动态介质海面电磁散射特性及参数反演研究
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摘要
本文首先利用Monte Carlo法模拟了一维和二维的海面,并用基尔霍夫近似计算了海面的电磁散射。在得到后向杂波的时间序列之后对其进行混沌分析,重构相空间,并计算了关联维和Lyapunov指数。同时利用物理光学近似结合互易性原理计算了动态介质粗糙海面与其上方导体运动平板的复合散射,并对复合散射场时间序列进行了混沌研究。最后分别利用遗传算法和粒子群优化实现了海面参数的反演,得到了比较小的反演误差,获得了较好的结果,并对这两种方法的优缺点进行了比较和讨论。
In this paper, based on the method of Monte Carlo, one-dimensional and two- dimensional sea surfaces are simulated, respectively. The electromagnetic scattering from the sea surface is evaluated by employed Kirchhoff Approximation. The chaotic characteristic of the time series of the backscattering clutter is analyzed by reconstructing the phase space, evaluating the correlation dimension and Lyapunov exponent. Taking advantage of Physics Optical (PO) and reciprocity theorem, the composite scattering between the time-varying dielectric sea surface and a moving conducting plate is calculated, and the chaotic characteristic for the time series of composite scattering field is investigated. Finally, the retrieval of sea surface parameters is achieved by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Perfect results are obtained with small inverse errors, and the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages for these two methods is presented and discussed.
In this paper, based on the method of Monte Carlo, one-dimensional and two- dimensional sea surfaces are simulated, respectively. The electromagnetic scattering from the sea surface is evaluated by employed Kirchhoff Approximation. The chaotic characteristic of the time series of the backscattering clutter is analyzed by reconstructing the phase space, evaluating the correlation dimension and Lyapunov exponent. Taking advantage of Physics Optical (PO) and reciprocity theorem, the composite scattering between the time-varying dielectric sea surface and a moving conducting plate is calculated, and the chaotic characteristic for the time series of composite scattering field is investigated. Finally, the retrieval of sea surface parameters is achieved by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Perfect results are obtained with small inverse errors, and the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages for these two methods is presented and discussed.
引文
[1] Floyd W Millet,Karl F Warnick.Validity of rough surface backscattering models.Waves in Random Media,2004,14:327-347.
[2] Ahmed K Sultan-Salem,G. Leonard Tyler.Validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering from fractal surfaces.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.2004,42(9):1860-1870.
[3] Adib Nashashibi,F T Ulaby,Kamal Sarabandi.Measurement and modeling of the millimeter-wave backscatter response of soil surfaces.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.1996,34(2):561-572.
[4] Marco Martorella,Fabrizio Berizzi,Emzo Dalle Mese.On the fractal dimension of sea surface backscattered signal at low grazing angle.IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation.2004,52(5):1193-1204.
[5] P Beckman and A Spizzichino.The scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces,(Oxford: Pergamon),1963.
[6] F T Ulaby,R K Moore,A K Fung.Microwave remote sensing.Vol.II.(Reading, MA:Addision-Wesbey),1982.
[7] M W Long.Radar Reflectivity of Land and Sea.2nd ed.Norwood,MA:Artech, 1983.
[8] P Beckmann et al.The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces.New York:Pergamon,1963.
[9] Bass.Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces.Oxford:Pergamon,1979.
[10] K S Chen,A K Fung.A comparison of backscattering models for rough surfaces.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1995,33(1):195-200.
[11] A K Fung,Z Li,K S Chen.Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1992,30(2):356-369.
[12] A K Fung,M F Chen.Numerical simulation of scattering from simple and composite random surfaces.J Opt Soc Am.1985,12,2(12):2274-2284.
[13] R M Axline,A K Fung.Numerical computation of scattering from a perfectly conducting random surface.IEEE Trans Antennas Propag.1978,3,26(3):482-488.
[14] A Ishimaru,J S Chen.Scattering from very rough surfaces based on the modified second-order Kirchhoff approximation with angular and propagation shadowing.J Acoust Soc Am.1990,88:1877-1883.
[15] J A Ogilvy.Theory of wave scattering from random rough surfaces.Adam Hilger,1997.
[16] D Holliday.Resolution of a controversy surrounding the Kirchhoff approach and the small perturbation method in rough surface scattering theory.IEEE Trans Antennas Propag.1987,1,35(1):120-122.
