目标与地表环境复合电磁散射特性研究
|
摘要
本文重点研究了目标与地表环境的复合电磁散射特性。主要工作分为以下三部分:
首先,介绍了粗糙面电磁散射基本理论,分析了不同地表情况的影响,并基于基尔霍夫近似理论分析了不同地表环境电磁散射特性。利用了直接叠加散射体散射场的方法,并运用Monte-Carlo模拟技术研究了普通草坪表面的电磁散射特性。
第二,依据四路径模型并结合镜像法讨论了目标与环境的复合电磁散射,详细分析了目标的电磁散射特性以及目标与地表环境的复合电磁散射特性,并以电磁成像的应用来验证了此法的有效性。
第三,给出了目标与载机雷达相对位置的计算方法,讨论了有限口径天线的相对照射区域,推导出了地表的有效反射区域,以及雷达波束照射于目标体上的有效面元,提出了计及多种地表环境对目标电磁散射影响的方法,并详细分析了雷达天线处于不同状态下,目标与地表环境的复合电磁散射特性。
This dissertation focus on the composite electromagnetic (EM) scattering from a target located on a ground environment, which includes three parts as follow. The fundamental theory of EM scattering from random rough surfaces is discussed firstly, different rough surfaces are considered and its EM scattering characteristics are studied in terms of the Kirchhoff approximation. In conjunction with the summation of coherently fields from scatters, the Monte-Carlo approach is employed to analyze the EM scattering of a lawn environment.
Secondly, the composite EM scattering properties of the target with an environment are simulated based on the four-path model. Accordingly, the EM scattering characteristics of the target, as well as the target with the ground, are depicted in detail, respectively. The validity of this method is verified by the application of EM imaging results.
Finally, the distance between the target and the radar is considered, and the relative area under the irradiation by the limited aperture antenna is expatiated. The effective area reflected by the EM wave and the virtual brighten cells of the target are selected. The scheme to calculate the scattering effect of different medium on the ground is presented. The composite scattering characteristics between the target and the ground environment are discussed in detail under the control of the antenna in different movement case.
首先,介绍了粗糙面电磁散射基本理论,分析了不同地表情况的影响,并基于基尔霍夫近似理论分析了不同地表环境电磁散射特性。利用了直接叠加散射体散射场的方法,并运用Monte-Carlo模拟技术研究了普通草坪表面的电磁散射特性。
第二,依据四路径模型并结合镜像法讨论了目标与环境的复合电磁散射,详细分析了目标的电磁散射特性以及目标与地表环境的复合电磁散射特性,并以电磁成像的应用来验证了此法的有效性。
第三,给出了目标与载机雷达相对位置的计算方法,讨论了有限口径天线的相对照射区域,推导出了地表的有效反射区域,以及雷达波束照射于目标体上的有效面元,提出了计及多种地表环境对目标电磁散射影响的方法,并详细分析了雷达天线处于不同状态下,目标与地表环境的复合电磁散射特性。
This dissertation focus on the composite electromagnetic (EM) scattering from a target located on a ground environment, which includes three parts as follow. The fundamental theory of EM scattering from random rough surfaces is discussed firstly, different rough surfaces are considered and its EM scattering characteristics are studied in terms of the Kirchhoff approximation. In conjunction with the summation of coherently fields from scatters, the Monte-Carlo approach is employed to analyze the EM scattering of a lawn environment.
Secondly, the composite EM scattering properties of the target with an environment are simulated based on the four-path model. Accordingly, the EM scattering characteristics of the target, as well as the target with the ground, are depicted in detail, respectively. The validity of this method is verified by the application of EM imaging results.
Finally, the distance between the target and the radar is considered, and the relative area under the irradiation by the limited aperture antenna is expatiated. The effective area reflected by the EM wave and the virtual brighten cells of the target are selected. The scheme to calculate the scattering effect of different medium on the ground is presented. The composite scattering characteristics between the target and the ground environment are discussed in detail under the control of the antenna in different movement case.
引文
[1] W.J.Vogel, U.Hong, Measurement and Modeling of Land Mobile Satellite Propagation at UHF and L-Band, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.36, No.5, 1988, pp.707 -719.
