配电变压器一体化静止无功补偿器（DT-STATCOM）关键技术研究
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摘要
随着电力系统规模的迅速扩大和现代电力电子技术的快速发展,静止无功补偿技术(STATCOM)已经成为电力系统节能降耗和电能质量控制领域的研究热点之一。目前,STATCOM技术主要存在着两种发展趋势：用于高压输电系统无功补偿及电压支持的高压大功率STATCOM技术和用于配电网终端用户无功就地补偿的配电网STATCOM (D-STATCOM)技术。高压大功率STATCOM因电压等级较高、容量较大而必须采用多重化或链式结构,致使其结构复杂、成本昂贵、安全可靠性不高；D-STATCOM技术则因接入电压较低,使其补偿容量不高或补偿电流较大,而且为了满足就地补偿的需要使得设备安装极为分散,设备的总体利用率较低、相互之间缺乏协调控制、大量使用时存在着资源浪费以及因技术不完善带来新的谐波污染等问题。
针对STATCOM技术应用和发展过程中的上述问题,本文在国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)先进能源技术领域高效节能与分布式供能技术专题探索导向类项目《配电变一体化STATCOM节能新技术研究》(2009AA05Z208)的资助下,以配电网中高低电压等级交汇处的配电变压器(尤其是箱式变电站中的配电变压器)作为无功补偿和电能质量控制的关键节点,提出了一种将配电变压器与电力电子静止无功补偿单元相集成,构成一体化结构的新型配点变压器-静止无功补偿技术(Distribution Transformer STATCOM, DT-STATCOM)。该补偿技术不仅能够充分利用配电变压器的富余容量实现对变压器及其负载的集中动态补偿,同时随着大量配电变压器(尤其是箱式变电站)在配电网中的广泛分布而又具备一定的分散性,易于实现相互协调控制；通过配电变压器-静止无功补偿单元一体化设计方案,可灵活选择静止补偿单元的连接电压,扩大了电力电子器件的选型范围,有利于技术经济指标的优化选择；紧凑的一体化结构有效降低了补偿装置的体积和成本,提高装置整体效率。为了实现DT-STATCOM系统的设计目标,发挥其技术优势,本文围绕DT-STATCOM技术的基本原理和各环节的关键技术展开了分析和研究。
DT-STATCOM系统的静止无功补偿单元需要利用配电变压器的富余容量进行无功补偿和电能质量控制,改变了变压器绕组中原有的电流分布,因此需要避免因补偿而造成变压器过载的情况。对此,文中对变压器负载率与DT-STATCOM可补偿容量间的约束关系进行了理论研究,论证了现有配电变压器负载率下,采用DT-STATCOM实现无功补偿的可行性。
在DT-STATCOM系统的结构设计中,需要通过在配电变压器的高压绕组设置连接抽头,实现静止无功补偿单元与变压器的一体化结构。然而由于配电变压器绕组具有多种联结组型式而给该一体化结构方式的设计造成了一定困难。文中针对变压器不同的联结组型式及其特点,分别研究了单组和多组连接抽头的一体化结构方式,实现了不同变压器联结组条件下的一体化结构设计。同时,为了适合较大的连接电压选择范围和不同DT-STATCOM一体化结构,分析和比较了多种静止补偿单元的拓扑结构型式,论证了DT-STATCOM主电路采用中性点箝位三电平结构的合理性。
DT-STATCOM静止无功补偿单元的交流输出侧与配电变压器连接,不仅有助于缩小补偿装置的整体体积,而且可以将变压器漏抗作为输出滤波器的一部分,从而获得更好的滤波效果。本文在分析LCL滤波器各元件参数对补偿效果作用机理的基础上,提出了适用于DT-STATCOM一体化结构的多约束条件滤波器设计方法,并通过仿真分析验证了其有效性。文中还对高压大功率STATCOM、D-STATCOM和DT-STATCOM展开了比较分析,进一步论证了DT-STATCOM技术具有较好的技术经济性。
补偿指令电流检测是实现无功补偿和电能质量控制的基础,由于DT-STATCOM系统特殊的一体化结构,导致补偿指令电流检测过程中补偿信息的检测点和补偿输出接入点分别位于变压器的不同端口。由于这两端口之间间隔了变压器的绕组,各端口的电压和电流信号存在着幅值和相位的偏差,因而传统的基于瞬时无功功率理论的p-q检测法和ip-iq检测法不再适用。因此,本文提出了三种跨端口补偿电流检测方法,能够根据配电变压器不同端口的电气量信息,实现补偿功率或补偿电流的跨变压器端口转换。同时,针对配电网普遍存在的电压畸变的现实情况,分析了其对三种跨端口补偿电流检测方法的影响。理论和仿真研究表明,DT-STATCOM采用跨端口ip-iq检测法可以取得更为优良的整体性能。
DT-STATCOM系统是一种复杂的非线性系统,其交流输出和直流电压之间存在着较强的耦合关系。论文结合DT-STATCOM的运行特点,采用了前馈解耦控制策略,实现了电流内环的解耦,有效简化了控制器的设计。脉冲触发控制的效果直接影响着DT-STATCOM系统的动态补偿性能。论文对三角载波比较、滞环电流比较和无差拍等三种典型脉冲触发控制方法进行了对比研究,说明了滞环电流比较控制策略是最为适合的DT-STATCOM系统脉冲触发方式。为了降低滞环比较控制中功率器件开关频率的波动,文中对其进行了改进和优化,实现了变环宽准恒频的滞环比较控制方法,有效改善了其对DT-STATCOM系统滤波环节造成的不利影响。
DT-STATCOM系统是一个交直流混合的复杂离散系统,而且其静止无功补偿单元与配电变压器特殊的一体化结构方式,使得其动态补偿过程和控制方式均与传统无功补偿装置有着显著的不同。为了检验上述DT-STATCOM设计方案和控制策略的正确性,本文构建了适合DT-STATCOM一体化结构的配电变压器仿真模型,并利用电力系统仿真模块与S函数模块混合编程技术,实现DT-STATCOM控制系统的实时采样计算和脉冲触发控制。仿真结果表明,DT-STATCOM系统可实现无功功率的快速动态补偿和电能质量的有效控制。
在上述理论研究和仿真分析的基础上,研制开发了DT-STATCOM系统的动模样机和试验平台,开展了DT-STATCOM系统空载损耗试验、无功补偿动模试验、谐波抑制动模试验和系统不平衡电流补偿动模试验。动模试验结果验证了DT-STATCOM技术的正确性和有效性。
论文最后对课题研究进行了总结,并对下一步拟开展的主要工作进行了展望。
