合成孔径激光雷达技术研究
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摘要
本文对合成孔径激光雷达(Synthetic Aperture Ladar,简称SAL)光外差探测技术和合成孔径处理技术进行了研究。首先通过二极管泵浦固体激光外差探测实验,探讨了两光束角准直对光外差探测的影响,并对声光调制器输出光场分布进行了研究,分析了造成声光调制器输出的衍射光的不均匀的原因以及对外差探测信号的影响。针对一般大数值孔径接收方法难以调整两光束共轴的问题,提出了两种方法——本振光扩束法和望远系统接收法,并对两者进行了比较,分析了两者对外差探测信噪比的影响。
其次是以正侧视条带工作模式为例,对SAL进行了研究,建立了回波外差信号的理论模型,分析了其信号特点。针对此特点,提出沿用SAR中的距离向解线频调脉压处理和方位向的匹配滤波处理方法对SAL信号进行处理,得到了目标图像模型。运用MATLAB软件对此模型进行了仿真,获得了多点目标的图像。根据所得的目标模型及仿真图像,分析了正侧视条带工作模式下SAL的成像特点。
As the key techniques in Synthetic Aperture Ladar (SAL), optical heterodyne detection and synthetic aperture processing are studied in this thesis. Firstly, because of the large detecting distance and complicated target, the phase of the backscattered wave varies randomly, this factor will influence the coherent detection. The optical heterodyne experiment by use of a diode pumped solid-state laser has been made. The importance of beam collimation in Optical heterodyne detection is discussed. And the output optical field distribution from the acousto-optic modulator is examined. The distribution of the diffracted light is non-uniform owing to the finite area of acoustic field, it leads to the poor performance of the receiver. To overcome the detecting difficulty, two methods—local oscillator beam expansion method and telescope based receiver have been presented. The properties of the two type of receiver have been analyzed.
Secondly, strip-band SAL in orthogonal mode is investigated. The theoretical model of target echo signals is established. The characteristics of the signals are analyzed. To process the signals, a method of deramp compression and azimuth matched filter imaging algorithm from SAR is adopted. The model of target imaging is obtained. Based on the theory and imaging algorithm obtained, imaging performances of multi-point targets are simulated numerically by means of MATLAB software for SAL.
其次是以正侧视条带工作模式为例,对SAL进行了研究,建立了回波外差信号的理论模型,分析了其信号特点。针对此特点,提出沿用SAR中的距离向解线频调脉压处理和方位向的匹配滤波处理方法对SAL信号进行处理,得到了目标图像模型。运用MATLAB软件对此模型进行了仿真,获得了多点目标的图像。根据所得的目标模型及仿真图像,分析了正侧视条带工作模式下SAL的成像特点。
As the key techniques in Synthetic Aperture Ladar (SAL), optical heterodyne detection and synthetic aperture processing are studied in this thesis. Firstly, because of the large detecting distance and complicated target, the phase of the backscattered wave varies randomly, this factor will influence the coherent detection. The optical heterodyne experiment by use of a diode pumped solid-state laser has been made. The importance of beam collimation in Optical heterodyne detection is discussed. And the output optical field distribution from the acousto-optic modulator is examined. The distribution of the diffracted light is non-uniform owing to the finite area of acoustic field, it leads to the poor performance of the receiver. To overcome the detecting difficulty, two methods—local oscillator beam expansion method and telescope based receiver have been presented. The properties of the two type of receiver have been analyzed.
Secondly, strip-band SAL in orthogonal mode is investigated. The theoretical model of target echo signals is established. The characteristics of the signals are analyzed. To process the signals, a method of deramp compression and azimuth matched filter imaging algorithm from SAR is adopted. The model of target imaging is obtained. Based on the theory and imaging algorithm obtained, imaging performances of multi-point targets are simulated numerically by means of MATLAB software for SAL.
引文
[1] 刘永坦. 雷达成像技术. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 1999: 20-55.
[2] Zheng Qin-fen, Sandor Z De. Model-based target recognition in ladar imagery[A]. SPIE[C].1999, 3380:343-351.
[3] 戴永江. 激光雷达原理. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2002.
[4] 杨洋, 赵远, 乔立杰等. 从雷达到激光雷达. 现代物理知识,1999,11(01): 21-23.
[5] 姜兴山, 陈建新. 激光雷达及其应用. 佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 18(01): 93-96.
