雷达成像的电磁仿真研究
摘要
雷达成像在战场监测和环境遥感等领域有着广泛的应用。雷达成像电磁仿真是基于电磁模拟目标的回波数据对雷达成像进行研究的,在目标识别、隐身与反隐身、目标成像诊断等领域很有实际意义和研究价值。本文工作可分为以下三部分:
首先介绍雷达成像原理,研究雷达成像与目标电磁特性的关系。结合成像实际提出基于物理光学法和等效电磁流方法的复杂目标电磁回波信号的模拟方法。
其次分别对转台模式和合成孔径雷达模式进行电磁成像仿真。在研究成像理论和成像算法的基础上采用频率步进方法模拟了转台目标回波信号,得到目标的转台成像结果。在分析和研究正侧视合成孔径雷达成像理论的基础上采用线性调频信号模拟了目标回波,采用距离-多普勒成像算法得到目标的电磁成像。
最后研究了ISAR成像中的时频分析方法,仿真比较了几类不同的时频分析方法在成像分辨率、抑制交叉项能力,成像处理时间等方面的优缺点,提出了基于混合时频分析的ISAR成像方法,提高了成像性能,丰富了时频成像算法。
Radar imaging has been found wide applications in fields of the war monitoring and environmental remote sensing. In terms of the back-scattering data from the target, the electromagnetic simulation of radar imaging is of both the important theory significance and the practical application value in the area such as the target identification, stealth and anti-stealth, and target imaging diagnoses. The main contributions are as follows:
This research begins with an introduction of radar imaging principle, and a study of the relationship between the radar imaging and the electromagnetic scattering characteristic of target. Based on the actual imaging, an effective approach employing the Physical Optics (PO) technique in combination with the method of equivalent currents (MEC) is presented to study the radar echo signal from the complex target.
Secondly, the electromagnetic imaging simulation is done for the turntable models and the synthetic aperture radar respectively. According to the study of imaging theories and algorithms, the rotating target echo signal is obtained by using the steeping frequency scheme, meanwhile, the image of the rotating target is depicted. In addition, accompany with the study of the synthetic aperture radar imaging theories, and a LFM signal is used for the echo from the complex target, the range-Doppler imaging algorithm is adopted to character the electromagnetic imaging of the target.
Finally, the thesis concludes with a study of time-frequency analysis in ISAR imaging. A simulation comparison is made among several different time-frequency analysis methods from the perspective of their respective advantages and disadvantages in imaging resolution, the ability to control cross-term, and imaging processing time. Hybridized time-frequency analysis in ISAR imaging is proposed , and this method can improve the imaging performance and enriches the time-frequency imaging algorithm.
首先介绍雷达成像原理,研究雷达成像与目标电磁特性的关系。结合成像实际提出基于物理光学法和等效电磁流方法的复杂目标电磁回波信号的模拟方法。
其次分别对转台模式和合成孔径雷达模式进行电磁成像仿真。在研究成像理论和成像算法的基础上采用频率步进方法模拟了转台目标回波信号,得到目标的转台成像结果。在分析和研究正侧视合成孔径雷达成像理论的基础上采用线性调频信号模拟了目标回波,采用距离-多普勒成像算法得到目标的电磁成像。
最后研究了ISAR成像中的时频分析方法,仿真比较了几类不同的时频分析方法在成像分辨率、抑制交叉项能力,成像处理时间等方面的优缺点,提出了基于混合时频分析的ISAR成像方法,提高了成像性能,丰富了时频成像算法。
Radar imaging has been found wide applications in fields of the war monitoring and environmental remote sensing. In terms of the back-scattering data from the target, the electromagnetic simulation of radar imaging is of both the important theory significance and the practical application value in the area such as the target identification, stealth and anti-stealth, and target imaging diagnoses. The main contributions are as follows:
This research begins with an introduction of radar imaging principle, and a study of the relationship between the radar imaging and the electromagnetic scattering characteristic of target. Based on the actual imaging, an effective approach employing the Physical Optics (PO) technique in combination with the method of equivalent currents (MEC) is presented to study the radar echo signal from the complex target.
