPa versus SFV and RHa versus SFV, respectively. The lag time about 80 min,20 min,30 min was detected between SFV versus TBB ;whereas, TPa lags SFV by 60 min,130 min,110 min and RHa lags SFV by 170 min,160 min,90 min in upper trunk, mid-trunk, lower trunk, respectively. Studies suggested that patterns of daily and diurnal SFV fluctuation were different in three height of trunk. The main environmental factors affected sap flow were TBB, TPa, RHa, with positive and negative correlation to SFV, although their effect were not similar to each other. The correlation of sap flow respond to environmental factors indicated substantially that there were lag effect between SFV and synchronization data of TBB, TPa, RHa by cross-correlation analysis.
利用盆栽试验研究方法,结合野外林分环境下活立木的测定,利用CIRAS-2光合作用测定系统和TPS-1蒸腾作用测定系统测定分析了叶片蒸腾及气孔调节作用;利用Delta-T全自动微型气象站全天候检测林分气象和土壤生态环境因子的时空变化过程,利用TDP-30(Thermal Dissipation Probe)树干径流测定系统连续测定分析了单木树干边材木质部液流的时空变化规律;利用PSΨPRO露点微伏压计测定土壤和叶片水势,利用植物水势压力室测定植物组织水势,利用AQUA-TEL-TDR土壤时域反射仪测定土壤容积含水量,利用冲洗法(Flashing Method)和自行设计的装备测定树木输导组织的导水性、栓塞脆弱性和组织、树干水容。
本文重点研究了麻栎苗木的SPAC界面的蒸腾作用、气孔调节;在不同层面上测定分析了麻栎水分传输过程、空变异规律、液流特性及其主要影响因子;从叶片气孔特征及麻栎木质部水分输导组织显微结构和导水性、组织水容、栓塞脆弱性等不同侧面研究并揭示了麻栎自身存在的SPAC界面水分传输非稳态过程和调节机制;研究了人工控制条件下,麻栎盆栽苗木的SPAC界面土壤、叶片水势随干旱胁迫加强的变化规律,发现干旱胁迫加强,麻栎土壤、叶片水势下降;实测了干旱胁迫期间麻栎叶片的蒸腾速率和气孔导度变化,以及麻栎叶片气孔密度、气孔开度、气孔长、短轴日变化规律;分析了环境因子对麻栎叶片蒸腾速率、气孔开度的影响及其相关性。
从单木水平上,研究麻栎树干边材液流时空变异规律,边材液流的日变化和季节变化,日变化具有“启动、液流上升、峰值出现、下降、进入低谷”等特征,季节变化表现在液流速率夏季>春季>秋季。比较了不同树干高度、不同树干方位、不同树干直径边材液流速率、液流通量的差异,统计分析了麻栎不同直径一天中各时段输水量动态。分析不同季节贮水量变化发现,春季树干贮水量变化较大,树干水分增加,有连日积累现象;秋季树干贮水量变化不大,树干水分相对稳定。春季树干相对补水时间每日约为20 h,秋季约10～12 h。
结合林分内部环境因子动态变化,分析了环境因子对麻栎单木边材液流的影响。不同深度土壤温度、相对湿度在不同季节对麻栎边材液流速率和通量的影响不同;空气温度和相对湿度对麻栎树干边材液流速率和液流通量的影响存在差异;风速较低时,液流随风速的增加较快,但风速达到1.2 m/s后,风速增加对液流的影响并不明显。太阳辐射和净辐射对液流的影响较为显著,两者达到极显著水平,是影响液流的主要环境因子。大气饱和水汽压亏缺VPD,对液流的影响相关较小。
树干高度不同,影响边材液流的相关因子有差异,太阳净辐射对麻栎树干边材液流的影响最大,成极显著正相关,主要决定树干下部边材液流特征;空气温度、湿度对树干边材液流的影响小于太阳净辐射,主要影响树干上部边材液流,空气温度与液流成正相关,与湿度成负相关。
基于对多种曲线模型对麻栎液流特征进行曲线估计,分别建立了各环境因子的模拟曲线方程,方程的有效性存在差异。验证空气相对湿度和净辐射的模拟和求解,对空气相对湿度采用三次方程y = 0 .0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa3模拟液流速率,存在一定误差,采用y = 0. 0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa3模拟液流通量,效果较好。采用方程y = 0 .0002+2.2E-06×TBB-3.0E?09×TBB2 +3.1E-12×TBB3模拟净辐射与液流速率的关系,预测值和实测值基本吻合,采用三次方程对液流通量进行模拟,模拟效果也较好,方程为y = 21 .7665+0.2030×TBB-0.0003×TBB2 +2.7E-07×TBB~3。不同季节麻栎树干不同高度边材液流速率、液流通量均存在非稳态流动。季节不同液流速率和液流通量剧烈波动期和相对稳定期存在差异,顺延时差分析表现为液流速率和液流通量变幅和变动频率差别较大,但在总体上,麻栎液流特征顺延差异非稳态过程,是一个白天成倒“V”型,夜晚“V”型曲线。
比较了麻栎根、枝条、叶片显微结构的差异,包括导管直径、密度,分布、相对传导面积。研究了麻栎枝条导水特性及枝条水势下降过程木质部栓塞过程,比较了不同季节麻栎枝条的栓塞脆弱性。研究了麻栎不同季节苗木枝条水容特征和树干水容、水分传输阻力日变化及影响因子,发现SPAC界面水势值本身与麻栎树干液流特征、蒸腾速率的相关性较小,但对土壤-麻栎系统阻力的影响较大,其中土壤水势对系统阻力的影响最大,为-0.709达到极显著水平,根系水势的影响次之,相关系数为-0.634,叶水势对系统阻力的影响最小,仅为-0.583。
麻栎树干水容时均值日变化规律明显,呈单峰曲线。清晨树干水容较小,仅为0.41 kg·Mpa-1,随后树干水容开始增加,近中午树干水容增至1.64 kg·Mpa-1,过午树干水容值缓慢降低,至17:00~18:00时麻栎树干水容值下降至0.83 kg·Mpa-1。研究麻栎树干边材液流瞬态效应发现:上、中和下部树干边材液流与太阳净辐射变化的延迟时间分为80 min、20 min和30 min;空气温度分别提前60 min、130 min、110 min后分别与树干边材液流动态相关性最好;空气相对湿度与树干下部边材液流波动之间的时间差值约90 min,提前160 min后与树干上部边材液流流速的相关系数最大,提前170 min后与树干中部液流变化动态相关性最高。
