预防建筑装修污染的环境影响评价法律保障
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摘要
建筑装修引起的室内环境污染不仅包括我们居住空间的污染,还包括日常工作和生活的所有室内空间,如办公室、会议室、教室、医院等室内环境和旅馆、影剧院、图书馆、商店、体育场馆、健身房、舞厅、候车候机的休息室等各种室内公共场所的污染。如此大范围的室内污染对人们工作、生活尤其是健康的影响不可低估。据统计,全球近一半的人处于室内空气污染中,室内环境污染已经引起35.7%的呼吸道疾病,22%的慢性肺病和15%的气管炎、支气管炎和肺癌。
为实现经济、社会的可持续发展、保障公民的环境权利,在人与自然之间要协调好:自然资源与自然环境的关系;自然资源和自然环境与经济发展的关系;自然资源和自然环境的代际协调关系。公民环境权利是指公民要求其所置环境资源具有基本生态功能的权利,包括:优良环境享有权,即公民有要求享受优良(即健康、安全和舒适)环境的权利,如安宁权、采光权、通风权、清洁空气权、清洁水权等;恶化环境拒绝权,即公民有拒绝恶化环境(即水气污染、噪音、自然景观受损等)的权利;环境知情权,即公民有知晓环境资源生态状况的权利;四是环境参与权,即公民有参与环境保护立法的权利。建立建筑装修污染环境影响评价制度,既是控制室内环境污染、保护环境的内在要求,也是实现公民环境权利的应有之义。
我国应当借鉴国外环境影响评价立法的经验,根据实际情况,建立中国特色的建筑装修环境影响评价制度。应当建立统一的建筑装修污染环境影响评价标准,建立科学、合理、切实可行的建筑装修室内环境质量预测性评价体系和竣工环保验收制度,建立建筑装修环境影响评价的公众参与制度、公益诉讼制度和司法审查制度,切实控制室内环境污染、保护环境,保障公民的环境权利。
Interior pollution is caused by architecture decoration. Interior room ranges from people’s living space to all indoor space in which people conduct their daily work, including all sorts of indoor public places, such as offices, meeting rooms, classrooms, hospitals, theaters, libraries, shops, gyms, dance halls, etc. The effects of such a wide range of indoor pollution on people’s life and work should not be underestimated.
It is estimated that nearly over half of people’s in the world are affected by indoor air pollution, which has brought about 35.7% of people suffering respiratory diseases, 22% of the chronic lung diseases and 15% of tracheities, bronchitis and lung cancer
To achieve economically, socially sustainable development, and to safeguard citizen’s environmental rights, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between natural resources and environment , relationship among natural resources, environment and economic development, as well as the relationship between the gap of natural resources and environment. Citizen’s environmental rights refer to environmental requirement for citizen’s purchase of their environmental resources with basic ecological functions, including the citizen’s right to enjoy the good environment, that is, citizen’s demands for good environment ( i.e. the secure and comfortable environment ), such as rights for peace and quietness, lighting, ventilation and clear air and water, etc; citizen’s refusal right, namely, citizen has the right to reject the deteriorating environment ( i.e. water and gas pollution, noise pollution, damage of the natural landscape, etc.); citizen’s right for knowledge of his environment, namely, citizen’s rights of knowing his environmental resources. Last, citizen’s environmental participation rights, namely, citizen has the right to participate in environmental protection legislation. The establishment of architecture decoration pollution rating system facilitates us to control indoor pollution, to protect our environment and to realize citizen’s environmental rights.
On the basis of legislation of foreign architecture decoration pollution rating systems, we should lay down our environmental evaluation systems peculiar to China. The writer of the thesis proposes that our country should establish a universal standard of architectural decoration pollution evaluation system, a scientific, reasonable and practical environmental quality evaluation system of architecture decoration, the environmental acceptance system of construction completion, the public involvement of environmental evaluation system, the public interest litigation system and the judicial review system. These systems properly control indoor pollution, protect the environment and safeguard the citizens’environmental rights.
为实现经济、社会的可持续发展、保障公民的环境权利,在人与自然之间要协调好:自然资源与自然环境的关系;自然资源和自然环境与经济发展的关系;自然资源和自然环境的代际协调关系。公民环境权利是指公民要求其所置环境资源具有基本生态功能的权利,包括:优良环境享有权,即公民有要求享受优良(即健康、安全和舒适)环境的权利,如安宁权、采光权、通风权、清洁空气权、清洁水权等;恶化环境拒绝权,即公民有拒绝恶化环境(即水气污染、噪音、自然景观受损等)的权利;环境知情权,即公民有知晓环境资源生态状况的权利;四是环境参与权,即公民有参与环境保护立法的权利。建立建筑装修污染环境影响评价制度,既是控制室内环境污染、保护环境的内在要求,也是实现公民环境权利的应有之义。
我国应当借鉴国外环境影响评价立法的经验,根据实际情况,建立中国特色的建筑装修环境影响评价制度。应当建立统一的建筑装修污染环境影响评价标准,建立科学、合理、切实可行的建筑装修室内环境质量预测性评价体系和竣工环保验收制度,建立建筑装修环境影响评价的公众参与制度、公益诉讼制度和司法审查制度,切实控制室内环境污染、保护环境,保障公民的环境权利。
Interior pollution is caused by architecture decoration. Interior room ranges from people’s living space to all indoor space in which people conduct their daily work, including all sorts of indoor public places, such as offices, meeting rooms, classrooms, hospitals, theaters, libraries, shops, gyms, dance halls, etc. The effects of such a wide range of indoor pollution on people’s life and work should not be underestimated.
