从期待视野和译文读者反应看林纾翻译
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摘要
林纾在中国翻译史上是一位具有广泛影响力的译者,“林译”己成为一种独特的翻译现象:一方面,他不懂任何外语却又能译出180多部外国作品;另一方面,他的译作以优美的古文风格和流畅的笔调深受读者喜爱,却又因对原作的故意改写改译饱受文学翻译批评家的批评甚至指责。为何林纾的改译能深受读者欢迎,这是一个值得我们去探讨的有意义的话题。很重要的一点在于他的译作是以目的语读者为中心。而接受美学和奈达的译文读者反应理论的发展为我们解释读者导向的翻译提供了一个合理的视角,从此,我们能求证林纾改译的翻译策略。
许多传统的文学翻译理论将“作者中心论”和“文本中心论”放置于绝对统治地位,而没有考虑到读者的接受问题,甚至也没有考虑到在文学翻译过程中,译者应当依据读者的接受和反应来选用不同的翻译策略。在翻译实践中,又过于强调译文对于原文的绝对忠实,并以此为主要衡量标准来评价译文的质量,因而对译者的评价也就难免有失偏颇。20世纪60年代,以现象学和哲学阐释学为理论基础、以人的接受实践为依据的接受美学的诞生,使人们找到了翻译研究新的研究方法:从读者接受的角度来考察译文文本。根据读者反应理论(主要是奈达的读者反应理论)和接受美学中的读者期待视野概念,译者对读者的期待视野和阅读反应的充分考虑,将导致翻译策略的迥异,因为,译者将视读者为能动的、有创造力的接受者,并以此为基础去考虑翻译策略问题。本文从这一视角审视林纾的主要文学译作,以期能更客观全面地说明其译作在当时的社会历史环境下被接受的合理性。鉴于翻译过程中译作对其读者的社会认知和情感所产生的重要影响,以及译作及其读者反应对译者既定社会地位的影响,本研究将采用翻译研究的因果模式来审视林纾翻译作品中各要素之间的关系,例如林纾所处社会历史环境、当时翻译传统、主流文学标准和意识形态对他的翻译目的和翻译策略(包括翻译文本和翻译方法选择)的影响和决定作用。
通过对林纾的译本分析,本文首先阐述期待视野和读者反应理论的共同点,即读者因素被放置于前所未有的重要地位。从而指出将二者同时应用于翻译研究领域的可行性和意义。其次,从读者期待视野视角考察林纾译作。指出,他“警醒同胞”的翻译目的与当时读者所期待救亡图存的爱国主义情感需求是一致的。最后,从读者反应来探讨林纾翻译语言的选择和归化策略问题,指出他的“古文”译文、以时间为转移的传统叙事手法和小说风格,以及他对有关伦理道德、婚姻爱情、男女关系地位和宗教信仰等因素所采用的有意删减、增添、改译等翻译策略都是符合读者的阅读需求和审美标准的。
以目的语读者为取向的翻译研究将是否迎合目的语读者及其社会文化需求视为一部成功译作的主要标准。因而,对林译的研究有助于我们进一步深入以目的语(读者)为取向的文学翻译研究。毋庸置疑,一部好的译作应服务于它的读者,只有受读者欢迎的翻译作品才能算是一部好作品。本文从林纾翻译的社会文化和历史时代背景出发,以目的语读者的接受和反应为视角分析得出:林译作品符合当时读者的阅读习惯和爱国情感需求,他所做出的有意改写是服务于当时目的语文化和读者需求的,而他的译作应被视为好作品。然而,如何去满足不断变化的读者期待视野,如何去迎合不同读者群的阅读需求和审美标准,以及如何从期待视野和译文读者反应视角解释林纾的非文学翻译现象,这些问题都有待进一步研究和探讨。
Lin Shu is one of the most influential translators in Chinese translation history. His translation has become a unique phenomenon in the field of translation studies. On the one hand, without the knowledge of any foreign languages, he can still translate over one hundred and eighty foreign works; on the other hand, his translations enjoy great popularity at his time. However, Lin Shu's translations have been criticized by some famous translation critics for his intentional adaptations. Then, it is a significant task for us to seek the reason for both the popularity and contributions of his translations to the translation causes. One of the prominent features of his translations are target reader-oriented. Furthermore, the development of reception aesthetics and Nida's target reader's response theory has provided us with a good perspective to justify Lin's translations.
