喀斯特干热河谷柑橘生长发育及部分生理特性
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摘要
长期“干”与“热”是喀斯特干热河谷的主要特点。本研究以贵州省花江峡谷这一典型喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下的实生成年红橘(C.tangerina Tanaka)为试材，采用田间试验的方法，以正常供水(土壤相对含水量为60—65％)为对照，对喀斯特干热河谷柑橘的生长发育及部分生理特性进行了研究，主要研究结果如下：
与对照相比，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘物候期延迟，一年仅抽发春梢、秋梢2次梢；春梢、秋梢抽发的质量和整齐度较差，新梢长度仅是正常供水下的1／3，新叶数量仅为正常供水下的1／2；树冠顶端新梢自然枯死率较高，春梢达63％，秋梢达51％。果实在8月中旬以前发育缓慢，9月以后果实生长发育进程加快；成熟期单果重仅是正常供水下单果重的1／2；在果实生长发育期中，果实单果重、水分含量、干物质积累、营养元素积累出现负增长现象。
通过对喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱和正常供水条件下柑橘叶片组织解剖比较及柑橘树体养分测定发现，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘叶片的叶面积变小、叶片增厚、叶片的气孔收缩，密度增大、栅栏组织加厚及海绵组织变薄；柑橘叶片的Ca、Fe、Cu适量；N、K、Mg、B缺乏，Mn、Zn元素严重缺乏。
研究结果表明，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘的叶片失水率、水势、相对含水量降低，临界水分饱和亏增大；脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量明显增高。
与对照相比，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘叶片的Pn季节性日变化呈单峰曲线。在5月、7月和11月，于12：00时出现最高峰，6：00达到最小值；在9月、次年1月及3月，于10：00时出现最高峰，6：00达到最小值；Pn季节性变化表现为单峰曲线，9月份Pn最高，以后逐渐下降，11月份Pn值最低；次年1月Pn变化不大，维持较低水平，1月后，Pn逐渐上升。Tr季节性日变化与Pn季节性日变化相似，呈单峰曲线。在5月、7月和11月，峰值出现在12：00，在9月、次年1月及3月，峰值出现在10：00，以后显著下降，于6：00达到最小值。Tr季节性变化呈单峰曲线，9月最大，次年1月最小，3月后开始回升。
Long-period"drought"and"hot" was characteristic of karst dry-hot valley in Huajiang. The material of this study was adult C.tangerina Tanaka Prolonged drought in local condition, and the compared group was adult C.tangerina Tanaka with normal water supply (soil relative water content 60-65 % ) .Growth and development, as well as some physiology characteristics on C.tangerina Tanaka in karst dry-hot valley was studied in this article. The results were showed as follows:
Compared with the control group, the phenological period delayed, the only pumped spring shoot and autumn shoot ocated only in one year, the quality and regularity were discrepancy on spring shoot and autumn shoot,only 1/3 of normal supply one. Water the natural death rate on crown top new shoot was high, the spring shoot reached 63% and the autumn shoot reached 51%. At the phage of ripening, the normal water supply one was 2 time of the drought one; Fruit growed slowly before mid-August and the process of growth and development speeded up after September, single fruit weight、water content、dry matter accumulation and nutrient element accumulation appeared negative growth phenomenon in the period of growth development on fruit of C.tangerina Tanaka under the condition of prolonged drought in karst dry-hot valley.
To observe and to compare the anatomical structure on leaves and nutrient of trees of C.tangerina Tanaka in prolonged drought and normal water supply in karst dry-hot valley, we knew that area of leaf changed small, thickness of leaf accumulated, stomata of leaf contracted, density of stomata increased, palisade tissue became thickness and spongy tissue became thinness. Amounts of Ca, Fe, Cu were appropriate, amounts of N, K, Mg, B were deficient, amounts of Mn, Zn were deficient seriously under the condition of prolonged drought in karst dry-hot valley.
The research aslo showed that water losing rate of leaf、water potential、relative water content reduced obviously, relative water deficit increased; proline content and soluble sugar content increased in karst dry-hot valley.
Compared with the control group, there was long-times midday depression of photosynthesis, diurnal variation of Pn showed a single peak curve, the highest peak appeared at 12:00, achieved minimum at 6:00. Seasonal variations of Pn showed a unimodal curve in May、July、November 2006. The highest peak appeared at 10:00, achieved minimum at 6:00.Seasonal variations of Pn showed a unimodal curve in September 2006、January 2007、March 2007. Pn achieved highest in September, and decreased gradually later, it was lowest in November; variation on Pn was not evident and to keep a lower level in later January, as well as rose gradually after January. Diurnal variation on Tr same as Pn. Seasonal variations on Tr showed a single peak curve, it was biggest in September, and lowest in later January, and rose gradually in March.