It is estimated that nearly over half of people’s in the world are affected by indoor air pollution, which has brought about 35.7% of people suffering respiratory diseases, 22% of the chronic lung diseases and 15% of tracheities, bronchitis and lung cancer
To achieve economically, socially sustainable development, and to safeguard citizen’s environmental rights, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between natural resources and environment , relationship among natural resources, environment and economic development, as well as the relationship between the gap of natural resources and environment. Citizen’s environmental rights refer to environmental requirement for citizen’s purchase of their environmental resources with basic ecological functions, including the citizen’s right to enjoy the good environment, that is, citizen’s demands for good environment ( i.e. the secure and comfortable environment ), such as rights for peace and quietness, lighting, ventilation and clear air and water, etc; citizen’s refusal right, namely, citizen has the right to reject the deteriorating environment ( i.e. water and gas pollution, noise pollution, damage of the natural landscape, etc.); citizen’s right for knowledge of his environment, namely, citizen’s rights of knowing his environmental resources. Last, citizen’s environmental participation rights, namely, citizen has the right to participate in environmental protection legislation. The establishment of architecture decoration pollution rating system facilitates us to control indoor pollution, to protect our environment and to realize citizen’s environmental rights.
On the basis of legislation of foreign architecture decoration pollution rating systems, we should lay down our environmental evaluation systems peculiar to China. The writer of the thesis proposes that our country should establish a universal standard of architectural decoration pollution evaluation system, a scientific, reasonable and practical environmental quality evaluation system of architecture decoration, the environmental acceptance system of construction completion, the public involvement of environmental evaluation system, the public interest litigation system and the judicial review system. These systems properly control indoor pollution, protect the environment and safeguard the citizens’environmental rights.
引文
[1] 汤红岩.室内空气质量与人体疾病及评价模型研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2005.
[2] 张浩.建筑装修材料与室内空气质量[J].建筑热能通风空调,2003,(5):63-65.
[3] 谈成龙.室内空气中氡水平[J].填图与肺癌铀矿地质,2003,19(2):26-27.
[4] 宋广生.室内空气质量标准解读[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003:8.
[5] 汤晓芸.民用建筑室内空气质量的分析与评价[D].上海:东华大学,2005.
[6] 宋广生.室内空气质量标准解读[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,2003:12.
[7] Cao,Mengxia.Study on Human Exposure Assessment to Indoor/Outdoor Air Pollutants Trans[J].Tianjin Univ,1997,3(2):189-193.
[8] ASHRAE .Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality.ASHRAE Standard 62,1989:17.
[9] 王曦.美国环境法概论[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1992:220.
[10] Bisset Ronald.Methods for Environmental Impact Assessement:a Selection Survey with Case Studies[C].In Biswas A.J.,Qu Geping. Environmental Impact Assessement for Developing Countries.U.K.London:Tycooly Publishing,1987:76
[11] 滕琪.台湾《环境影响评估法》述评[J].台湾法研究学刊,1996,(1):42-46.
[12] 吴忠标,赵伟荣.室内空气污染及净化技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:82.
[13] J G Collins. Health Characteristics by occupation and industry:United States 1983-1985[J] .Vital Health and Statistics,1989,(10):170.
[14] 吕忠梅.环境法[M].北京:法律出版社,1997:110.
[15] 陈泉生.环境权论[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:60.
[16] 陈 开 琦 . 论 环 境 权 及 其 立 法 问 题 [J]. 中 国 矿 业 大 学 报 ( 社 会 科 学版),2000,(4):24-29.
[17] 陈泉生,张梓太.宪法与行政法的生态化[M].北京:法律出版社,2001:114.
[18] 钱水苗.环境行政执法的理论与实践[M].杭州:杭州大学出版社,1994:143.
[19] 李庆华.室内装修污染民事法律救济制度研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.
[20] 陈泉生.环境权论[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:80.
[21] 高晓露.环境影响评价法律制度研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[22] 金瑞林.环境法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1999:148.
[23] 金 瑞 林 , 加 藤 一 郎 . 中 日 环 境 法 学 术 交 流 文 集 [M]. 北 京 : 北 京 大 学 出 版社,1985:86-87.
[24] 刘定慧.环境保护基本法律制度及其完善[C].见可持续发展环境资源法学研讨会论文集.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1999:101.
[25] 唐澎敏.论公众参与环境保护制度[M].湖南省政治管理学院学报,2001,(6):67-69.
[26] 肖剑鸣.比较环境法[M].北京:中国检察出版社,2002:472.
[27] 万 俊 , 章 玲 . 中 美 环 境 影 响 评 价 程 序 的 权 力 机 制 研 究 [J]. 北 方 环境,2004,29(2):68-70.