[6] Thomas J. Karr. Synthetic aperture ladar for planetary sensing[C]//in Earth Observing Systems Ⅷ. Proc. SPIE., 2003, 5151: 44-52.
[7] 倪树新. 新体制成像激光雷达发展评述. 激光与红外, 2006, 36(supplement): 732-736.
[8] 张云, 吴瑾, 唐永新. 合成孔径激光雷达. 激光与光电子学进展. 2005, 7(42): 48-50.
[9] 李番, 邬双阳, 郑永超等. 合成孔径激光雷达技术综述. 红外与激光工程. 2006, 2(Vol.35,No,1): 55-59.
[10] 张云. 合成孔径激光雷达. 中国科学院电子学研究所硕士学位论文, 2006, 6.
[11] T. S. Lewis and H. S. Hutchins. A Synthetic Aperture at 10.6 Microns. Proc. IEEE(letters) ,1970,58:1781-1782.
[12] C. C. Aleksoff and C. R. Christensen. Holographic Doppler imaging of Rotating Objects. App.Opt., 1975,14 (1):134-141.
[13] C. C. Aleksoff. Synthetic interferometric imaging technique for moving objects. App.Opt., 1976 ,15 (8):1923-1929.
[14] C. C. Aleksoff, J. S. Accetta, L .M .Tai, etal. Synthetic aperture imaging with a pulsed CO2 TEA laser. SPIE(Laser RadarⅡ)1987,783:29-40.
[15] Thomas G. Kyle. High resolution laser imaging system. App. Opt., 1989, 28(13):2651-2656.
[16] Stephen Marcus, Barry D. Collella, and Thomas J. Green, Jr. Solid-state laser synthetic aperture radar[J]. App. Opt. 1994, 33(6):960-964.
[17] Thomas J. Green, Jr., Stephen Marcus, and Barry D. Colella. Synthetic- aperture-radar imaging with a solid-state laser. App. Opt., 1995, 34(30):6941-6949.
[18] M. Bashkansky, R. L. Lucke, E. Funk, etal. Two-dimensional synthetic aperture imaging in the optical domain[J]. Optics Letters, 2002, 27(22):1983-1985.
[19] W. Buell, N. Marechal, J. Buck, etal. Synthetic-Aperture Imaging Ladar. The Aerospace Corporation magazine of Advances Technology, 2004, 5(2).
[20] W. Buell, N. Marechal, J. Buck, etal. Demonstration of Synthetic Aperture Imaging Ladar. Proc. SPIE, 2005, 5791:152-166.
[21] Robert L. Lucke and Lee J Rickerd. Photon-limited synthetic-aperture imaging for planet surface studies[J]. App. Opt., 2002, 41(24): 5084-5095
[22] M. Bashkansky, R. L. Lucke, E Funk, etal. Synthetic Aperture Imaging at 1.5μ: Laboratory Demonstration and Potential Application to Planet Surface Studies. SPIE., 2002,4849:48 -56.
[23] Thomas J. Karr. Synthetic Aperture Ladar Resolution Through Turbulence. Proc. SPIE., 2003, 4976:22-32.
[24] J. C. Ricklin, P. G. Tomlinson. Active Imaging at DARPA. Proc. SPIE., 2005, 5895.
[25] E. Hesham Attia. Data-Adaptive Motion Compensation for Synthetic Aperture LADAR. IEEE Aerospace conference Proceedings, 2004, 1782-1787.
[26] Curtis W. Chen and Scott Hensley. Amplitude-based height-reconstruction techniques for synthetic aperture ladar systems[J]. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2005, 22(3): 529-538.
[27] Robert L. Lucke. Synthetic Aperture Ladar Simulation with Phase Screen and Fourier Propagation. IEEE Aerospace conference Proceedings, 2004, 1788-1798.
[28] EddyA. Stappaerts and E. T. Scharlemann. Differential synthetic aperture ladar. Opt. Let., 2005, 30(18): 2385-2387.
[29] Kenneth P. Walsh, Brian Schulkin, Dale Gary, etal. Terahertz near-field interferometric and synthetic aperture imaging. To be published in Proc. SPIE., 2004, 5411.
[30] Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. Feasibility study of synthetic aperture infrared laser radar techniques for imaging of static and moving objects[J]. Appl Opt., 1998, 37(24): 5631-5639.
[31] Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. Short-range verification experiment of a trial one –dimensional synthetic aperture infrared laser radar operated in the 10-μm band. Appl. Opt., 2000, 39(9):1421-1425.