[17] Akira Ishimaru,Jei Shuan Chen.Scattering from very rough metallic and dielectric surfaces:a theory based on the modified Kirchhoff approximation.Waves in Random Media.1991,1,1(1):21-34.
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[21] M R Pino,L Landesa,J L Rodrigues and et al.The generalized forward- backward method for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces. IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat.1999,6,47(6):961-968.
[22] 金亚秋,李中新.下视雷达对海杂波中船目标监测的散射回波数值模拟.科学通报.2002,8,47(16):1211-1216.
[23] 李中新,金亚秋.双网格前后向迭代与谱积分法计算分形粗糙面的双站散射与透射.物理学报.2002,7,51(7):1403-1411.
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[26] 康士峰,王显德.粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析.微波学报.2004,9, 20(3):43-46.
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[29] 郭立新,金彩英,吴振森.微粗糙面上方球形粒子的光散射及其散射截面的计算.光学学报.2003,6,23(6):717-723.
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[33] Guo Lixin,Jiao Licheng,Wu Zhensen.Electromagnetic Scattering from Two-Dimensional Rough Surface Using the Kirchhoff Approximation.Chin Phys Lett.2001,1,18(1):214-216.
[34] H Leung,S Haykin.Is there a radar clutter attracter?.Appl Phys Lett.1990,56(6):592-595.
[35] S Haykin,R Bakker,B W Currie.Uncovering nonlinear dynamics-the case study of sea clutter.Proceedings of the IEEE.2002,90(5):860-881.
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[37] 田铮 译.时间序列的理论和方法.2001,高等教育出版社.
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[40] K S Chen,Y Z Tzeng,P C Chen.Retrieval of ocean winds from satellite scatterometer by a neural network.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1999, 37(1):247-256.
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[42] M S Dawson,J Olvera,A K Fung and et al.Inversion of surface parameters using fast learning neural networks.Proceedings IGSRSS’92 (NewYork: IEEE),pp.910- 912.
[43] 王悦泉,金亚秋.陆地表面粗糙度和土壤湿度多维参数同时反演得遗传算法.遥感学报.2000,4(2):90-94.
[44] 官秀国,分形粗糙面电磁散射的遮蔽效应研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2003.
[45] 逯贵祯,王宝发.高斯随机粗糙表面的电磁散射研究.电子学报.2002,30(6):908-909.
[46] Johnson J T,Toporkov J V,Brown G S.A numerical study of backscattering from time-evolving sea surfaces: Comparison of hydrodynamic models . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.2001,39(11):2411-2419.
[47] A K Fung,K K Lee.A Semi-Eempirical Sea-Spectrum Model for scattering coefficient estimation.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.1982,10, 7(4):166-176.
[48] 姚纪欢,张延冬,肖景明等.随机粗糙面的统计模型和分形模型散射的比较研究.微波学报.2000,16(2):145-148.
[49] 张延冬,海面电磁与光散射特性研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2005.
[50] 姚纪欢,粗糙海面的电磁散射研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2000.
[51] Eric I Thorsos.The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum.J Acoust Soc Am.1988,83(1):78-92.
[52] A Ishimaru.Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media.Academic Press.New York,1978.
[53] 林三虎,朱红,赵亦工.海杂波的混沌特性分析.系统工程与电子技术.2004,26(2):178-180.
[54] 王兴元.复杂非线形系统中的混沌.电子工业出版社,2003.
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[56] H Leunge,T Lo.Chaotic radar signal processing over the sea.IEEE J Oceanic Engineering.1993,18(3):287-295.
[57] 杨杰,姜明启.混沌研究方法在雷达海杂波分析中的应用.电子与信息学报.2001,23(6):552-558.
[58] Leung.Applying Chaos to Radar Detection in an Ocean Environment.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.1995,20(1):56-64.
[59] 王运华,海面及其上方简单目标的复合电磁散射研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2006.
[60] Ji Chen,Titus K Y Lo,et al.The use of fractals for modeling EM waves scattering from rough sea surface.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1996,4,34(4):966-972.
[61] 汪茂光.几何绕射理论.西安电子科技大学出版社,1994.
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[63] 郭华,实际地、海面电磁散射及其反演问题研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2007.
[64] Ji Chen,K Y Lo,Henry Leung,et al.The use of fractal for modeling EM waves scattering from rough sea surface.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.1996,34(4):966-972.
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[74] 徐燕,海杂波时间序列的混沌特性研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2004.
