生物多样性保护法律问题研究
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摘要
生物多样性保护已成为国际社会共同关注的热点问题之一,人们意识到生物多样性的丧失直接导致了生态系统功能的下降并影响到人类社会的可持续发展。中国复杂的自然条件孕育着丰富的生物多样性资源,在世界上占有重要地位,但同时中国又是生物多样性受到严重威胁的国家之一。人口急剧增长和经济的快速发展,以及环境污染和生态破坏,使生物资源面临严重威胁。这样的状况迫使我们应当积极地研究并实施生物多样性的保护。为此,中国政府采取了一系列措施,包括制定政策、规划、法律法规、开展宣传教育、拯救工程等,保护和恢复生物多样性确实取得了一些进展,但这些努力与生物多样性的现状及形势发展的需要相比,仍有一些问题有待研究和挖掘。为使我国更好的履行《生物多样性公约》,本文从探讨更科学的生物多样性保护理念、方法和途径为出发点,以理论研究和分析、交叉研究、比较分析为研究方法,在分析生物多样性保护内涵的基础上,展开对生物多样性保护的法律问题研究。
本文首先对生物多样性保护的目的和生物多样性法律保护的目的进行了界定,明确了生物多样性法律保护目的的宏观和微观方面。其次,对生物多样性保护的目的和目的的层次性进行深入挖掘,提出生物多样性保护目的的层次性决定保护目的和保护方法应当一致,从而达到生物多样性法律保护的任务。再次,文本对生物多样性法律保护中存在的问题进行阐述:生物多样性法律保护理念的偏差、生物多样性保护法律体系尚不完善以及生物多样性法律保护方法等问题。最后,在借鉴其他学科的理论以及国际的生物多样性保护研究成果的同时,分析了确定我国生物多样性保护法律制度的指导思想的依据,并提出以下观点:应当正视生物的生态价值,并坚持可持续发展的观念,同时培养公众的法律观念等构建生物多样性保护法律制度的指导思想。
在确立了生物多样性保护法律制度的指导思想的基础上,本文进一步提出了构建生物多样性保护的法律制度的基本原则,包括:(1)可持续利用原则;(2)预防为主原则;(3)公众参与原则;(4)加强合作原则;(5)目的与方法相适应原则。其中着重提出了生物多样性保护目的与方法相一致的原则。结合基本原则的确立,提出了包括环境影响评价制度、生态补偿制度和查明与监测制度等方面的生物多样性保护的法律制度内容的完善。
Biodiversity conservation has received great concern in recent years and become one of the hot issues worldwide. It is recognized that Biological diversity plays a critical role in underpinning ecosystem services, and it has a close relationship with the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. China has abundant resource of biodiversity due to its complicated natural conditions, and plays a very important role in building and balancing global ecological environment. However, China's biodiversity has suffered heavy losses resulting from the growth of human population and economy, environmental pollution as well as ecological destructions. Confronting these tough issues, Chinese government has been taking a series of measures such as policy making, programming, establishing laws and regulations, education and rescuing endangered species with the aim to protect and recover biodiversity. However, all these efforts are not enough confronting the status, there are still problems to be solved and cleared. For the aim of helping China to carry out the Convention of Biodiversity, based on the purpose of seeking scientific biodiversity conservation ideas, methods and approaches, this paper unfold the research on legal issues of biodiversity conservation with the research methods of theory study and analysis, interdisciplinary work and comparative analyses.
This paper contains the following aspects: fist, definite the goal of biodiversity conservation and the legal protecting goal of biodiversity, clear the macro and micro aspects of the goal of legal protect of biodiversity. Second, in the purpose of achieving the legal protecting goal of biodiversity, it analyzes the goal as well as its different levels of biodiversity conservation, which gets in the conclusion of unification and consistency of protect methods and the goals. Third, this paper concerns and discusses the problems in legal protection of biodiversity: the improper biodiversity conservation ideas, the legal system of biodiversity conservation still needs to be improved and the existing problems of biodiversity conservation methods. At last, with the reference of the theories of other disciplines as well as international research results of biodiversity conservation, it is cleared that there are several factors effect on the establishment of the guiding ideology of China’s legal institution of biodiversity conservation, and three aspects should be involved in establishing the guiding ideology: ensuring the ecological value of biodiversity and its critical role in sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being; persisting in the idea of sustainable development; enhancing public legal consciousness.