Secondly, the electromagnetic imaging simulation is done for the turntable models and the synthetic aperture radar respectively. According to the study of imaging theories and algorithms, the rotating target echo signal is obtained by using the steeping frequency scheme, meanwhile, the image of the rotating target is depicted. In addition, accompany with the study of the synthetic aperture radar imaging theories, and a LFM signal is used for the echo from the complex target, the range-Doppler imaging algorithm is adopted to character the electromagnetic imaging of the target.
Finally, the thesis concludes with a study of time-frequency analysis in ISAR imaging. A simulation comparison is made among several different time-frequency analysis methods from the perspective of their respective advantages and disadvantages in imaging resolution, the ability to control cross-term, and imaging processing time. Hybridized time-frequency analysis in ISAR imaging is proposed , and this method can improve the imaging performance and enriches the time-frequency imaging algorithm.
引文
[1] Merrill I. Skolnik主编,王军林强米慈中等译,雷达手册(第二版)电子工出版社.1-15。
[2]张直中,微波成像术.北京,科学出版社.1990.2。
[3]保铮,邢孟道等,雷达成像术,北京,电子工业出版社,2005。1-300。
[4]刘永坦,雷达成像技术.哈尔滨.哈尔滨工业大学出版社.1999,1-390。
[5] Skolnik Merrill. Introduction tRadarSystems.McGraw-Hill.1980:1-2.
[6]庄钊文,郁文贤,袁乃昌,韩明华.空中复杂目标的CAD建模及其电磁散射特性可视化研究国防科技参考.1998,19(1):7-10。
[7]喻戈阳.用于内场电磁仿真试验的雷达信号环境模拟器.飞行器测控术.1994,(4):30-34
[8] Victor C.Chen ShieQian , Join Time-Frequency Transform For Radar Range-Doppler Imaging[J] IEEE Trans on Aerospace And Electronic Systerms Vol. 34, NO. 2 Appil 1998.
[9]黄培康,殷红成,许小剑.雷达目标特性.北京.电子工业出版社,200522-47。
[10]阮颖铮.雷达截面与隐身技术.第一版.北京.国防工业出版社.1998:67-136。
[11] James M.Roedde, CADDSCAT Version2.3:A High-Frequency Physical Optic Code Modified For Trimmed IGES B-Spline Surfaces. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.1999,41(3):69-80
[12] R.O.Jernejcic,A.J.Jr.Terzuoli,R.FSchindel.Electromagnetic backscatter predictions using XPATCH. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International, Symposium 1994(1),602-605.
[13] D.Andersh, J.Moore, S.Kosanovich, Xpatch4 :The Next Generationin High Frequency Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation Software.IEEE National Radar Conference Proceedings.2000, (1 ):844-849.
[14] Hastriter, Michael Larkin, Weng Cho Chew. Comparing Xpatch, FISC and Scale ME Using a Cone-Cylinder. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium.2004,(2):2007-2010.
[15] Juan M. Rius, M. Ferrando, L. Jofre. GRECO. Graphical Electromagnetic Comuting for RCS Predictionin Real Time. IEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.1993,35(2):7-17.
[16] J. M. Rius, Merce Vall-Ilossera, C.Salazar, A.Cardama. Shaped Reflector Antenna Analysis by Graphical Processing Methods. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal.1999,14(2):45-51.
[17] V.Chen,H.Ling, Join Time-Frequency Analysis For Radar Signal and Image Processing IEEE Signal Processing Magazing March 1999.
[18]钱世锷(美).时频变换与小波变换导论.北京.机械工业出版社.2004.2-15
[19] V. C. Chen, S. Qian, Join time-frequency transform for radar range-Doppler imaging[J]. IEEE Trans on Aerospace And Electronic Systerms, 1998, 34(2):486– 499.
[20] X. G. Xia, G. Y. Wang, Quantitative SNR Analysis for ISAR imaging using joint time- frequency analysis–short time Fourier transform[J]. IEEE Trans on Aerospace And Electronic Systerms, 2002, 38(2): 649– 659.