[2] R.B.L.Stephens, M.O.Al-Nuaimi, Attenuation Measurements and Modeling in Vegetation Media at 11.2 and 20GHz, Electronics Letters, Vol.31, No.20, 1995, pp.1783-1785.
[3] J.Goldirsh, W.J.Volgel, Roadside Tree Attenuation Measurements at UHF for Land Mobile Satellite Systems, IEEE Trans. on Amtennas and Propagation, Vol.35, No.5, 1987, pp.589 -596.
[4] M.O.Al-Nuaimi, A.M.Hammoudeth, Attenuation Function of Microwave Signals Propagated through Trees, Electronics Letters, Vol.29, No.14, 1993, pp.1307-1308.
[5] J. Goldirsh, W.J.Volgel, Mobile Satellite System Fade Statistics for Shadowing and Multipath from Roadside Trees at UHF and L-Band, IEEE Trans. on Amtennas and Propagation, Vol.37, No.4, 1989.
[6] D.R.Sheen, L.P.Johnston, Statistical and Spatial Properties of Forest Clutter Measured with Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR), IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol.30, No.3, 1992, pp.578 -588.
[7] J.Li, E.G..Zelnio, Target Detection with Synthetic Aperture Radar, IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.32, No.2, 1996, pp.613 -626.
[8] J.G.Fleischman,et al, Foliage Penetration Experiment, IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.32, No.1, 1996, pp.134 -165
[9] A.K.Fung, Z.Li, K.S.Chen, Backscattering from a Randomly Rough Dielectric Surface, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol.30, No.2, 1992, pp.365.
[10] F T.乌拉比,R.K 穆尔,冯健超,微波遥感,第一卷,微波遥感基础和辐射测量学,科学出版社,1988
[11] 黄培康,殷红成,许小剑,《雷达目标特性》,电子工业出版社,2004 年
[12] P. Beckmann et al. The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces. New York: Pergamon, 1963
[13] Bass,Wave Seattering from Statistcally Rough Surfaces. Oxford: Pergamon, 1979
[14] A. Ishimaru, and J S. Chen. Scattering from very rough surfaces based on the modified second-order Kirchhoff approximation with angular and propagationshadowing. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1990, 88. pp.1877-1883
[15] D.Holliday, Resolution of a controversy surrounding the Kirchhoff approach and the small perturbation method in rough surface scattering theory, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, January 1987, Vol.35, No.1, pp. 120-132.
[16] Akira Ishimaru and Jei Shuan Chen, Scattering from very rough metallic and surface dielectric surfaces: a theory based on the modified Kirchhoff approximation, Waves in Random Media, January 1991, Vol.1, No.1, pp.21-34.
[17] Eric. I. Thorsos, The validity of the perturbation approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughess spectrum, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. July 1989, Vol.86, No.1, pp.261-277.
[18] J.M. Soto-Crespo, M. Nieto-Vesperinas and A.T. Friberg, Scattering from slightly rough random surfaces:a detailed study on the validity of the small perturbation method, J. Opt. Soc.Am. A. July 1990, Vol.7, No.7, pp.1185-1201.
[19] E. Bahar, Scattering cross sections for random surfaces: Full Wave Analysis. Radio Science, May 1981, Vol.16, No.3, pp.331-341.
[20] E. Bahar and Bom Son Lee, Radar scatter cross sections for two-dimensional random rough surfaces-Full wave solutions and comparisons with experiments, Waves in Random Media. 1996, 6. pp.1-23.
[21] J.T.Johnson, R.T.Shin, A numerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscattering, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, January 1998,Vol.36, No.1, pp.72-83.
[22] S.L.Durden and J.F.Vesecky, A numerical study of the separation wavenumber in the two scale scattering approximation, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, March 1990, Vol.28, No.2, pp.271-272.
[23] A. K. Fung and G. Pan, An integral equation method for rough surface scattering, Proc. Int. Symp, on multiple scattering of waves in random media and random surface,1986, pp.701-714.
