基于卫星遥感数据分析中国区域大气CH4垂直柱浓度时空特征
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摘要
甲烷(CH4)是一种重要的大气温室痕量气体,它的浓度变化不仅影响着地-气系统的辐射平衡过程,而且在大气和平流层化学过程中也起着非常重要的作用。平流层大气CH4分布的变化将会改变平流层中的辐射效应、动力效应和化学效应,并进一步通过平流层和相互作用而影响。近些年大气CH4浓度的不断攀升,而人们现在还没有完全掌握CH4的源汇,变化规律,同时大气CH4估算的不确定性也限制着气候变化估算的准确性。因此近几年国际上对大气CH4浓度的变化尤其关注。正确研究了解大气CH4浓度的时空分布特征,对于深入了解地-气系统循环,完善大气CH4源汇平衡,掌握大气CH4在区域尺度上的变化有着十分重要的理论意义和重要价值。
在全球研究和探讨大气CH4在气候变化中的作用中,中国区域对全球大气CH4源汇的动态变化有着重要的影响作用。基于这一研究目的,论文利用SCIAMACHY CH4垂直柱浓度产品,结合中国2003～2005年的自然,社会经济数据等,对中国2003～2005年CH4垂直柱浓度的分布规律及其成因进行了详细的探索,研究结果表明：
(1)区域性和不均匀性特征。东部沿海城市CH4垂直柱浓度明显高于中西部地区。据统计最高值出现在湖南、江西、湖北、山东、安徽、贵州等地,其次中原和华北一带,低值出现在西藏和青海西部地区,尤其是青藏高原区域。自然地理分区统计结果为：CH4四川盆地>CH4华中地区>CH4华南地区>CH4西南地区>CH4东北地区>CH4华北地区>CH4西北内蒙地区>CH4青藏高原。年平均增长量四川盆地居首位,青藏高原大气CH4柱浓度逐年下降,幅度最大达-12.04ppb
(2)年际和季节变化特征。2003～2005年CH4柱浓度是近似逐渐增大,一年中最高值出现在8月份附近,且在5月份和10月份有两个拐点。变化范围约为：16336.90ppb-1888.35ppb,大小顺序表现为：CH4夏季>CH4秋季>CH4春季>CH4冬季,即夏秋较高,春冬较低。
(3)不同土地利用类型中,2003～2005年大气CH4平均柱浓度表现为：CH4城建用地>CH4耕地>CH4林地>CH4其他>CH4未利用>CH4草地。其中共用地,耕地和林地数量级为1775.57ppb-1776.62ppb,相差约lppb,变化幅度不大；其次是CH4源较强的其它用地(自然湿地-沼泽,水田-水稻和水域),值为1773.12 ppb,较前者差约2.50 ppb草地和未利用土地的CH4柱浓度为1723.44ppb-1728.59ppb,较前两者相差约50ppb,明显偏低。另外,草地和未利用土地为大气CH4的汇,草地吸收能力更强,其它类型则表现为CH4源,而森林表现出最强的CH4释放能力。
(4)造成中国区域大气CH4空间分布格局的原因很多,其中气候影响占主导地位。经相关分析发现,植被指数、降雨量和温度,和大气CH4柱浓度呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为：0.713、0.697、0.629,而紫外辐射(UVB)与大气CH4柱浓度存在着明显的负相关,相关系数为：-0.884。可见尽管在植被有氧呼吸排放CH4的观点下,紫外辐射仍然总体上对CH4的产生起着抑制的作用。并且在不同季节、不同土地利用类型、不同地理区域内,气候因子对大气CH4的影响作用也是不相同的。其中在人为因素影响相对较低的青藏高原区中,发现在植物生长季节(6-9月份),温度对阔叶混交林和针叶林影响最大,可以分别解释49%、43%的空间分布；非生长季节,主导因子则表现为降雨量、紫外辐射(UVB)。而对高寒草甸,紫外辐射的作用表现尤为明显。
(5)其他因素的影响。各因素对大气CH4柱浓度的影响作用表现为：燃料燃烧工业废气排放总量>城市垃圾总量>天然气消费量>煤炭消费量>焦炭消费量,其中相关系数分别为：0.788、0.348、0.339、0.184、0.159,可见工业废气排放是能源中主要的大气CH4源,城市垃圾,天然气位居其次。化石燃料的燃烧集中在大陆人口最稠密,煤炭能源相对匮乏的地区提高了山东,江苏等地的大气CH4浓度,而反刍动物CH4排放抬升了河南等农业集中区的大气CH4浓度。除此之外,风速则可能降低了西部大气CH4浓度而抬升了东部区域的大气CH4浓度。
Methane (CH4) is an important trace atmospheric greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. And its concentration changes not only affect the radiation balance of the ground-gas system, but also play a very important role in tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. The distribution of CH4 varies will influence the radiation effect, dynamic and chemical effects in the stratosphere, and further refer to the troposphere by their interaction. Concentrations of atmospheric CH4 have been surprisely rising during recent years, while the source and sink of CH4 and its variation are not completely knowed, and large uncertainties limit the budget of atmospheric CH4 limit the accuracy of climate-change projections, so it is particularly concerned in internation. Understanding of atmospheric CH4 concentration of temporal and spatial characteristics has a very important theoretical significance and important value for in-depth understanding of land-air circulation system, improving the balance of atmospheric CH4 sources and sinks, mastering of atmospheric CH4 changes at the regional scale.