[2] Ahmed K Sultan-Salem,G. Leonard Tyler.Validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering from fractal surfaces.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.2004,42(9):1860-1870.
[3] Adib Nashashibi,F T Ulaby,Kamal Sarabandi.Measurement and modeling of the millimeter-wave backscatter response of soil surfaces.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.1996,34(2):561-572.
[4] Marco Martorella,Fabrizio Berizzi,Emzo Dalle Mese.On the fractal dimension of sea surface backscattered signal at low grazing angle.IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation.2004,52(5):1193-1204.
[5] P Beckman and A Spizzichino.The scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces,(Oxford: Pergamon),1963.
[6] F T Ulaby,R K Moore,A K Fung.Microwave remote sensing.Vol.II.(Reading, MA:Addision-Wesbey),1982.
[7] M W Long.Radar Reflectivity of Land and Sea.2nd ed.Norwood,MA:Artech, 1983.
[8] P Beckmann et al.The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces.New York:Pergamon,1963.
[9] Bass.Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces.Oxford:Pergamon,1979.
[10] K S Chen,A K Fung.A comparison of backscattering models for rough surfaces.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1995,33(1):195-200.
[11] A K Fung,Z Li,K S Chen.Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1992,30(2):356-369.
[12] A K Fung,M F Chen.Numerical simulation of scattering from simple and composite random surfaces.J Opt Soc Am.1985,12,2(12):2274-2284.
[13] R M Axline,A K Fung.Numerical computation of scattering from a perfectly conducting random surface.IEEE Trans Antennas Propag.1978,3,26(3):482-488.
[14] A Ishimaru,J S Chen.Scattering from very rough surfaces based on the modified second-order Kirchhoff approximation with angular and propagation shadowing.J Acoust Soc Am.1990,88:1877-1883.
[15] J A Ogilvy.Theory of wave scattering from random rough surfaces.Adam Hilger,1997.
[16] D Holliday.Resolution of a controversy surrounding the Kirchhoff approach and the small perturbation method in rough surface scattering theory.IEEE Trans Antennas Propag.1987,1,35(1):120-122.
[17] Akira Ishimaru,Jei Shuan Chen.Scattering from very rough metallic and dielectric surfaces:a theory based on the modified Kirchhoff approximation.Waves in Random Media.1991,1,1(1):21-34.
[18] J T Johnson.A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above a half space.Microwave and Opt.Tech.Lett.2001,30(2):130-134.
[19] 朱国强等.平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射.武汉大学学报.2000,46(1):99-103.
[20] T Chiu,K Sarabandi.Electromagnetic scattering interaction between a dielectric cylinder and slightly rough surface.IEEE Trans Antenna and Propagat.1999,47(5):902-913.
[21] M R Pino,L Landesa,J L Rodrigues and et al.The generalized forward- backward method for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces. IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat.1999,6,47(6):961-968.
[22] 金亚秋,李中新.下视雷达对海杂波中船目标监测的散射回波数值模拟.科学通报.2002,8,47(16):1211-1216.
[23] 李中新,金亚秋.双网格前后向迭代与谱积分法计算分形粗糙面的双站散射与透射.物理学报.2002,7,51(7):1403-1411.
[24] Peng Liu,Ya-Qiu Jin,Numerical simulation of bistatic scattering from a target at low altitude above rough sea surface under an EM-Wave incidence at low grazing angle by using the finite element method . IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.2004,5,52(5):1205-1220.
[25] 刘鹏,金亚秋.动态起伏海面上低飞目标电磁散射 Doppler 频谱的有限元-区域分解法数值模拟.中国科学(G 辑) 物理学,力学,天文学.2004,6,34(3):265-278.
[26] 康士峰,王显德.粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析.微波学报.2004,9, 20(3):43-46.
[27] Joel T Johnson.A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above a half space.Microwave and Opt Tech Lett.2001,7,30(2):130-134.
[28] 向长青,朱国强,杨河林.平板与正弦型组合粗糙面的电磁波复合散射.电波科学学报.1998,9,13(3):256-260.
[29] 郭立新,金彩英,吴振森.微粗糙面上方球形粒子的光散射及其散射截面的计算.光学学报.2003,6,23(6):717-723.
[30] M K McDonald,V Varadon,H Leung.Chaotic behavior and non-linear prediction of airborne radar sea clutter data.Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference.2002,4:331-337.