[24] 胡来平, 刘占军. 电磁学计算方法的比较. 现代电子技术. 2003,10, 10, pp.75-78
[25] K.S.Yee. Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwell's Equations in Isotropic Media. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1966.5, 14(5), pp.302-307
[26] D.S. Weile, B. Shanker and E. Michielssen. An accurate scheme for the numerical solution of the time domain electric field integral equation. IEEEInternational Antennas and Propagation Symposium. 2001,7, pp.516-519
[27] King Wai Lam, Lizhi Zheng and Qin Li. Statistical distributions of fields in scattering by random rough surfaces based on Monte Carlo simulations of Maxwell equations. IEEE International Antennas and Propagation Symposium. 2003,6, pp.573-576
[28] R.M.Axline, A.K.Fung, Numerical computation of scattering from a perfectly conduction random surface, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, May 1978, Vol.26, No.3, pp.482-488.
[29] J. T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above a half space. Microwave and Opt. Tech. Lett., 2001, 30(2),130-134
[30] 朱国强等. 平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射. 武汉大学学报. 2000,46(1), pp.99-103
[31] T. Chiu and K. Sarabandi. Electromagnetic scattering interaction between a dielectric cylinder and slightly rough surface. IEEE Trans. on Antenna and Propagat. 1999, 47(5), 902-913
[32] M. R. Pino, L. Landesa, J. L. Rodrigues et al. The generalized forward-backward method for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1999, 6, 47(6), pp.961-968
[33] 金亚秋, 李中新. 下视雷达对海杂波中船目标监测的散射回波数值模拟. 科学通报. 2002,8, 47(16), pp.1211-1216
[34] 李中新, 金亚秋. 双网格前后向迭代与谱积分法计算分形粗糙面的双站散射与透射. 物理学报. 2002,7, 51(7), pp.1403-1411
[35] K. Sarabandi, E. S. Li, and A. Nashashibi, "Modeling and measurements of scattering from road surfaces at millimeter-wave frequencies,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,vol.45, Nov.1997.
[36] E. S. Li and K. Sarabandi, “Low grazing incidence millimeter-wave scattering models and measurements for various road surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 47, pp. 851-861, May 1999.
[37] K. Sarabandi and E. S. Li, Polarimetric characterization of debris and faults in the highway environment at millimeter-wave frequencies, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 48, pp. 1756-1768, Nov. 2000.
[38] E. S. Li, Physical Optics Models for the Backscatter Response of Road-Surface Faults and Roadside Pebbles at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,vol.51, Oct.2003.
[39] K. Sarabandi and E. S. Li, A microstrip ring resonator for soil moisturemeasurements, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 35, Sept. 1997.
[40] 张蓓,路面结构层介电特性及其厚度反演分析的系统识别方法一路面雷达关键技术研究[D],重庆大学,2003:15 -16. 265-278
[41] 郭成超,路面结构层材料介电特性反演及路面雷达应用[D],郑州大学,2004.
[42] A. G. Voronovich. Small-slope approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering at a rough interface of two dielectric half-spaces. Waves in Random Media. 1994, 4. pp.337-367
[43] A. G. Voronovich. Non-local small-slope approximation for wave scattering from rough surfaces. Waves in Random Media. 1996, 6. pp.151-167
[44] M. S. Gilbert and J. T. Johnson. A study of rough surface scattering effects using the higher-order small slope approximation. International Antennas and Propagation Symposium, 2003,6, pp.557-560
[45] J.T.Johnson, R.T.Shin. A numerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscattering. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 1998,1, 36(1). pp.72-83
[46] A. K. Fung, M. R. Shah and S. Tjuatja. Numerical simulation of scattering from three- dimensional randomly rough surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 1994,9, 32(5). pp.986-994
[47] 高本庆, 刘波. 电磁场时域数值技术新进展. 北京理工大学学报. 2002,8, 22(4), pp. 401-406
[48] 胡来平, 刘占军. 电磁学计算方法的比较. 现代电子技术. 2003,10, 10, pp.75-78
[49] 葛德彪, 闫玉波. 电磁波时域有限差分方法. 西安: 西安电子科技大学出版社, 2002
[50] T. Namiki. 3-D ADI-FDTD method-unconditionally stable time-domain algorithm for solving full vector Maxwell's equations. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 2000,10, 48(10). pp.1743-1748
[51] E.F.克拉特等著,阮颖铮、陈海等译,雷达散射截面—预估、测量和减缩.电子工业出版社,1988.pp.342~358
[52] Weng Cho Chew 著,聂在平 柳清伙译,《非均匀介质中的场与波》,电子工业出版社,1992 年,pp:39-44
[53] A. Tour, K. P. B. Thomson, G. Edwards, R. J. Brown, B. G. Brisco, Adaptation the MIMICS Backscattering Modle to the Agricultural Context-Wheat and canola at L and C Bands, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No.1, 1994, pp.47-61.