As the principal part of terrene ecosystem, forest contributed an important rule for climate accommodating and water resource equilibrium. Grasping the effect of forest individual and colony water transfer characteristic to regional water balance is the importance references to appraising forest ecological effect. For a long time, due to low awareness of water consumption and transportation law for plants, supervising of standing forest in existence was considered blindly. Shortage in forest resource mass and quality can not satisfy the need of ecological environmental and water resource balance for agriculture and industry and other social affairs’sustainable development and cuased a serious conflict between now day’s demand and nature state of environment degradation and water resource sparseness. In order to evaluate Quercus acutissima’s water transportation and consumption characteristic in the SPAC interface, namely soil-plant-atmosphere continua, and fulfill water consumption scaling-up method form single tree to stand scale, and provide theoretical foundation for forest construction adjustment, the hilly terrain second growth principal species of Quercus acutissima was investigated in this paper.
By using pot experiment and on forest spot research, water transportation characteristics and water consumption controlling mechanisms of seedlings and wood trees of Quercus acutissima were researched. Many instrument and equipment was used in this research: CIRAS-2 photosynthesis system and TPS-1 for leaf transpiration and stomatal conductance adjustment measurement, Delta-T auto-moveable climatic station for all-weather forest air and soil environmental eco-factors measurement, Thermal Dissipation Probe (TDP-30) for single tree sapwood flow’s temporal-and-spatial fluctuation, PSΨPRO micro-dew point voltage meter for soil and leaf water potential, AQUA-TEL-TDR time and space echo-meter for soil moisture measurement, Flashing Method and a set of developed instrument for branch tissue water conductance measurement and embolism vulnerability analysis, and stem water were measured by these methods. Tree’s leaf transpiration and water conductance and its influence factors were measured and analyzed, and tree’s self biological water unsteady transportation and consumption mechanisms, such as stomatal adjustment, tissue water capacitance, sapwood water conductance tissue structure, sap flow temporal-and-spatial fluctuation, and sapwood embolism vulnerability, tissue and stem water capacitance and so on was analyzed.
With hand control conditions, leaf and soil water potential of potted seedlings in response to drought stress was researched. The results showed that soil and leaf water potential dropped along with drought stress degree. Leaf transpiration velocity ,stomatal conductance, stomatal density, stomatal opening, length and minor axis of stomata daily fluctuation were measured during drought stress period. Correlationship between leaf transpiration velocity, stomatal conductance and environmental factors was analysised.
On single tree level, sap flow temporal-and-spatial variation law, daily fluctuation and seasonal variations of Quercus acutissima were researched. The characteristics of sap flow daily fluctuation were curved by“start-up, rose, peak value, descent, trough”. Sap flow seasonal variations of Quercus acutissima was expressed by sap flow velocity: Summer > Springtime > Autumn. Sap flow velocity and fluid-in-flux of Quercus acutissima in different trunk height,different stem orientations,different stem diameters were compared. The water delivery dynamic in daily parts of Quercus acutissima was analyzed with statistical methods. Spring trunk poundage fluctuated sharply and extended greatly than that in autumn. The relative trunk water restoring time in spring was about 20 hours, and 10~12 hours longer than that in autumn.