The varied of atmospheric CH4 sources over China are important for global CH4 research on climate-chage. Based on this, we focus on the analsis of CH4 distribution pattern and influenced factor by the vertical column density CH4 concentration product in tropospheric from SCIAMACHY, combined with natural data and socio-economic data et al from 2003 to 2005. The results of analysis on atmospheric CH4 column concentrations from 2003 to 2005 are showed that:
(1) Regional and uneven charactical. The CH4 in atmosphere concentration in eastern coastal was higher than its concentration in middle and western. The maximun is showed in Hunan Jiangxi、Hubei、Anhui、Guizhou provience, then its huabei zone; At the same time, the minimum is showed over Tibet and Qinghai zone, especially in Tibet Plateau. And the results from eco-region are that:CH4 sichuan-basin> CH4 huazhong> CH4 huanan> CH4 xinan> CH4 dongbei> CH4 huabei> CH4 xibeineimeng> CH4 Tibet Plateau. And yearly mean increasing is the first over Sichuan Basin, while the concentration of atmospheric CH4 over Tibet Plateau is decreasing yearly, reaching-12.04ppb.
(2) Yearly and seasonaly pattern. The atmospheric CH4 concentration is increasing yearly from 2003 to 2005, the highest atmospheric CH4 concentartion was showed in August and there were two inflection points in May and Octorber. The extern of atmospheric CH4 concentration was 16336.90ppb-1888.35ppb, the order was:CH4 summer> CH4 autumn> CH4spring> CH4winter.
(3) From the land use type. The etmospheric CH4 concentration showed:CH4 construction> CH4 irrigation> CH4 forest> CH4 others> CH4 unuse> CH4 grass. And the degree of CH4 concentration over construction、irrigation and forest was 1775.57ppb-1776.62ppb, difference was about 1ppb; Moreover, the CH4 concentration over others (paddy and water et al) is 1773.12 ppb, the difference was 2.50 ppb with former; The CH4concentration over grass and unused land was 1723.44 ppb-1728.59 ppb, with the difference reaching 50 ppb, being low value.
(4) There are more reasons for the regional spatial pattern of atmospheric CH4 over China, but the climate factors were dominant. The analysis revealed that NDVI、precipitation、temperature were manifest correlation with the atmospheric CH4 concentration, and the correlation were 0.713、0.697、0.629, respectively. At the same time, the UVB showed the negetive correlation with the atmospheric CH4 concentration and the correlation is -0.884. So, we can get that the role of UVB on the CH4 concentration was negetive wholly, although some reaseraches view plant can emit the CH4 under aerobic conditions and the UVB was the incentives and assited. In different seasons、different land use types and different geographical regions, that climate factors influence on atmosoheric CH4 concentration was varied. Such as, over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau being relatively low human activity, the temperature was the greast impact on the CH4 concentration of broad-leaved mixed forest and coniferous forest, explaining 49%、43% of the spatial distribution in growing season (June-September), while the sominant factors of this eco-region are rainfall and ultraviolet radiation (UVB) in non-growing season. But, the role of ultraviolet radiation was particularly obvious for alpine meadow.