[54] 李淑青,植被电磁散射的建模及分析.学位论文,西安交通大学,1998 1994,9, 32(5). pp.986-994
[55] P. F. Polatin, K. Sarabandi, F. T. Ulaby, Monte Carlo Simulation of Electromagnetic Scattering from a Heterogeneous Two-Component Medium, IEEE Trans, on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.43, No.10,1995, pp.1048-1057
[56] M.Ando etal. Elimination of false singularities in GTD equivatent edge Currents, IEEE Proc-H,Vol.138, No. 4, 1991,pp.289-296.
[57] 崔索民,吴振森,汪茂光. 等效边缘电磁流的一般和高阶表达式及其在双站散射中的应用. 电子学报, no.3, 1998
[58] 崔索民,吴振森,方大纲. “一种计算多面体目标 RCS 的等效边缘电磁流公式”. 微波学报, 13(1),20-25, 1997
[59] L. P. Ivrissimtzis and R. J. Marhefka. A Uniform ray approximation of the scattering by polyhedral structures including higher order terms, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. AP-40, No.11, 1992, pp.1302-1311.
[60] R. Bhalla, J. Moore and H. Ling, A Global Scattering Center Representation of Complex Targets Using the Shooting and Bouncing Ray Technique, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-45, December 1997, pp. 1850-1856.
[61] 黄树军,孙合敏,闫世强,一种求解路基地雷达地面反射区域面积的模型,空军雷达学院学报.Vol.16 No.1,2002.3
[2] R.B.L.Stephens, M.O.Al-Nuaimi, Attenuation Measurements and Modeling in Vegetation Media at 11.2 and 20GHz, Electronics Letters, Vol.31, No.20, 1995, pp.1783-1785.
[3] J.Goldirsh, W.J.Volgel, Roadside Tree Attenuation Measurements at UHF for Land Mobile Satellite Systems, IEEE Trans. on Amtennas and Propagation, Vol.35, No.5, 1987, pp.589 -596.
[4] M.O.Al-Nuaimi, A.M.Hammoudeth, Attenuation Function of Microwave Signals Propagated through Trees, Electronics Letters, Vol.29, No.14, 1993, pp.1307-1308.
[5] J. Goldirsh, W.J.Volgel, Mobile Satellite System Fade Statistics for Shadowing and Multipath from Roadside Trees at UHF and L-Band, IEEE Trans. on Amtennas and Propagation, Vol.37, No.4, 1989.
[6] D.R.Sheen, L.P.Johnston, Statistical and Spatial Properties of Forest Clutter Measured with Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR), IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol.30, No.3, 1992, pp.578 -588.
[7] J.Li, E.G..Zelnio, Target Detection with Synthetic Aperture Radar, IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.32, No.2, 1996, pp.613 -626.
[8] J.G.Fleischman,et al, Foliage Penetration Experiment, IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.32, No.1, 1996, pp.134 -165
[9] A.K.Fung, Z.Li, K.S.Chen, Backscattering from a Randomly Rough Dielectric Surface, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol.30, No.2, 1992, pp.365.
[10] F T.乌拉比,R.K 穆尔,冯健超,微波遥感,第一卷,微波遥感基础和辐射测量学,科学出版社,1988
[11] 黄培康,殷红成,许小剑,《雷达目标特性》,电子工业出版社,2004 年
[12] P. Beckmann et al. The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces. New York: Pergamon, 1963
[13] Bass,Wave Seattering from Statistcally Rough Surfaces. Oxford: Pergamon, 1979
[14] A. Ishimaru, and J S. Chen. Scattering from very rough surfaces based on the modified second-order Kirchhoff approximation with angular and propagationshadowing. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1990, 88. pp.1877-1883
[15] D.Holliday, Resolution of a controversy surrounding the Kirchhoff approach and the small perturbation method in rough surface scattering theory, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, January 1987, Vol.35, No.1, pp. 120-132.