The influence of environmental factors to single tree sap flow of Quercus acutissima was analyzed based on the incorporation of dynamic variation environmental factors inside of standing forest. The influence of different depth of soil temperature and relative humidity to sap flow velocity and density of Quercus acutissima differed in seasons. There were a difference between the influence of air temperature and relative humidity to sap flow velocity and fluid-in-flux of Quercus acutissima. In lower wind speed, sap flow velocity increased quickly along with wind speed, but when wind speed reached 1.2 m / s, sap flow velocity augmented slowly. It was significant that the influence of solar radiation and net radiation to sap flow. The correlation between solar radiation, net radiation and sap flow velocity, density were in level of significance, so solar radiation and net radiation were the main effect environmental factors to sap flow. The influence of atmosphere saturation vapor pressure deficient to sap flow was smaller.
The daily rhythm of environmental factors such as TBB, TPa, RHa in the stand were regularly and similar to sap flow significantly, not like the TPs, RHs which had no significant correlations to sap flow during measuring period. TBB showed positive and highest respond to the SFV. The influence of TPa and RHa to SFV was smaller than TBB, with positive and negative correlation to SFV respectively.
Based on the curve estimate of sap flow characteristic of Quercus acutissima using manifold curve model, the simulation curvilinear equation of environmental factors to sap flow were founded, but the availability of these equations differed each other. The models of relative humidity of air and net radiation to sap flow were tested and verified. We build prediction cubic equation to fit the relationship of air relative humidity to sap flow velocity and density. Their expressions were: y = 0. 0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa~3, y = 0. 0045-8.0E-05×RHa+3.3E-09×RHa~3.
There was a certainty error existed the relationship between air relative humidity and sap flow velocity. The effect of the simulation of air relative humidity to sap flow density was creditable. The simulation equation of net radiation with sap flow velocity and sap flow density was adopted as follows: y = 0 .0002+2.2E-06×TBB-3.0E-09×TBB2 +3.1E-12×TBB~3, y = 21 .7665+0.2030×TBB-0.0003×TBB2 +2.7E-07×TBB3. The predictor based on cubic equation agreed with reasonably measured value very well.
The unsteady sap flow velocity and density were existed in different seasons and different trunk height. In different seasons, the acute fluctuation and relative stabilization phase of sap flow velocity and density were different. The amplitude and frequency of fluctuation of sap flow differed greatly by comparing the postponed step-out time analysis. But on the whole, the unsteady state course of sap flow characteristics of Quercus acutissima was a type curve of reverse“V”in days and“V”at night.
The microstructural difference of Quercus acutissima root, twig and leaf were compared, including vessel diameter, vessel density, distribution and relatively conduction area. Twigs' hydraulic conductivity and xylem embolism vulnerability of Quercus acutissima was researched and compared during the period of water potential of twigs dropping in different seasons. Twig's water capacitance characteristics of Quercus acutissima seedling in different seasons, trunk water capacitance, daily fluctuation of hydraulic transportation resistance and it's influence factors were researched. The correlation of sap flow characteristics and transpiration velocity of Quercus acutissima stem to water potential in the interface of SPAC were smaller. The influence of water potential in the SPAC interface to system resistance was very bigger. The correlation index of soil water potential to system resistance was the biggest with -0.709 in level of significance. The influence of root system water potential taken second place, with correlation index of -0.634. The correlation index only to -0.583 was the least influence of leaf water potential to system resistance.
The diurnal variation of trunk hydraulic capacitance of Q. acutissima assumed uni-model curve in unsteady environment. In early morning, the time average of trunk hydraulic capacitance was smaller, with 0.41 kg·MPa-1. Subsequently, the trunk hydraulic capacitance was increasing and mounted up to maxima 1.64 kg·MPa-1 all day along at 10:00~11:00 o’clock. In afternoon, the time average of trunk hydraulic capacitance was decreasing slowly. At 17:00~18:00 pm, the trunk hydraulic capacitance went down 0.83 kg·MPa-1. The effect of trunk hydraulic capacitance on sap flow velocity and density was significant, with the correlation coefficient of 0.925, 0.924 respectively. The correlation between trunk hydraulic capacitance and leaf transpiration taken second place compared to the correlation of trunk hydraulic capacitance to sap flow, with correlation coefficient of 0.802.
The temporal dynamic response of measured stem flow to main climatic forcing was exploited using the cross-correlation analysis, Correlations over a range of time lag -100 min to +180 min. For TBB versus SFV, correlation ranged from 0.265 to 0.944; whereas from 0.409 to 0.869 and form -0.406 to -0.159 for TPa versus SFV and RHa versus SFV, respectively. The lag time about 80 min,20 min,30 min was detected between SFV versus TBB ;whereas, TPa lags SFV by 60 min,130 min,110 min and RHa lags SFV by 170 min,160 min,90 min in upper trunk, mid-trunk, lower trunk, respectively. Studies suggested that patterns of daily and diurnal SFV fluctuation were different in three height of trunk. The main environmental factors affected sap flow were TBB, TPa, RHa, with positive and negative correlation to SFV, although their effect were not similar to each other. The correlation of sap flow respond to environmental factors indicated substantially that there were lag effect between SFV and synchronization data of TBB, TPa, RHa by cross-correlation analysis.
引文
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