With the rapid development of the power system and the modern power electronic technique, the STATCOM has been the hot spot of and power quality control. Recently there were two major trends of STATCOM technology:one is the high voltage and large power STATCOM technology and another is local compensation D-STATCOM technology. However, the high voltage and large power STATCOM must adopted multiple converters or chain structure to meet the high voltage level. That made the STATCOM structure complicated, expensive and low safty. Because of the low connect voltage, the D-STATCOM's capacity was limited and its compensation current became large. In order to fulfill the local compensation, the D-STATCOM was very dispersing. It led to the low utilization rate, lack co-operation, resource waste and harmonic pollution.
Toward the characteristic and problems of STATCOM technology, this paper consider the intersection point of high voltage and low voltage is the most ideal, flexible, and effective location for reactive power compensation and power quality control. Many distribution transformers were set in this point and connect two different voltage power grids. And it's easy for hierarchically and partitioning controlling. Using the windings characteristic of transformer, an integration design of transformer and STATCOM could be put forward. And this integration technology can provide a new solution for reactive power compensation and power quality improvement of power system. So this paper proposed a new technology:it integrated the distribution transformer and the static var compensator (Distribution Transformer STATCOM, DT-STATCOM). This technology take full advantage of the surplus capacity of distribution transformer to compensate the reactive power; by setting the connect voltage flexible, it extended the switching devices selection, which benefit the economic and technical indicators; the integration structure reduce the volume and cost of compensation device. Revolve around the DT-STATCOM, this paper discuss about the basic theory and key technology.
The DT-STATCOM use the surplus capacity of transformer to compensate reactive power and control the power quality. So it will change the current distribution of transformer winds. It is important to avoid the transformer overload. Toward that, this paper researched the mathematical relation of load ratio and DT-STATCOM capacity and realized the compensation under the normal operation. The DT-STATCOM need the connect taps to realize the integration structure. But the transformer had many winding structure, which made the integration design difficult. This paper researched the single group and multi-group connection taps integration structure based on different link group of transformer. On the same time, in order to suitable for the different DT-STATCOM structure and the tap voltage selection range, the paper analized and research the topology of compensation units. The result showed that the NPC structure was the most economical and practical topology. Besides, the DT-STATCOM connected with the transformer, it can reduce the volume of equipment and could take use of the leakage reactance as the parts of the output filter. So the paper analized the mechanism of LCL filter first, and then proposed the multi-restrictions design method. The simulations demonstrated the effectiveness. The paper also compared the highvoltage STATCOM, D-STATCOM and DT-STATCOM. The result showed that the DT-STATCOM had better technology and economy.