[16] Akira Ishimaru and Jei Shuan Chen, Scattering from very rough metallic and surface dielectric surfaces: a theory based on the modified Kirchhoff approximation, Waves in Random Media, January 1991, Vol.1, No.1, pp.21-34.
[17] Eric. I. Thorsos, The validity of the perturbation approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughess spectrum, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. July 1989, Vol.86, No.1, pp.261-277.
[18] J.M. Soto-Crespo, M. Nieto-Vesperinas and A.T. Friberg, Scattering from slightly rough random surfaces:a detailed study on the validity of the small perturbation method, J. Opt. Soc.Am. A. July 1990, Vol.7, No.7, pp.1185-1201.
[19] E. Bahar, Scattering cross sections for random surfaces: Full Wave Analysis. Radio Science, May 1981, Vol.16, No.3, pp.331-341.
[20] E. Bahar and Bom Son Lee, Radar scatter cross sections for two-dimensional random rough surfaces-Full wave solutions and comparisons with experiments, Waves in Random Media. 1996, 6. pp.1-23.
[21] J.T.Johnson, R.T.Shin, A numerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscattering, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, January 1998,Vol.36, No.1, pp.72-83.
[22] S.L.Durden and J.F.Vesecky, A numerical study of the separation wavenumber in the two scale scattering approximation, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, March 1990, Vol.28, No.2, pp.271-272.
[23] A. K. Fung and G. Pan, An integral equation method for rough surface scattering, Proc. Int. Symp, on multiple scattering of waves in random media and random surface,1986, pp.701-714.
[24] 胡来平, 刘占军. 电磁学计算方法的比较. 现代电子技术. 2003,10, 10, pp.75-78
[25] K.S.Yee. Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwell's Equations in Isotropic Media. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1966.5, 14(5), pp.302-307
[26] D.S. Weile, B. Shanker and E. Michielssen. An accurate scheme for the numerical solution of the time domain electric field integral equation. IEEEInternational Antennas and Propagation Symposium. 2001,7, pp.516-519
[27] King Wai Lam, Lizhi Zheng and Qin Li. Statistical distributions of fields in scattering by random rough surfaces based on Monte Carlo simulations of Maxwell equations. IEEE International Antennas and Propagation Symposium. 2003,6, pp.573-576
[28] R.M.Axline, A.K.Fung, Numerical computation of scattering from a perfectly conduction random surface, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, May 1978, Vol.26, No.3, pp.482-488.
[29] J. T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above a half space. Microwave and Opt. Tech. Lett., 2001, 30(2),130-134
[30] 朱国强等. 平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射. 武汉大学学报. 2000,46(1), pp.99-103
[31] T. Chiu and K. Sarabandi. Electromagnetic scattering interaction between a dielectric cylinder and slightly rough surface. IEEE Trans. on Antenna and Propagat. 1999, 47(5), 902-913
[32] M. R. Pino, L. Landesa, J. L. Rodrigues et al. The generalized forward-backward method for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1999, 6, 47(6), pp.961-968
[33] 金亚秋, 李中新. 下视雷达对海杂波中船目标监测的散射回波数值模拟. 科学通报. 2002,8, 47(16), pp.1211-1216
[34] 李中新, 金亚秋. 双网格前后向迭代与谱积分法计算分形粗糙面的双站散射与透射. 物理学报. 2002,7, 51(7), pp.1403-1411
[35] K. Sarabandi, E. S. Li, and A. Nashashibi, "Modeling and measurements of scattering from road surfaces at millimeter-wave frequencies,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,vol.45, Nov.1997.
[36] E. S. Li and K. Sarabandi, “Low grazing incidence millimeter-wave scattering models and measurements for various road surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 47, pp. 851-861, May 1999.