(5) Other factors. The effects of other various factors on column density of atmospheric methan showed that:industrial waste gas emissions from fuel combustion> Cities of the total garbage> natural gas consumption> Coal consumption>coke consumption, and the correlation coefficient was 0.788、0.348、0.339、0.184、0.159, respectively. So, industrial gas emission was the main atmospheric CH4 source, municipal waste and natural gas was second. And the fossil fuels burning foucused in the higher population density, relative scarcity of coal energy zone improved the atmospheric CH4 concentration value, for example:Shan dong, Jiangsu and Anhui et al, while ruminant animals CH4 emission uplift the atmospheric CH4 concentration value for Henan provience. In addition, the wind speed and direction can educe the concentration of atmospheric CH4 value in western and elevate the atmospheric CH4 concentration value of the eastern region.
在全球研究和探讨大气CH4在气候变化中的作用中,中国区域对全球大气CH4源汇的动态变化有着重要的影响作用。基于这一研究目的,论文利用SCIAMACHY CH4垂直柱浓度产品,结合中国2003～2005年的自然,社会经济数据等,对中国2003～2005年CH4垂直柱浓度的分布规律及其成因进行了详细的探索,研究结果表明：
(1)区域性和不均匀性特征。东部沿海城市CH4垂直柱浓度明显高于中西部地区。据统计最高值出现在湖南、江西、湖北、山东、安徽、贵州等地,其次中原和华北一带,低值出现在西藏和青海西部地区,尤其是青藏高原区域。自然地理分区统计结果为：CH4四川盆地>CH4华中地区>CH4华南地区>CH4西南地区>CH4东北地区>CH4华北地区>CH4西北内蒙地区>CH4青藏高原。年平均增长量四川盆地居首位,青藏高原大气CH4柱浓度逐年下降,幅度最大达-12.04ppb
(2)年际和季节变化特征。2003～2005年CH4柱浓度是近似逐渐增大,一年中最高值出现在8月份附近,且在5月份和10月份有两个拐点。变化范围约为：16336.90ppb-1888.35ppb,大小顺序表现为：CH4夏季>CH4秋季>CH4春季>CH4冬季,即夏秋较高,春冬较低。
(3)不同土地利用类型中,2003～2005年大气CH4平均柱浓度表现为：CH4城建用地>CH4耕地>CH4林地>CH4其他>CH4未利用>CH4草地。其中共用地,耕地和林地数量级为1775.57ppb-1776.62ppb,相差约lppb,变化幅度不大；其次是CH4源较强的其它用地(自然湿地-沼泽,水田-水稻和水域),值为1773.12 ppb,较前者差约2.50 ppb草地和未利用土地的CH4柱浓度为1723.44ppb-1728.59ppb,较前两者相差约50ppb,明显偏低。另外,草地和未利用土地为大气CH4的汇,草地吸收能力更强,其它类型则表现为CH4源,而森林表现出最强的CH4释放能力。
(4)造成中国区域大气CH4空间分布格局的原因很多,其中气候影响占主导地位。经相关分析发现,植被指数、降雨量和温度,和大气CH4柱浓度呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为：0.713、0.697、0.629,而紫外辐射(UVB)与大气CH4柱浓度存在着明显的负相关,相关系数为：-0.884。可见尽管在植被有氧呼吸排放CH4的观点下,紫外辐射仍然总体上对CH4的产生起着抑制的作用。并且在不同季节、不同土地利用类型、不同地理区域内,气候因子对大气CH4的影响作用也是不相同的。其中在人为因素影响相对较低的青藏高原区中,发现在植物生长季节(6-9月份),温度对阔叶混交林和针叶林影响最大,可以分别解释49%、43%的空间分布；非生长季节,主导因子则表现为降雨量、紫外辐射(UVB)。而对高寒草甸,紫外辐射的作用表现尤为明显。
(5)其他因素的影响。各因素对大气CH4柱浓度的影响作用表现为：燃料燃烧工业废气排放总量>城市垃圾总量>天然气消费量>煤炭消费量>焦炭消费量,其中相关系数分别为：0.788、0.348、0.339、0.184、0.159,可见工业废气排放是能源中主要的大气CH4源,城市垃圾,天然气位居其次。化石燃料的燃烧集中在大陆人口最稠密,煤炭能源相对匮乏的地区提高了山东,江苏等地的大气CH4浓度,而反刍动物CH4排放抬升了河南等农业集中区的大气CH4浓度。除此之外,风速则可能降低了西部大气CH4浓度而抬升了东部区域的大气CH4浓度。
Methane (CH4) is an important trace atmospheric greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. And its concentration changes not only affect the radiation balance of the ground-gas system, but also play a very important role in tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. The distribution of CH4 varies will influence the radiation effect, dynamic and chemical effects in the stratosphere, and further refer to the troposphere by their interaction. Concentrations of atmospheric CH4 have been surprisely rising during recent years, while the source and sink of CH4 and its variation are not completely knowed, and large uncertainties limit the budget of atmospheric CH4 limit the accuracy of climate-change projections, so it is particularly concerned in internation. Understanding of atmospheric CH4 concentration of temporal and spatial characteristics has a very important theoretical significance and important value for in-depth understanding of land-air circulation system, improving the balance of atmospheric CH4 sources and sinks, mastering of atmospheric CH4 changes at the regional scale.