[32] 空间光电科技专辑(合成孔径雷达技术专题). 中国科学院国家科学图书馆科学研究动态监测快报, 2007, 10.
[33] 彭仁军, 吴健, 杨春平等. 用干涉法实现光学合成孔径技术. 光学学报, 2002, 22(3): 355-359.
[34] 安毓英, 曾晓东. 光电探测原理. 西安电子科技大学出版社, 2004, 8.
[35] J. H. Shapiro, B. A. Capron, and R. C. Harvey. Imaging and target detection with a heterodyne-reception optical radar. App. Opt., 1981, 20(19):3292-3313.
[36] K. F. Hulme, B. S. Collins, G. D. Constant, J. T. Pinson. A CO2 laser rangefinder using heterodyne detection and chirp pulse compression. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 1981, 13:35-45.
[37] 刘振玉. 光电技术. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1990.
[38] Renhorn I, Steinvall O. Performance study of a coherent laser radar. SPIE, 1983, 415(8): 39-50.
[39] George. W. Stimson著, 吴汉平等译. 机载雷达导论, 第二版. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2005.
[40] 裴莉辉. 基于去调频处理的SAR成像技术研究. 电子科技大学硕士学位论文, 2004, 5.
[41] Robert L. Lucke, Lee J Rickard, Mark Bashkansky, etal. Synthetic Aperture Ladar(SAL): Fundamental Theory, Design Equations for a Satellite System, and Laboratory Demonstration. Washington. 2002.
[42] 保铮, 邢孟道, 王彤. 雷达成像技术. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2005.
[43] J. C. Curlander and R. N. McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing. New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1991.
[44] Ian G. Cumming, Frank H. Wong著, 洪文, 胡东辉等译. 合成孔径雷达成像——算法与实现. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2007, 10.
[45] 林捷, 洪峻. 星载极化SAR数据模拟. 遥感学报, 2002, 6(1): 7-11.
[2] Zheng Qin-fen, Sandor Z De. Model-based target recognition in ladar imagery[A]. SPIE[C].1999, 3380:343-351.
[3] 戴永江. 激光雷达原理. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2002.
[4] 杨洋, 赵远, 乔立杰等. 从雷达到激光雷达. 现代物理知识,1999,11(01): 21-23.
[5] 姜兴山, 陈建新. 激光雷达及其应用. 佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 18(01): 93-96.
[6] Thomas J. Karr. Synthetic aperture ladar for planetary sensing[C]//in Earth Observing Systems Ⅷ. Proc. SPIE., 2003, 5151: 44-52.
[7] 倪树新. 新体制成像激光雷达发展评述. 激光与红外, 2006, 36(supplement): 732-736.
[8] 张云, 吴瑾, 唐永新. 合成孔径激光雷达. 激光与光电子学进展. 2005, 7(42): 48-50.
[9] 李番, 邬双阳, 郑永超等. 合成孔径激光雷达技术综述. 红外与激光工程. 2006, 2(Vol.35,No,1): 55-59.
[10] 张云. 合成孔径激光雷达. 中国科学院电子学研究所硕士学位论文, 2006, 6.
[11] T. S. Lewis and H. S. Hutchins. A Synthetic Aperture at 10.6 Microns. Proc. IEEE(letters) ,1970,58:1781-1782.
[12] C. C. Aleksoff and C. R. Christensen. Holographic Doppler imaging of Rotating Objects. App.Opt., 1975,14 (1):134-141.
[13] C. C. Aleksoff. Synthetic interferometric imaging technique for moving objects. App.Opt., 1976 ,15 (8):1923-1929.
[14] C. C. Aleksoff, J. S. Accetta, L .M .Tai, etal. Synthetic aperture imaging with a pulsed CO2 TEA laser. SPIE(Laser RadarⅡ)1987,783:29-40.
[15] Thomas G. Kyle. High resolution laser imaging system. App. Opt., 1989, 28(13):2651-2656.
[16] Stephen Marcus, Barry D. Collella, and Thomas J. Green, Jr. Solid-state laser synthetic aperture radar[J]. App. Opt. 1994, 33(6):960-964.
[17] Thomas J. Green, Jr., Stephen Marcus, and Barry D. Colella. Synthetic- aperture-radar imaging with a solid-state laser. App. Opt., 1995, 34(30):6941-6949.