The compensation instruction curren detection was the basis of reaction power compensation and power quality control. But because of the special structure of DT-STATCOM, the compensation current detection point and the compensation current injection point was located at different ports of the transformer. The two ports septum transformer's windings, so the voltage and current of the tow ports has deviation on amplitude and phasor. That led the traditional p-q and ip-iq detection method was not suitable. Toward that, the paper proposed three crossing-ports command current detection method. Based on the thdory derivation and the simulation, the paper analyzed the detection accuracy of different method. According to the analysis and the simulation, we defined the application of three crossing-ports detection methods. Use the detection method, the paper designed the control method and follow-up control of DT-STATCOM.
The DT-STATCOM is a complicated nonlinear system, the AC output and the DC voltage has strong coupling relationship.The paper combined the characteristic of DT-STATCOM operation, adopted the feedforward decoupling strategy. It could realize the decoupling of inner current ring, which could simplified the design of the control system. The PWM pulses trigger strategy influence the compensation effect directly. The paper compared triangle carrier compare strategy, hysteresis comparison and deadbeat strategy. The result showed that the hysteresis comparison is the most suitable trigger strategy. In order to reduce the waveform of switching frequency, the paper optimized the hysteresis comparison method and realized the variable hysteresis quasi constant frequency comparison strategy. It improved the adverse effect of DT-STATCOM filter.
The DT-STATCOM was acomplicated hybrid DC-ACA discrete system. And because of the special integrated structure of transformer and compensation units, the dynamic compensation and control strategy was different from the traditional equipment.Inorder to examine the DT-STATCOM proposal mentioned above, the paper built up a DT-STATCOM simulating model with simulink workbox in MATLAB. The main contents of the simulation model are as follows:establishion the DT-STATCOM simulation system based on multi-tap primary winding access mode and the three-level NPC based inverter circuit. Take advantage of mixed programme technology of simulation model and S function, the simulation model realized the real time sampling calculation and pulse trigger control. The simulation results showed that, the DT-STATCOM could compensation the reactive power quickly and control the power quality effectively.
On the foundation of simulating research, a dynamic-simulating experiment system was built with multi-tap winding distribution transformer and DT-STATCOM module. With the experiment system, the paper carried out no-load loss test, reaction power compensation test, harmonic restrict test and three-phase umbalance compensation test. The experiment results verify the correction and validity of DT-STATCOM.