[28] 肖涛.论我国环境影响评价制度的司法完善[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[29] 伍 跃 辉 . 加 拿 大 阿 尔 伯 达 省 环 境 影 响 评 价 程 序 及 启 示 [J]. 北 方 环境.2002,(2):17-19.
[30] 肖剑鸣.比较环境法[M].北京:中国检察出版社,2001:473.
[31] 杨满芽.对 GB/T 18883 - 2002《室内空气质量标准》的几点看法[J].环境监测管理与技术,2003,(6):42.
[32] 汪劲.对提高环评有效性问题的法律思考——以环评报告书审批过程为中心[J].环境保护,2005,(3):28-32.
[33] 幸红.论公众参与环境影响评价制度[J].经济与社会发展,2006,(4):51-54.
[34] 李艳芳.美国的环境影响评价公众参与制度[J].环境保护,2001,(10):24-26.
[35] 刘智敏.环境公益诉讼权利基础浅析[J].法制与社会,2007,(4):64-65.
[36] 肖涛.论我国环境影响评价制度的司法完善[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[2] 张浩.建筑装修材料与室内空气质量[J].建筑热能通风空调,2003,(5):63-65.
[3] 谈成龙.室内空气中氡水平[J].填图与肺癌铀矿地质,2003,19(2):26-27.
[4] 宋广生.室内空气质量标准解读[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003:8.
[5] 汤晓芸.民用建筑室内空气质量的分析与评价[D].上海:东华大学,2005.
[6] 宋广生.室内空气质量标准解读[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,2003:12.
[7] Cao,Mengxia.Study on Human Exposure Assessment to Indoor/Outdoor Air Pollutants Trans[J].Tianjin Univ,1997,3(2):189-193.
[8] ASHRAE .Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality.ASHRAE Standard 62,1989:17.
[9] 王曦.美国环境法概论[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1992:220.
[10] Bisset Ronald.Methods for Environmental Impact Assessement:a Selection Survey with Case Studies[C].In Biswas A.J.,Qu Geping. Environmental Impact Assessement for Developing Countries.U.K.London:Tycooly Publishing,1987:76
[11] 滕琪.台湾《环境影响评估法》述评[J].台湾法研究学刊,1996,(1):42-46.
[12] 吴忠标,赵伟荣.室内空气污染及净化技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:82.
[13] J G Collins. Health Characteristics by occupation and industry:United States 1983-1985[J] .Vital Health and Statistics,1989,(10):170.
[14] 吕忠梅.环境法[M].北京:法律出版社,1997:110.
[15] 陈泉生.环境权论[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:60.
[16] 陈 开 琦 . 论 环 境 权 及 其 立 法 问 题 [J]. 中 国 矿 业 大 学 报 ( 社 会 科 学版),2000,(4):24-29.
[17] 陈泉生,张梓太.宪法与行政法的生态化[M].北京:法律出版社,2001:114.
[18] 钱水苗.环境行政执法的理论与实践[M].杭州:杭州大学出版社,1994:143.
[19] 李庆华.室内装修污染民事法律救济制度研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.
[20] 陈泉生.环境权论[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:80.
[21] 高晓露.环境影响评价法律制度研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[22] 金瑞林.环境法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1999:148.
[23] 金 瑞 林 , 加 藤 一 郎 . 中 日 环 境 法 学 术 交 流 文 集 [M]. 北 京 : 北 京 大 学 出 版社,1985:86-87.
[24] 刘定慧.环境保护基本法律制度及其完善[C].见可持续发展环境资源法学研讨会论文集.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1999:101.
[25] 唐澎敏.论公众参与环境保护制度[M].湖南省政治管理学院学报,2001,(6):67-69.
[26] 肖剑鸣.比较环境法[M].北京:中国检察出版社,2002:472.
[27] 万 俊 , 章 玲 . 中 美 环 境 影 响 评 价 程 序 的 权 力 机 制 研 究 [J]. 北 方 环境,2004,29(2):68-70.
[28] 肖涛.论我国环境影响评价制度的司法完善[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[29] 伍 跃 辉 . 加 拿 大 阿 尔 伯 达 省 环 境 影 响 评 价 程 序 及 启 示 [J]. 北 方 环境.2002,(2):17-19.
[30] 肖剑鸣.比较环境法[M].北京:中国检察出版社,2001:473.
[31] 杨满芽.对 GB/T 18883 - 2002《室内空气质量标准》的几点看法[J].环境监测管理与技术,2003,(6):42.
[32] 汪劲.对提高环评有效性问题的法律思考——以环评报告书审批过程为中心[J].环境保护,2005,(3):28-32.
[33] 幸红.论公众参与环境影响评价制度[J].经济与社会发展,2006,(4):51-54.
[34] 李艳芳.美国的环境影响评价公众参与制度[J].环境保护,2001,(10):24-26.
[35] 刘智敏.环境公益诉讼权利基础浅析[J].法制与社会,2007,(4):64-65.
[36] 肖涛.论我国环境影响评价制度的司法完善[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.