[21] D.L.Mensa, High Resolution Radar Imaging.Noreood,MA:Artech House,1991.
[22]张铁乾.近场二维、三维逆合成孔径雷达成像及RCS测量技术.中国航天科工集团207研究所硕士学位论文.2002,6-7.
[23]邢孟道,基于实测数据的雷达成像算法研究[D],西安电子科技大学博士论文,2002.3。
[24] J.H.Richmond. A computer Program for Physical-Optics Scattering by Convex Conducting Targets.1968:1-2.
[25]张国华,袁乃昌,庄钊文.基于面元法的航母雷达散射截面计算.国防科技大学学报.2001,23(5):80-83。
[26]王桦,微波成像算法研究与仿真.西北工业大学硕士学位论文. 2006,3
[27]黄培康,许小剑等,小角度旋转目标微波成像,电子学报,1992,26(2).54-60。
[28]李洁,微波成像算法研究,西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2002.11-13。
[29]高德勇,龙腾.调频步进波形的ISAR回波建模和成像.北京理工大学学报. 20(5):631-635。
[30] Bassem R,Corpration Mahafza .Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB.COLSA Huntsville, 2000,200-211.
[31]熊谦,郭锋,曾繁清等. FFT在ISAR成像中的应用.测控技术.23(10):15-16。
[32]费智婷.机动目标的逆合成孔径雷达成像研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.9-10。
[33]曹志道,宿富林.战略导弹目标ISAR成像识别方法研究报告.1993:3-8。
[34] G. Franceshetti and G.schirinzi. A SAR processor based an two-dimensional FFT codes[J]. IEEE Trans On ,Aerospace Electronic Systems. 1990(26) ,356-366.
[35]张直中.机载和星载合成孔径雷达导论[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2004.1
[36]张欢.基于实测数据的斜视SAR成像算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[37] P,M,Woodward. Probability and Information Theory with Application to Radar. Pergam on Press,1953.
[38]黄晓芳,反舰导弹雷达导引头成像算法研究,西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文. 2006.16.
[39]王虹现,机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及实时处理研究[D],西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2004.1。
[40] G, Franceschetti. SAAR a SAR raw signal simulator[J]. IEEE Trans on Geoscience and Remote. 1992, 30(1) :110-123.
[41]保铮,王根源,罗琳.逆合成孔径雷达的距离-瞬时多普勒成像方法[J].电子学报,1998,26(12A):79-83。
[42]黄小红,姜卫东,邱兆坤等.基于时频分析的逆合成孔径雷达的距离-瞬时多普勒成像方法.国防科技大学学报.2002,24(6):34-36。
[43]张贤达.现代信号处理.北京,清华大学出版社.2003,349-486。
[44] Lu Guangyue,Bao Zheng. A New Method for ISAR Range–Instaneous -Doppler Imaging.Proceedings of ICSP 1998,1481-1484.
[45] Victor C.Chen, Hao Ling. Time-Frequency Transforms for Radar Imaging and SignalAnalysis. Artech House,Boston London 2002,25-44.
[46]皇甫堪,陈建文等编著,现代数字信号处理[M],电子工业出版社,2003.9。
[47] http://airborne.nrl.navy.mil/~vchen/data
[48]葛哲学,陈仲生编著,Matlab时频分析技术及其应用[M],人民邮电出版社2006.1。
[49] D. J. Waldo, P. R. Chitrapu, Crossterm reduction by a nonlinear combination of time- frequency and time-scale analysis[A]. proceedings of the IEEE-2SP international symposium on Time-frequency and time-scale Analysis [C] . Victoria.BC, IEEE Press 1992 ,12(4-6):253– 256.
[50] K. Sktapas, G. Boultadakis, Time-frequency analysis of radar signals for ISAR applications [A]. Proceeding of 2nd international conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies [C]. Istanbul Turkey, IEEE Press,2005 ,6(9-11):699– 703.