[18] M. Bashkansky, R. L. Lucke, E. Funk, etal. Two-dimensional synthetic aperture imaging in the optical domain[J]. Optics Letters, 2002, 27(22):1983-1985.
[19] W. Buell, N. Marechal, J. Buck, etal. Synthetic-Aperture Imaging Ladar. The Aerospace Corporation magazine of Advances Technology, 2004, 5(2).
[20] W. Buell, N. Marechal, J. Buck, etal. Demonstration of Synthetic Aperture Imaging Ladar. Proc. SPIE, 2005, 5791:152-166.
[21] Robert L. Lucke and Lee J Rickerd. Photon-limited synthetic-aperture imaging for planet surface studies[J]. App. Opt., 2002, 41(24): 5084-5095
[22] M. Bashkansky, R. L. Lucke, E Funk, etal. Synthetic Aperture Imaging at 1.5μ: Laboratory Demonstration and Potential Application to Planet Surface Studies. SPIE., 2002,4849:48 -56.
[23] Thomas J. Karr. Synthetic Aperture Ladar Resolution Through Turbulence. Proc. SPIE., 2003, 4976:22-32.
[24] J. C. Ricklin, P. G. Tomlinson. Active Imaging at DARPA. Proc. SPIE., 2005, 5895.
[25] E. Hesham Attia. Data-Adaptive Motion Compensation for Synthetic Aperture LADAR. IEEE Aerospace conference Proceedings, 2004, 1782-1787.
[26] Curtis W. Chen and Scott Hensley. Amplitude-based height-reconstruction techniques for synthetic aperture ladar systems[J]. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2005, 22(3): 529-538.
[27] Robert L. Lucke. Synthetic Aperture Ladar Simulation with Phase Screen and Fourier Propagation. IEEE Aerospace conference Proceedings, 2004, 1788-1798.
[28] EddyA. Stappaerts and E. T. Scharlemann. Differential synthetic aperture ladar. Opt. Let., 2005, 30(18): 2385-2387.
[29] Kenneth P. Walsh, Brian Schulkin, Dale Gary, etal. Terahertz near-field interferometric and synthetic aperture imaging. To be published in Proc. SPIE., 2004, 5411.
[30] Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. Feasibility study of synthetic aperture infrared laser radar techniques for imaging of static and moving objects[J]. Appl Opt., 1998, 37(24): 5631-5639.
[31] Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. Short-range verification experiment of a trial one –dimensional synthetic aperture infrared laser radar operated in the 10-μm band. Appl. Opt., 2000, 39(9):1421-1425.
[32] 空间光电科技专辑(合成孔径雷达技术专题). 中国科学院国家科学图书馆科学研究动态监测快报, 2007, 10.
[33] 彭仁军, 吴健, 杨春平等. 用干涉法实现光学合成孔径技术. 光学学报, 2002, 22(3): 355-359.
[34] 安毓英, 曾晓东. 光电探测原理. 西安电子科技大学出版社, 2004, 8.
[35] J. H. Shapiro, B. A. Capron, and R. C. Harvey. Imaging and target detection with a heterodyne-reception optical radar. App. Opt., 1981, 20(19):3292-3313.
[36] K. F. Hulme, B. S. Collins, G. D. Constant, J. T. Pinson. A CO2 laser rangefinder using heterodyne detection and chirp pulse compression. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 1981, 13:35-45.
[37] 刘振玉. 光电技术. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1990.
[38] Renhorn I, Steinvall O. Performance study of a coherent laser radar. SPIE, 1983, 415(8): 39-50.
[39] George. W. Stimson著, 吴汉平等译. 机载雷达导论, 第二版. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2005.
[40] 裴莉辉. 基于去调频处理的SAR成像技术研究. 电子科技大学硕士学位论文, 2004, 5.
[41] Robert L. Lucke, Lee J Rickard, Mark Bashkansky, etal. Synthetic Aperture Ladar(SAL): Fundamental Theory, Design Equations for a Satellite System, and Laboratory Demonstration. Washington. 2002.
[42] 保铮, 邢孟道, 王彤. 雷达成像技术. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2005.
[43] J. C. Curlander and R. N. McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing. New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1991.
[44] Ian G. Cumming, Frank H. Wong著, 洪文, 胡东辉等译. 合成孔径雷达成像——算法与实现. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2007, 10.
[45] 林捷, 洪峻. 星载极化SAR数据模拟. 遥感学报, 2002, 6(1): 7-11.