[37] K. Sarabandi and E. S. Li, Polarimetric characterization of debris and faults in the highway environment at millimeter-wave frequencies, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 48, pp. 1756-1768, Nov. 2000.
[38] E. S. Li, Physical Optics Models for the Backscatter Response of Road-Surface Faults and Roadside Pebbles at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,vol.51, Oct.2003.
[39] K. Sarabandi and E. S. Li, A microstrip ring resonator for soil moisturemeasurements, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 35, Sept. 1997.
[40] 张蓓,路面结构层介电特性及其厚度反演分析的系统识别方法一路面雷达关键技术研究[D],重庆大学,2003:15 -16. 265-278
[41] 郭成超,路面结构层材料介电特性反演及路面雷达应用[D],郑州大学,2004.
[42] A. G. Voronovich. Small-slope approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering at a rough interface of two dielectric half-spaces. Waves in Random Media. 1994, 4. pp.337-367
[43] A. G. Voronovich. Non-local small-slope approximation for wave scattering from rough surfaces. Waves in Random Media. 1996, 6. pp.151-167
[44] M. S. Gilbert and J. T. Johnson. A study of rough surface scattering effects using the higher-order small slope approximation. International Antennas and Propagation Symposium, 2003,6, pp.557-560
[45] J.T.Johnson, R.T.Shin. A numerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscattering. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 1998,1, 36(1). pp.72-83
[46] A. K. Fung, M. R. Shah and S. Tjuatja. Numerical simulation of scattering from three- dimensional randomly rough surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 1994,9, 32(5). pp.986-994
[47] 高本庆, 刘波. 电磁场时域数值技术新进展. 北京理工大学学报. 2002,8, 22(4), pp. 401-406
[48] 胡来平, 刘占军. 电磁学计算方法的比较. 现代电子技术. 2003,10, 10, pp.75-78
[49] 葛德彪, 闫玉波. 电磁波时域有限差分方法. 西安: 西安电子科技大学出版社, 2002
[50] T. Namiki. 3-D ADI-FDTD method-unconditionally stable time-domain algorithm for solving full vector Maxwell's equations. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 2000,10, 48(10). pp.1743-1748
[51] E.F.克拉特等著,阮颖铮、陈海等译,雷达散射截面—预估、测量和减缩.电子工业出版社,1988.pp.342~358
[52] Weng Cho Chew 著,聂在平 柳清伙译,《非均匀介质中的场与波》,电子工业出版社,1992 年,pp:39-44
[53] A. Tour, K. P. B. Thomson, G. Edwards, R. J. Brown, B. G. Brisco, Adaptation the MIMICS Backscattering Modle to the Agricultural Context-Wheat and canola at L and C Bands, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No.1, 1994, pp.47-61.
[54] 李淑青,植被电磁散射的建模及分析.学位论文,西安交通大学,1998 1994,9, 32(5). pp.986-994
[55] P. F. Polatin, K. Sarabandi, F. T. Ulaby, Monte Carlo Simulation of Electromagnetic Scattering from a Heterogeneous Two-Component Medium, IEEE Trans, on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.43, No.10,1995, pp.1048-1057
[56] M.Ando etal. Elimination of false singularities in GTD equivatent edge Currents, IEEE Proc-H,Vol.138, No. 4, 1991,pp.289-296.
[57] 崔索民,吴振森,汪茂光. 等效边缘电磁流的一般和高阶表达式及其在双站散射中的应用. 电子学报, no.3, 1998
[58] 崔索民,吴振森,方大纲. “一种计算多面体目标 RCS 的等效边缘电磁流公式”. 微波学报, 13(1),20-25, 1997
[59] L. P. Ivrissimtzis and R. J. Marhefka. A Uniform ray approximation of the scattering by polyhedral structures including higher order terms, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. AP-40, No.11, 1992, pp.1302-1311.
[60] R. Bhalla, J. Moore and H. Ling, A Global Scattering Center Representation of Complex Targets Using the Shooting and Bouncing Ray Technique, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-45, December 1997, pp. 1850-1856.
[61] 黄树军,孙合敏,闫世强,一种求解路基地雷达地面反射区域面积的模型,空军雷达学院学报.Vol.16 No.1,2002.3