[31] 郭立新,吴振森.二维导体粗糙面电磁散射的分形特征研究.物理学报.2000,6,49(6):1064-1069.
[32] K F Warnick,W C Chew.Numerical simulation methods for rough surface scattering.Waves in Random Media.2001,11,R1-R30.
[33] Guo Lixin,Jiao Licheng,Wu Zhensen.Electromagnetic Scattering from Two-Dimensional Rough Surface Using the Kirchhoff Approximation.Chin Phys Lett.2001,1,18(1):214-216.
[34] H Leung,S Haykin.Is there a radar clutter attracter?.Appl Phys Lett.1990,56(6):592-595.
[35] S Haykin,R Bakker,B W Currie.Uncovering nonlinear dynamics-the case study of sea clutter.Proceedings of the IEEE.2002,90(5):860-881.
[36] S Haykin,X B Li.Detection of signals in chaos.Proceedings of the IEEE.1995, 83(1):95-122.
[37] 田铮 译.时间序列的理论和方法.2001,高等教育出版社.
[38] 郭华东,等.雷达对地观测理论与应用.北京:科学出版社,2000,12:350-352.
[39] Mahmod Reza Sahebi,Ferdinand Bonn.Neural networks for the inversion of surface parameters from synthetic aperture radar satellite data.Can.J Eng.2004, 31:95-108.
[40] K S Chen,Y Z Tzeng,P C Chen.Retrieval of ocean winds from satellite scatterometer by a neural network.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1999, 37(1):247-256.
[41] K S Chen,W L Kao,Y C Tzeng. Retrieval of surface parameters using dynamic learning neural network. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Sympo- sium.1993.IGARSS’93.Better Understanding of Earth Environment:II.1993:505-507.
[42] M S Dawson,J Olvera,A K Fung and et al.Inversion of surface parameters using fast learning neural networks.Proceedings IGSRSS’92 (NewYork: IEEE),pp.910- 912.
[43] 王悦泉,金亚秋.陆地表面粗糙度和土壤湿度多维参数同时反演得遗传算法.遥感学报.2000,4(2):90-94.
[44] 官秀国,分形粗糙面电磁散射的遮蔽效应研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2003.
[45] 逯贵祯,王宝发.高斯随机粗糙表面的电磁散射研究.电子学报.2002,30(6):908-909.
[46] Johnson J T,Toporkov J V,Brown G S.A numerical study of backscattering from time-evolving sea surfaces: Comparison of hydrodynamic models . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.2001,39(11):2411-2419.
[47] A K Fung,K K Lee.A Semi-Eempirical Sea-Spectrum Model for scattering coefficient estimation.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.1982,10, 7(4):166-176.
[48] 姚纪欢,张延冬,肖景明等.随机粗糙面的统计模型和分形模型散射的比较研究.微波学报.2000,16(2):145-148.
[49] 张延冬,海面电磁与光散射特性研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2005.
[50] 姚纪欢,粗糙海面的电磁散射研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2000.
[51] Eric I Thorsos.The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum.J Acoust Soc Am.1988,83(1):78-92.
[52] A Ishimaru.Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media.Academic Press.New York,1978.
[53] 林三虎,朱红,赵亦工.海杂波的混沌特性分析.系统工程与电子技术.2004,26(2):178-180.
[54] 王兴元.复杂非线形系统中的混沌.电子工业出版社,2003.
[55] 吕金虎.陆君安,陆士华.混沌时间序列分析及其应用.武汉大学出版社,2002.
[56] H Leunge,T Lo.Chaotic radar signal processing over the sea.IEEE J Oceanic Engineering.1993,18(3):287-295.
[57] 杨杰,姜明启.混沌研究方法在雷达海杂波分析中的应用.电子与信息学报.2001,23(6):552-558.
[58] Leung.Applying Chaos to Radar Detection in an Ocean Environment.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.1995,20(1):56-64.
[59] 王运华,海面及其上方简单目标的复合电磁散射研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2006.
[60] Ji Chen,Titus K Y Lo,et al.The use of fractals for modeling EM waves scattering from rough sea surface.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing.1996,4,34(4):966-972.
[61] 汪茂光.几何绕射理论.西安电子科技大学出版社,1994.
[62] D L Jaggard,Y Kim.Diffraction by band-limited fractal screens.J Opt Soc Am A.1987,6,4(6):1055-1062.
[63] 郭华,实际地、海面电磁散射及其反演问题研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2007.
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