The varied of atmospheric CH4 sources over China are important for global CH4 research on climate-chage. Based on this, we focus on the analsis of CH4 distribution pattern and influenced factor by the vertical column density CH4 concentration product in tropospheric from SCIAMACHY, combined with natural data and socio-economic data et al from 2003 to 2005. The results of analysis on atmospheric CH4 column concentrations from 2003 to 2005 are showed that:
(1) Regional and uneven charactical. The CH4 in atmosphere concentration in eastern coastal was higher than its concentration in middle and western. The maximun is showed in Hunan Jiangxi、Hubei、Anhui、Guizhou provience, then its huabei zone; At the same time, the minimum is showed over Tibet and Qinghai zone, especially in Tibet Plateau. And the results from eco-region are that:CH4 sichuan-basin> CH4 huazhong> CH4 huanan> CH4 xinan> CH4 dongbei> CH4 huabei> CH4 xibeineimeng> CH4 Tibet Plateau. And yearly mean increasing is the first over Sichuan Basin, while the concentration of atmospheric CH4 over Tibet Plateau is decreasing yearly, reaching-12.04ppb.
(2) Yearly and seasonaly pattern. The atmospheric CH4 concentration is increasing yearly from 2003 to 2005, the highest atmospheric CH4 concentartion was showed in August and there were two inflection points in May and Octorber. The extern of atmospheric CH4 concentration was 16336.90ppb-1888.35ppb, the order was:CH4 summer> CH4 autumn> CH4spring> CH4winter.
(3) From the land use type. The etmospheric CH4 concentration showed:CH4 construction> CH4 irrigation> CH4 forest> CH4 others> CH4 unuse> CH4 grass. And the degree of CH4 concentration over construction、irrigation and forest was 1775.57ppb-1776.62ppb, difference was about 1ppb; Moreover, the CH4 concentration over others (paddy and water et al) is 1773.12 ppb, the difference was 2.50 ppb with former; The CH4concentration over grass and unused land was 1723.44 ppb-1728.59 ppb, with the difference reaching 50 ppb, being low value.
(4) There are more reasons for the regional spatial pattern of atmospheric CH4 over China, but the climate factors were dominant. The analysis revealed that NDVI、precipitation、temperature were manifest correlation with the atmospheric CH4 concentration, and the correlation were 0.713、0.697、0.629, respectively. At the same time, the UVB showed the negetive correlation with the atmospheric CH4 concentration and the correlation is -0.884. So, we can get that the role of UVB on the CH4 concentration was negetive wholly, although some reaseraches view plant can emit the CH4 under aerobic conditions and the UVB was the incentives and assited. In different seasons、different land use types and different geographical regions, that climate factors influence on atmosoheric CH4 concentration was varied. Such as, over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau being relatively low human activity, the temperature was the greast impact on the CH4 concentration of broad-leaved mixed forest and coniferous forest, explaining 49%、43% of the spatial distribution in growing season (June-September), while the sominant factors of this eco-region are rainfall and ultraviolet radiation (UVB) in non-growing season. But, the role of ultraviolet radiation was particularly obvious for alpine meadow.
(5) Other factors. The effects of other various factors on column density of atmospheric methan showed that:industrial waste gas emissions from fuel combustion> Cities of the total garbage> natural gas consumption> Coal consumption>coke consumption, and the correlation coefficient was 0.788、0.348、0.339、0.184、0.159, respectively. So, industrial gas emission was the main atmospheric CH4 source, municipal waste and natural gas was second. And the fossil fuels burning foucused in the higher population density, relative scarcity of coal energy zone improved the atmospheric CH4 concentration value, for example:Shan dong, Jiangsu and Anhui et al, while ruminant animals CH4 emission uplift the atmospheric CH4 concentration value for Henan provience. In addition, the wind speed and direction can educe the concentration of atmospheric CH4 value in western and elevate the atmospheric CH4 concentration value of the eastern region.
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