Among traditional literary translation theories, both the author-oriented theory and the source text-oriented theory have occupied a definitely predominant position. And most of them have not taken the readers' reception of translation into consideration, nor have they considered that translation strategies should depend on the readers' reception and response in the translating process. The principles, which stress absolute fidelity of the target text to the source text, have been overemphasized. And the quality of translations has been mainly evaluated according to that principle. In the 1960s, with the birth of reception aesthetics theory, which is based on people's reception practice, whose theoretical basis is phenomenology and philosophical hermeneutics, a new research method, known as an important revolution on methodology, has been established. According to the reception aesthetics and readers' response theory, the translator should take the readers' role and status into full consideration when he deals with various elements in literary translations. Readers should be regarded as the active and creative receptors during the translating process, which plays an important role in the choices of original texts and translation techniques.
This thesis has discussed Lin Shu's translations in the light of reader's reception and response with the purpose of justifying the rationality and feasibility of his translations in the given social and historical environment at his time. The Causal Model in translation studies has been applied to expound the decisive factors of Lin's translation choices and strategies.
First of all, this thesis affirms the similarities between horizon of expectation and target reader's response theory in taking the role of reader into consideration in translating. Thus, it points out the viability and significance of the application of these two perspectives in understanding Lin Shu's translation strategies. And then, Lin Shu's translations have been studied in the light of reader's horizon of expectation. This thesis also evinces that Lin Shu's translation purpose of warning his fellow countrymen and provoking the readers' patriotic emotions. Finally, it discusses the issues of Lin Shu's translation languages and domesticating strategy in the light of target reader's response theory. It concludes that Lin Shu's translations in classical Chinese, traditional narrative techniques and his intentional adaptations concerning with the ethical, romantic and religious elements awaken his readers' reading interest and meet their aesthetic standards.
The target reader-oriented translation studies regard the target readers and their socio-cultural needs as the primary translation criteria. Thus, the studies on Lin's translations can help us a great deal to probe into the target reader-oriented literary translation studies. There is no doubt that an ideal translation should serve his readers. The popularity of a translation is the hallmark of a good translation. In conclusion, Lin Shu's translations have met the readers' reading and emotional needs, and his intentional adaptations have served the target readers. Therefore, in the light of his reader's horizon of expectation and response at his time, Lin's translations should be treated as great versions. However, the further studies can be undertaken on how to meet the ever-changing reader's horizon of expectation, how to meet the reading demands and aesthetic criteria of various readership, and how to explain Lin Shu's non-literary translations in the light of both horizon of expectation and Nida's target reader's response theory.
许多传统的文学翻译理论将“作者中心论”和“文本中心论”放置于绝对统治地位,而没有考虑到读者的接受问题,甚至也没有考虑到在文学翻译过程中,译者应当依据读者的接受和反应来选用不同的翻译策略。在翻译实践中,又过于强调译文对于原文的绝对忠实,并以此为主要衡量标准来评价译文的质量,因而对译者的评价也就难免有失偏颇。20世纪60年代,以现象学和哲学阐释学为理论基础、以人的接受实践为依据的接受美学的诞生,使人们找到了翻译研究新的研究方法:从读者接受的角度来考察译文文本。根据读者反应理论(主要是奈达的读者反应理论)和接受美学中的读者期待视野概念,译者对读者的期待视野和阅读反应的充分考虑,将导致翻译策略的迥异,因为,译者将视读者为能动的、有创造力的接受者,并以此为基础去考虑翻译策略问题。本文从这一视角审视林纾的主要文学译作,以期能更客观全面地说明其译作在当时的社会历史环境下被接受的合理性。鉴于翻译过程中译作对其读者的社会认知和情感所产生的重要影响,以及译作及其读者反应对译者既定社会地位的影响,本研究将采用翻译研究的因果模式来审视林纾翻译作品中各要素之间的关系,例如林纾所处社会历史环境、当时翻译传统、主流文学标准和意识形态对他的翻译目的和翻译策略(包括翻译文本和翻译方法选择)的影响和决定作用。
通过对林纾的译本分析,本文首先阐述期待视野和读者反应理论的共同点,即读者因素被放置于前所未有的重要地位。从而指出将二者同时应用于翻译研究领域的可行性和意义。其次,从读者期待视野视角考察林纾译作。指出,他“警醒同胞”的翻译目的与当时读者所期待救亡图存的爱国主义情感需求是一致的。最后,从读者反应来探讨林纾翻译语言的选择和归化策略问题,指出他的“古文”译文、以时间为转移的传统叙事手法和小说风格,以及他对有关伦理道德、婚姻爱情、男女关系地位和宗教信仰等因素所采用的有意删减、增添、改译等翻译策略都是符合读者的阅读需求和审美标准的。
以目的语读者为取向的翻译研究将是否迎合目的语读者及其社会文化需求视为一部成功译作的主要标准。因而,对林译的研究有助于我们进一步深入以目的语(读者)为取向的文学翻译研究。毋庸置疑,一部好的译作应服务于它的读者,只有受读者欢迎的翻译作品才能算是一部好作品。本文从林纾翻译的社会文化和历史时代背景出发,以目的语读者的接受和反应为视角分析得出:林译作品符合当时读者的阅读习惯和爱国情感需求,他所做出的有意改写是服务于当时目的语文化和读者需求的,而他的译作应被视为好作品。然而,如何去满足不断变化的读者期待视野,如何去迎合不同读者群的阅读需求和审美标准,以及如何从期待视野和译文读者反应视角解释林纾的非文学翻译现象,这些问题都有待进一步研究和探讨。
Lin Shu is one of the most influential translators in Chinese translation history. His translation has become a unique phenomenon in the field of translation studies. On the one hand, without the knowledge of any foreign languages, he can still translate over one hundred and eighty foreign works; on the other hand, his translations enjoy great popularity at his time. However, Lin Shu's translations have been criticized by some famous translation critics for his intentional adaptations. Then, it is a significant task for us to seek the reason for both the popularity and contributions of his translations to the translation causes. One of the prominent features of his translations are target reader-oriented. Furthermore, the development of reception aesthetics and Nida's target reader's response theory has provided us with a good perspective to justify Lin's translations.