[51] B. Zhang , S. Shunsuke, A time-frequency distribution of Cohen’s class with a compound kernel and its application to speech signal processing[J]. IEEE Tran on Signal Processing, 1994, 42(1):54– 64.
[52] L StankoviC, A method for time-frequency analysis[J]. IEEE Trans on Signal Processsing, 1994, 42(1):225– 229.
[53] T. Thayaparan, Decomposition of time-varying multicomponent Signals using time- frequency based method[A]. Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering [C]. Ottawa Candian, IEEE Press,2006,5:60– 63.
[2]张直中,微波成像术.北京,科学出版社.1990.2。
[3]保铮,邢孟道等,雷达成像术,北京,电子工业出版社,2005。1-300。
[4]刘永坦,雷达成像技术.哈尔滨.哈尔滨工业大学出版社.1999,1-390。
[5] Skolnik Merrill. Introduction tRadarSystems.McGraw-Hill.1980:1-2.
[6]庄钊文,郁文贤,袁乃昌,韩明华.空中复杂目标的CAD建模及其电磁散射特性可视化研究国防科技参考.1998,19(1):7-10。
[7]喻戈阳.用于内场电磁仿真试验的雷达信号环境模拟器.飞行器测控术.1994,(4):30-34
[8] Victor C.Chen ShieQian , Join Time-Frequency Transform For Radar Range-Doppler Imaging[J] IEEE Trans on Aerospace And Electronic Systerms Vol. 34, NO. 2 Appil 1998.
[9]黄培康,殷红成,许小剑.雷达目标特性.北京.电子工业出版社,200522-47。
[10]阮颖铮.雷达截面与隐身技术.第一版.北京.国防工业出版社.1998:67-136。
[11] James M.Roedde, CADDSCAT Version2.3:A High-Frequency Physical Optic Code Modified For Trimmed IGES B-Spline Surfaces. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.1999,41(3):69-80
[12] R.O.Jernejcic,A.J.Jr.Terzuoli,R.FSchindel.Electromagnetic backscatter predictions using XPATCH. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International, Symposium 1994(1),602-605.
[13] D.Andersh, J.Moore, S.Kosanovich, Xpatch4 :The Next Generationin High Frequency Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation Software.IEEE National Radar Conference Proceedings.2000, (1 ):844-849.
[14] Hastriter, Michael Larkin, Weng Cho Chew. Comparing Xpatch, FISC and Scale ME Using a Cone-Cylinder. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium.2004,(2):2007-2010.
[15] Juan M. Rius, M. Ferrando, L. Jofre. GRECO. Graphical Electromagnetic Comuting for RCS Predictionin Real Time. IEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.1993,35(2):7-17.
[16] J. M. Rius, Merce Vall-Ilossera, C.Salazar, A.Cardama. Shaped Reflector Antenna Analysis by Graphical Processing Methods. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal.1999,14(2):45-51.
[17] V.Chen,H.Ling, Join Time-Frequency Analysis For Radar Signal and Image Processing IEEE Signal Processing Magazing March 1999.
[18]钱世锷(美).时频变换与小波变换导论.北京.机械工业出版社.2004.2-15
[19] V. C. Chen, S. Qian, Join time-frequency transform for radar range-Doppler imaging[J]. IEEE Trans on Aerospace And Electronic Systerms, 1998, 34(2):486– 499.
[20] X. G. Xia, G. Y. Wang, Quantitative SNR Analysis for ISAR imaging using joint time- frequency analysis–short time Fourier transform[J]. IEEE Trans on Aerospace And Electronic Systerms, 2002, 38(2): 649– 659.
[21] D.L.Mensa, High Resolution Radar Imaging.Noreood,MA:Artech House,1991.
[22]张铁乾.近场二维、三维逆合成孔径雷达成像及RCS测量技术.中国航天科工集团207研究所硕士学位论文.2002,6-7.
[23]邢孟道,基于实测数据的雷达成像算法研究[D],西安电子科技大学博士论文,2002.3。
[24] J.H.Richmond. A computer Program for Physical-Optics Scattering by Convex Conducting Targets.1968:1-2.