针对STATCOM技术应用和发展过程中的上述问题,本文在国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)先进能源技术领域高效节能与分布式供能技术专题探索导向类项目《配电变一体化STATCOM节能新技术研究》(2009AA05Z208)的资助下,以配电网中高低电压等级交汇处的配电变压器(尤其是箱式变电站中的配电变压器)作为无功补偿和电能质量控制的关键节点,提出了一种将配电变压器与电力电子静止无功补偿单元相集成,构成一体化结构的新型配点变压器-静止无功补偿技术(Distribution Transformer STATCOM, DT-STATCOM)。该补偿技术不仅能够充分利用配电变压器的富余容量实现对变压器及其负载的集中动态补偿,同时随着大量配电变压器(尤其是箱式变电站)在配电网中的广泛分布而又具备一定的分散性,易于实现相互协调控制；通过配电变压器-静止无功补偿单元一体化设计方案,可灵活选择静止补偿单元的连接电压,扩大了电力电子器件的选型范围,有利于技术经济指标的优化选择；紧凑的一体化结构有效降低了补偿装置的体积和成本,提高装置整体效率。为了实现DT-STATCOM系统的设计目标,发挥其技术优势,本文围绕DT-STATCOM技术的基本原理和各环节的关键技术展开了分析和研究。
DT-STATCOM系统的静止无功补偿单元需要利用配电变压器的富余容量进行无功补偿和电能质量控制,改变了变压器绕组中原有的电流分布,因此需要避免因补偿而造成变压器过载的情况。对此,文中对变压器负载率与DT-STATCOM可补偿容量间的约束关系进行了理论研究,论证了现有配电变压器负载率下,采用DT-STATCOM实现无功补偿的可行性。
在DT-STATCOM系统的结构设计中,需要通过在配电变压器的高压绕组设置连接抽头,实现静止无功补偿单元与变压器的一体化结构。然而由于配电变压器绕组具有多种联结组型式而给该一体化结构方式的设计造成了一定困难。文中针对变压器不同的联结组型式及其特点,分别研究了单组和多组连接抽头的一体化结构方式,实现了不同变压器联结组条件下的一体化结构设计。同时,为了适合较大的连接电压选择范围和不同DT-STATCOM一体化结构,分析和比较了多种静止补偿单元的拓扑结构型式,论证了DT-STATCOM主电路采用中性点箝位三电平结构的合理性。
DT-STATCOM静止无功补偿单元的交流输出侧与配电变压器连接,不仅有助于缩小补偿装置的整体体积,而且可以将变压器漏抗作为输出滤波器的一部分,从而获得更好的滤波效果。本文在分析LCL滤波器各元件参数对补偿效果作用机理的基础上,提出了适用于DT-STATCOM一体化结构的多约束条件滤波器设计方法,并通过仿真分析验证了其有效性。文中还对高压大功率STATCOM、D-STATCOM和DT-STATCOM展开了比较分析,进一步论证了DT-STATCOM技术具有较好的技术经济性。
补偿指令电流检测是实现无功补偿和电能质量控制的基础,由于DT-STATCOM系统特殊的一体化结构,导致补偿指令电流检测过程中补偿信息的检测点和补偿输出接入点分别位于变压器的不同端口。由于这两端口之间间隔了变压器的绕组,各端口的电压和电流信号存在着幅值和相位的偏差,因而传统的基于瞬时无功功率理论的p-q检测法和ip-iq检测法不再适用。因此,本文提出了三种跨端口补偿电流检测方法,能够根据配电变压器不同端口的电气量信息,实现补偿功率或补偿电流的跨变压器端口转换。同时,针对配电网普遍存在的电压畸变的现实情况,分析了其对三种跨端口补偿电流检测方法的影响。理论和仿真研究表明,DT-STATCOM采用跨端口ip-iq检测法可以取得更为优良的整体性能。
DT-STATCOM系统是一种复杂的非线性系统,其交流输出和直流电压之间存在着较强的耦合关系。论文结合DT-STATCOM的运行特点,采用了前馈解耦控制策略,实现了电流内环的解耦,有效简化了控制器的设计。脉冲触发控制的效果直接影响着DT-STATCOM系统的动态补偿性能。论文对三角载波比较、滞环电流比较和无差拍等三种典型脉冲触发控制方法进行了对比研究,说明了滞环电流比较控制策略是最为适合的DT-STATCOM系统脉冲触发方式。为了降低滞环比较控制中功率器件开关频率的波动,文中对其进行了改进和优化,实现了变环宽准恒频的滞环比较控制方法,有效改善了其对DT-STATCOM系统滤波环节造成的不利影响。
DT-STATCOM系统是一个交直流混合的复杂离散系统,而且其静止无功补偿单元与配电变压器特殊的一体化结构方式,使得其动态补偿过程和控制方式均与传统无功补偿装置有着显著的不同。为了检验上述DT-STATCOM设计方案和控制策略的正确性,本文构建了适合DT-STATCOM一体化结构的配电变压器仿真模型,并利用电力系统仿真模块与S函数模块混合编程技术,实现DT-STATCOM控制系统的实时采样计算和脉冲触发控制。仿真结果表明,DT-STATCOM系统可实现无功功率的快速动态补偿和电能质量的有效控制。
在上述理论研究和仿真分析的基础上,研制开发了DT-STATCOM系统的动模样机和试验平台,开展了DT-STATCOM系统空载损耗试验、无功补偿动模试验、谐波抑制动模试验和系统不平衡电流补偿动模试验。动模试验结果验证了DT-STATCOM技术的正确性和有效性。
论文最后对课题研究进行了总结,并对下一步拟开展的主要工作进行了展望。
With the rapid development of the power system and the modern power electronic technique, the STATCOM has been the hot spot of and power quality control. Recently there were two major trends of STATCOM technology:one is the high voltage and large power STATCOM technology and another is local compensation D-STATCOM technology. However, the high voltage and large power STATCOM must adopted multiple converters or chain structure to meet the high voltage level. That made the STATCOM structure complicated, expensive and low safty. Because of the low connect voltage, the D-STATCOM's capacity was limited and its compensation current became large. In order to fulfill the local compensation, the D-STATCOM was very dispersing. It led to the low utilization rate, lack co-operation, resource waste and harmonic pollution.