与对照相比，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘物候期延迟，一年仅抽发春梢、秋梢2次梢；春梢、秋梢抽发的质量和整齐度较差，新梢长度仅是正常供水下的1／3，新叶数量仅为正常供水下的1／2；树冠顶端新梢自然枯死率较高，春梢达63％，秋梢达51％。果实在8月中旬以前发育缓慢，9月以后果实生长发育进程加快；成熟期单果重仅是正常供水下单果重的1／2；在果实生长发育期中，果实单果重、水分含量、干物质积累、营养元素积累出现负增长现象。
通过对喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱和正常供水条件下柑橘叶片组织解剖比较及柑橘树体养分测定发现，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘叶片的叶面积变小、叶片增厚、叶片的气孔收缩，密度增大、栅栏组织加厚及海绵组织变薄；柑橘叶片的Ca、Fe、Cu适量；N、K、Mg、B缺乏，Mn、Zn元素严重缺乏。
研究结果表明，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘的叶片失水率、水势、相对含水量降低，临界水分饱和亏增大；脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量明显增高。
与对照相比，在喀斯特干热河谷长期干旱下，柑橘叶片的Pn季节性日变化呈单峰曲线。在5月、7月和11月，于12：00时出现最高峰，6：00达到最小值；在9月、次年1月及3月，于10：00时出现最高峰，6：00达到最小值；Pn季节性变化表现为单峰曲线，9月份Pn最高，以后逐渐下降，11月份Pn值最低；次年1月Pn变化不大，维持较低水平，1月后，Pn逐渐上升。Tr季节性日变化与Pn季节性日变化相似，呈单峰曲线。在5月、7月和11月，峰值出现在12：00，在9月、次年1月及3月，峰值出现在10：00，以后显著下降，于6：00达到最小值。Tr季节性变化呈单峰曲线，9月最大，次年1月最小，3月后开始回升。
Long-period"drought"and"hot" was characteristic of karst dry-hot valley in Huajiang. The material of this study was adult C.tangerina Tanaka Prolonged drought in local condition, and the compared group was adult C.tangerina Tanaka with normal water supply (soil relative water content 60-65 % ) .Growth and development, as well as some physiology characteristics on C.tangerina Tanaka in karst dry-hot valley was studied in this article. The results were showed as follows:
Compared with the control group, the phenological period delayed, the only pumped spring shoot and autumn shoot ocated only in one year, the quality and regularity were discrepancy on spring shoot and autumn shoot,only 1/3 of normal supply one. Water the natural death rate on crown top new shoot was high, the spring shoot reached 63% and the autumn shoot reached 51%. At the phage of ripening, the normal water supply one was 2 time of the drought one; Fruit growed slowly before mid-August and the process of growth and development speeded up after September, single fruit weight、water content、dry matter accumulation and nutrient element accumulation appeared negative growth phenomenon in the period of growth development on fruit of C.tangerina Tanaka under the condition of prolonged drought in karst dry-hot valley.
To observe and to compare the anatomical structure on leaves and nutrient of trees of C.tangerina Tanaka in prolonged drought and normal water supply in karst dry-hot valley, we knew that area of leaf changed small, thickness of leaf accumulated, stomata of leaf contracted, density of stomata increased, palisade tissue became thickness and spongy tissue became thinness. Amounts of Ca, Fe, Cu were appropriate, amounts of N, K, Mg, B were deficient, amounts of Mn, Zn were deficient seriously under the condition of prolonged drought in karst dry-hot valley.
The research aslo showed that water losing rate of leaf、water potential、relative water content reduced obviously, relative water deficit increased; proline content and soluble sugar content increased in karst dry-hot valley.
Compared with the control group, there was long-times midday depression of photosynthesis, diurnal variation of Pn showed a single peak curve, the highest peak appeared at 12:00, achieved minimum at 6:00. Seasonal variations of Pn showed a unimodal curve in May、July、November 2006. The highest peak appeared at 10:00, achieved minimum at 6:00.Seasonal variations of Pn showed a unimodal curve in September 2006、January 2007、March 2007. Pn achieved highest in September, and decreased gradually later, it was lowest in November; variation on Pn was not evident and to keep a lower level in later January, as well as rose gradually after January. Diurnal variation on Tr same as Pn. Seasonal variations on Tr showed a single peak curve, it was biggest in September, and lowest in later January, and rose gradually in March.
引文
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