[25]张国华,袁乃昌,庄钊文.基于面元法的航母雷达散射截面计算.国防科技大学学报.2001,23(5):80-83。
[26]王桦,微波成像算法研究与仿真.西北工业大学硕士学位论文. 2006,3
[27]黄培康,许小剑等,小角度旋转目标微波成像,电子学报,1992,26(2).54-60。
[28]李洁,微波成像算法研究,西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2002.11-13。
[29]高德勇,龙腾.调频步进波形的ISAR回波建模和成像.北京理工大学学报. 20(5):631-635。
[30] Bassem R,Corpration Mahafza .Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB.COLSA Huntsville, 2000,200-211.
[31]熊谦,郭锋,曾繁清等. FFT在ISAR成像中的应用.测控技术.23(10):15-16。
[32]费智婷.机动目标的逆合成孔径雷达成像研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.9-10。
[33]曹志道,宿富林.战略导弹目标ISAR成像识别方法研究报告.1993:3-8。
[34] G. Franceshetti and G.schirinzi. A SAR processor based an two-dimensional FFT codes[J]. IEEE Trans On ,Aerospace Electronic Systems. 1990(26) ,356-366.
[35]张直中.机载和星载合成孔径雷达导论[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2004.1
[36]张欢.基于实测数据的斜视SAR成像算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[37] P,M,Woodward. Probability and Information Theory with Application to Radar. Pergam on Press,1953.
[38]黄晓芳,反舰导弹雷达导引头成像算法研究,西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文. 2006.16.
[39]王虹现,机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及实时处理研究[D],西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2004.1。
[40] G, Franceschetti. SAAR a SAR raw signal simulator[J]. IEEE Trans on Geoscience and Remote. 1992, 30(1) :110-123.
[41]保铮,王根源,罗琳.逆合成孔径雷达的距离-瞬时多普勒成像方法[J].电子学报,1998,26(12A):79-83。
[42]黄小红,姜卫东,邱兆坤等.基于时频分析的逆合成孔径雷达的距离-瞬时多普勒成像方法.国防科技大学学报.2002,24(6):34-36。
[43]张贤达.现代信号处理.北京,清华大学出版社.2003,349-486。
[44] Lu Guangyue,Bao Zheng. A New Method for ISAR Range–Instaneous -Doppler Imaging.Proceedings of ICSP 1998,1481-1484.
[45] Victor C.Chen, Hao Ling. Time-Frequency Transforms for Radar Imaging and SignalAnalysis. Artech House,Boston London 2002,25-44.
[46]皇甫堪,陈建文等编著,现代数字信号处理[M],电子工业出版社,2003.9。
[47] http://airborne.nrl.navy.mil/~vchen/data
[48]葛哲学,陈仲生编著,Matlab时频分析技术及其应用[M],人民邮电出版社2006.1。
[49] D. J. Waldo, P. R. Chitrapu, Crossterm reduction by a nonlinear combination of time- frequency and time-scale analysis[A]. proceedings of the IEEE-2SP international symposium on Time-frequency and time-scale Analysis [C] . Victoria.BC, IEEE Press 1992 ,12(4-6):253– 256.
[50] K. Sktapas, G. Boultadakis, Time-frequency analysis of radar signals for ISAR applications [A]. Proceeding of 2nd international conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies [C]. Istanbul Turkey, IEEE Press,2005 ,6(9-11):699– 703.
[51] B. Zhang , S. Shunsuke, A time-frequency distribution of Cohen’s class with a compound kernel and its application to speech signal processing[J]. IEEE Tran on Signal Processing, 1994, 42(1):54– 64.
[52] L StankoviC, A method for time-frequency analysis[J]. IEEE Trans on Signal Processsing, 1994, 42(1):225– 229.
[53] T. Thayaparan, Decomposition of time-varying multicomponent Signals using time- frequency based method[A]. Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering [C]. Ottawa Candian, IEEE Press,2006,5:60– 63.