Among traditional literary translation theories, both the author-oriented theory and the source text-oriented theory have occupied a definitely predominant position. And most of them have not taken the readers' reception of translation into consideration, nor have they considered that translation strategies should depend on the readers' reception and response in the translating process. The principles, which stress absolute fidelity of the target text to the source text, have been overemphasized. And the quality of translations has been mainly evaluated according to that principle. In the 1960s, with the birth of reception aesthetics theory, which is based on people's reception practice, whose theoretical basis is phenomenology and philosophical hermeneutics, a new research method, known as an important revolution on methodology, has been established. According to the reception aesthetics and readers' response theory, the translator should take the readers' role and status into full consideration when he deals with various elements in literary translations. Readers should be regarded as the active and creative receptors during the translating process, which plays an important role in the choices of original texts and translation techniques.
This thesis has discussed Lin Shu's translations in the light of reader's reception and response with the purpose of justifying the rationality and feasibility of his translations in the given social and historical environment at his time. The Causal Model in translation studies has been applied to expound the decisive factors of Lin's translation choices and strategies.
First of all, this thesis affirms the similarities between horizon of expectation and target reader's response theory in taking the role of reader into consideration in translating. Thus, it points out the viability and significance of the application of these two perspectives in understanding Lin Shu's translation strategies. And then, Lin Shu's translations have been studied in the light of reader's horizon of expectation. This thesis also evinces that Lin Shu's translation purpose of warning his fellow countrymen and provoking the readers' patriotic emotions. Finally, it discusses the issues of Lin Shu's translation languages and domesticating strategy in the light of target reader's response theory. It concludes that Lin Shu's translations in classical Chinese, traditional narrative techniques and his intentional adaptations concerning with the ethical, romantic and religious elements awaken his readers' reading interest and meet their aesthetic standards.
The target reader-oriented translation studies regard the target readers and their socio-cultural needs as the primary translation criteria. Thus, the studies on Lin's translations can help us a great deal to probe into the target reader-oriented literary translation studies. There is no doubt that an ideal translation should serve his readers. The popularity of a translation is the hallmark of a good translation. In conclusion, Lin Shu's translations have met the readers' reading and emotional needs, and his intentional adaptations have served the target readers. Therefore, in the light of his reader's horizon of expectation and response at his time, Lin's translations should be treated as great versions. However, the further studies can be undertaken on how to meet the ever-changing reader's horizon of expectation, how to meet the reading demands and aesthetic criteria of various readership, and how to explain Lin Shu's non-literary translations in the light of both horizon of expectation and Nida's target reader's response theory.
引文
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Cormier,C.,Delisle Jean and Lee-Jahnke Hannelore.Translation Terminology.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004.
Gentzler,Edvin.Contemporary Translation Theories.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Hatim,Basil and Manson,Ian.Discourse and Translator.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Jauss,Hans Robert.Toward an Aesthetic of Reception.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1982.
Iser,Wolfgang.The Act of Reading:A Theory of Aesthetic Response.London:The John's Hopkins University Press,1978.
Iser,Wolfgang.The Range of Interpretation.Taipei:Institute of European and American Studies,2001.
Newmark,Peter.Approaches to Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Newmark,Peter.A Textbook of Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Nida,Eugene A.Toward a Science of Translation.Leiden:E.J.Bril,1964.
Nida,Eugene A.and Charles R.Taber.The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden:E.J.Brill,1969.
Nida,Eugene A Language,Culture and Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
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