Based on the establishment of the guiding ideology of China’s legal institution of biodiversity conservation, this paper puts forward the principles and to construct the guiding ideology, including: (1) principle of sustainable utilization; (2) principle of prevention; (3) public’s participants; (4) international cooperation; (5) the principle of unification and consistency of protect methods and the goals, and the last one is emphasized. Combining with the establishment of the above principles, it puts forward that the proper guiding ideology leads to the improvement of legal principles and content of legal institution of biodiversity conservation.
本文首先对生物多样性保护的目的和生物多样性法律保护的目的进行了界定,明确了生物多样性法律保护目的的宏观和微观方面。其次,对生物多样性保护的目的和目的的层次性进行深入挖掘,提出生物多样性保护目的的层次性决定保护目的和保护方法应当一致,从而达到生物多样性法律保护的任务。再次,文本对生物多样性法律保护中存在的问题进行阐述:生物多样性法律保护理念的偏差、生物多样性保护法律体系尚不完善以及生物多样性法律保护方法等问题。最后,在借鉴其他学科的理论以及国际的生物多样性保护研究成果的同时,分析了确定我国生物多样性保护法律制度的指导思想的依据,并提出以下观点:应当正视生物的生态价值,并坚持可持续发展的观念,同时培养公众的法律观念等构建生物多样性保护法律制度的指导思想。
在确立了生物多样性保护法律制度的指导思想的基础上,本文进一步提出了构建生物多样性保护的法律制度的基本原则,包括:(1)可持续利用原则;(2)预防为主原则;(3)公众参与原则;(4)加强合作原则;(5)目的与方法相适应原则。其中着重提出了生物多样性保护目的与方法相一致的原则。结合基本原则的确立,提出了包括环境影响评价制度、生态补偿制度和查明与监测制度等方面的生物多样性保护的法律制度内容的完善。
Biodiversity conservation has received great concern in recent years and become one of the hot issues worldwide. It is recognized that Biological diversity plays a critical role in underpinning ecosystem services, and it has a close relationship with the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. China has abundant resource of biodiversity due to its complicated natural conditions, and plays a very important role in building and balancing global ecological environment. However, China's biodiversity has suffered heavy losses resulting from the growth of human population and economy, environmental pollution as well as ecological destructions. Confronting these tough issues, Chinese government has been taking a series of measures such as policy making, programming, establishing laws and regulations, education and rescuing endangered species with the aim to protect and recover biodiversity. However, all these efforts are not enough confronting the status, there are still problems to be solved and cleared. For the aim of helping China to carry out the Convention of Biodiversity, based on the purpose of seeking scientific biodiversity conservation ideas, methods and approaches, this paper unfold the research on legal issues of biodiversity conservation with the research methods of theory study and analysis, interdisciplinary work and comparative analyses.
This paper contains the following aspects: fist, definite the goal of biodiversity conservation and the legal protecting goal of biodiversity, clear the macro and micro aspects of the goal of legal protect of biodiversity. Second, in the purpose of achieving the legal protecting goal of biodiversity, it analyzes the goal as well as its different levels of biodiversity conservation, which gets in the conclusion of unification and consistency of protect methods and the goals. Third, this paper concerns and discusses the problems in legal protection of biodiversity: the improper biodiversity conservation ideas, the legal system of biodiversity conservation still needs to be improved and the existing problems of biodiversity conservation methods. At last, with the reference of the theories of other disciplines as well as international research results of biodiversity conservation, it is cleared that there are several factors effect on the establishment of the guiding ideology of China’s legal institution of biodiversity conservation, and three aspects should be involved in establishing the guiding ideology: ensuring the ecological value of biodiversity and its critical role in sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being; persisting in the idea of sustainable development; enhancing public legal consciousness.
Based on the establishment of the guiding ideology of China’s legal institution of biodiversity conservation, this paper puts forward the principles and to construct the guiding ideology, including: (1) principle of sustainable utilization; (2) principle of prevention; (3) public’s participants; (4) international cooperation; (5) the principle of unification and consistency of protect methods and the goals, and the last one is emphasized. Combining with the establishment of the above principles, it puts forward that the proper guiding ideology leads to the improvement of legal principles and content of legal institution of biodiversity conservation.
引文
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