Toward the characteristic and problems of STATCOM technology, this paper consider the intersection point of high voltage and low voltage is the most ideal, flexible, and effective location for reactive power compensation and power quality control. Many distribution transformers were set in this point and connect two different voltage power grids. And it's easy for hierarchically and partitioning controlling. Using the windings characteristic of transformer, an integration design of transformer and STATCOM could be put forward. And this integration technology can provide a new solution for reactive power compensation and power quality improvement of power system. So this paper proposed a new technology:it integrated the distribution transformer and the static var compensator (Distribution Transformer STATCOM, DT-STATCOM). This technology take full advantage of the surplus capacity of distribution transformer to compensate the reactive power; by setting the connect voltage flexible, it extended the switching devices selection, which benefit the economic and technical indicators; the integration structure reduce the volume and cost of compensation device. Revolve around the DT-STATCOM, this paper discuss about the basic theory and key technology.
The DT-STATCOM use the surplus capacity of transformer to compensate reactive power and control the power quality. So it will change the current distribution of transformer winds. It is important to avoid the transformer overload. Toward that, this paper researched the mathematical relation of load ratio and DT-STATCOM capacity and realized the compensation under the normal operation. The DT-STATCOM need the connect taps to realize the integration structure. But the transformer had many winding structure, which made the integration design difficult. This paper researched the single group and multi-group connection taps integration structure based on different link group of transformer. On the same time, in order to suitable for the different DT-STATCOM structure and the tap voltage selection range, the paper analized and research the topology of compensation units. The result showed that the NPC structure was the most economical and practical topology. Besides, the DT-STATCOM connected with the transformer, it can reduce the volume of equipment and could take use of the leakage reactance as the parts of the output filter. So the paper analized the mechanism of LCL filter first, and then proposed the multi-restrictions design method. The simulations demonstrated the effectiveness. The paper also compared the highvoltage STATCOM, D-STATCOM and DT-STATCOM. The result showed that the DT-STATCOM had better technology and economy.
The compensation instruction curren detection was the basis of reaction power compensation and power quality control. But because of the special structure of DT-STATCOM, the compensation current detection point and the compensation current injection point was located at different ports of the transformer. The two ports septum transformer's windings, so the voltage and current of the tow ports has deviation on amplitude and phasor. That led the traditional p-q and ip-iq detection method was not suitable. Toward that, the paper proposed three crossing-ports command current detection method. Based on the thdory derivation and the simulation, the paper analyzed the detection accuracy of different method. According to the analysis and the simulation, we defined the application of three crossing-ports detection methods. Use the detection method, the paper designed the control method and follow-up control of DT-STATCOM.
The DT-STATCOM is a complicated nonlinear system, the AC output and the DC voltage has strong coupling relationship.The paper combined the characteristic of DT-STATCOM operation, adopted the feedforward decoupling strategy. It could realize the decoupling of inner current ring, which could simplified the design of the control system. The PWM pulses trigger strategy influence the compensation effect directly. The paper compared triangle carrier compare strategy, hysteresis comparison and deadbeat strategy. The result showed that the hysteresis comparison is the most suitable trigger strategy. In order to reduce the waveform of switching frequency, the paper optimized the hysteresis comparison method and realized the variable hysteresis quasi constant frequency comparison strategy. It improved the adverse effect of DT-STATCOM filter.
The DT-STATCOM was acomplicated hybrid DC-ACA discrete system. And because of the special integrated structure of transformer and compensation units, the dynamic compensation and control strategy was different from the traditional equipment.Inorder to examine the DT-STATCOM proposal mentioned above, the paper built up a DT-STATCOM simulating model with simulink workbox in MATLAB. The main contents of the simulation model are as follows:establishion the DT-STATCOM simulation system based on multi-tap primary winding access mode and the three-level NPC based inverter circuit. Take advantage of mixed programme technology of simulation model and S function, the simulation model realized the real time sampling calculation and pulse trigger control. The simulation results showed that, the DT-STATCOM could compensation the reactive power quickly and control the power quality effectively.
On the foundation of simulating research, a dynamic-simulating experiment system was built with multi-tap winding distribution transformer and DT-STATCOM module. With the experiment system, the paper carried out no-load loss test, reaction power compensation test, harmonic restrict test and three-phase umbalance compensation test. The experiment results verify the correction and validity of DT-STATCOM.
引文
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