基于水锤和气压脉冲的管道冲洗试验研究
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摘要
给水系统是城镇的基础设施之一,给水管网是给水系统重要的组成部分,经水厂净化后的水,通过给水管网输送至用户。一般水厂出水水质都能达到国家规定的生活饮用水水质标准,但经过给水管网送至用户时,水要在给水管网中停留一段时间,在此期间会受到二次污染。管网中的“生长环”是造成二次污染的重要原因,清除“生长环”有利于提高供水水质和管道通水能力。通过对几种管道清洗方法的对比发现,气压脉冲法是一种非常好的管道冲洗方法。对气压脉冲法进行理论研究,提高气压脉冲法的冲洗效率,对减少管网水二次污染有重要的理论和实际意义。
为了更好的研究气压脉冲法,通过自行设计搭建的试验平台,对开阀水锤这种瞬变流进行了研究。通过控制开阀间隔时间进行试验发现,开阀能引起管道内水流的流速和压力的剧烈波动,揭示了这种波动幅度的大小与开阀间隔时间的关系。用特征线法对开阀水锤进行了模拟,模拟结果与试验结果吻合。
对气压脉冲的脉冲发生频率进行了研究,得到了最优的脉冲发生频率;供气压力一定的情况下,改变供水流量,得到供水流量与管道中水流流速、压力之间的关系;供水流量一定的情况下,改变供气压力,得到供气压力与管道中水流流速、压力之间的关系。
对比开阀和气压脉冲所形成的两种瞬变流形式的压力波传播速度、压力等参数,发现气压脉冲更能增加管道中水流的紊动程度,冲洗效果更好。
Water supply system was one of the basic infrastructures in city, and water supply pipe network is important for water supply system. Water purified in the water plant can be transferred to users through water supply network. Normally, outlet water quality reaches the standard of domestic drinking water, however, it can be polluted secondary when being conveyed to users. Growth-ring in the network is the reason that causes the secondary pollution, thus, it is helpful to improve outlet water quality and water passing capacity of network by cleaning growth-ring. Through comparing several different methods of pipe cleaning, barometric pulse method was found to be a good method, so it was important to understand the theory of barometric pulse method and improve flushing efficiency which could help reduce secondary pollution of the water in distribution systems.
Water hammer produced by valve opening was studied through an experimental platform which was self propelled in order to study Barometric Pulse Method. Valve opening could cause strong fluctuation of flow rate and pressure of water in the pipe through controlling the interval time of valve opening, but the fluctuation range has no relation with interval time of valve opening. Simulation result was anastomosis with the experiments by simulating water hammer produced by valve opening through characteristic method.
The best impulse frequency was obtained by studying the occurrence frequency of barometric pulse. Under a certain air supply pressure, the relation among water supply flow and water flow rate and pressure through changing water supply flow; under a certain water supply flow, the relation among air supply pressure and water flow rate and pressure in the pipe through changing air supply pressure.
Barometric pulse could cause stronger disordery degree and better flushing effect by comparing the transfer rates of two pressure waves and pressures caused by valve opening and barometric pulse.
为了更好的研究气压脉冲法,通过自行设计搭建的试验平台,对开阀水锤这种瞬变流进行了研究。通过控制开阀间隔时间进行试验发现,开阀能引起管道内水流的流速和压力的剧烈波动,揭示了这种波动幅度的大小与开阀间隔时间的关系。用特征线法对开阀水锤进行了模拟,模拟结果与试验结果吻合。
对气压脉冲的脉冲发生频率进行了研究,得到了最优的脉冲发生频率;供气压力一定的情况下,改变供水流量,得到供水流量与管道中水流流速、压力之间的关系;供水流量一定的情况下,改变供气压力,得到供气压力与管道中水流流速、压力之间的关系。
对比开阀和气压脉冲所形成的两种瞬变流形式的压力波传播速度、压力等参数,发现气压脉冲更能增加管道中水流的紊动程度,冲洗效果更好。
Water supply system was one of the basic infrastructures in city, and water supply pipe network is important for water supply system. Water purified in the water plant can be transferred to users through water supply network. Normally, outlet water quality reaches the standard of domestic drinking water, however, it can be polluted secondary when being conveyed to users. Growth-ring in the network is the reason that causes the secondary pollution, thus, it is helpful to improve outlet water quality and water passing capacity of network by cleaning growth-ring. Through comparing several different methods of pipe cleaning, barometric pulse method was found to be a good method, so it was important to understand the theory of barometric pulse method and improve flushing efficiency which could help reduce secondary pollution of the water in distribution systems.
Water hammer produced by valve opening was studied through an experimental platform which was self propelled in order to study Barometric Pulse Method. Valve opening could cause strong fluctuation of flow rate and pressure of water in the pipe through controlling the interval time of valve opening, but the fluctuation range has no relation with interval time of valve opening. Simulation result was anastomosis with the experiments by simulating water hammer produced by valve opening through characteristic method.
The best impulse frequency was obtained by studying the occurrence frequency of barometric pulse. Under a certain air supply pressure, the relation among water supply flow and water flow rate and pressure through changing water supply flow; under a certain water supply flow, the relation among air supply pressure and water flow rate and pressure in the pipe through changing air supply pressure.
Barometric pulse could cause stronger disordery degree and better flushing effect by comparing the transfer rates of two pressure waves and pressures caused by valve opening and barometric pulse.
引文
1国家建设部.全国城市供水管网改造近期规划(2006年-2007年).中华人民共和国国家建设部, 2006:1~10
2国家统计局.中国统计年鉴-2006.中国统计出版社, 2006:257~265
3杨怀军.给水管网二次污染的防治.山西财经大学学报(高等教育版), 2006, 9(2):70
4林涛,何俊文,周亮.供水管网二次污染的因素及改善措施.泰山学院学报, 2006, 28(6):84~87
5田秀英.供水管网二次污染的原因及应对措施.中国环境干部管理学院学报. 2002, 12(1):38~39
6陈寅,陈国光.上海城市供水管网水质的调查分析[J].中国给水排水, 2002 ,18(7):32~34
7杜英林,任立民.浅析配水管网水质污染原因及防止措施[J].山东水利, 2001, 9:43~44
8何维华.国内部分城市供水管网水质调研分析[J].给水排水, 1993, 19(11):15~19
9孙滨.供水管网水质污染的原因及对陈旧管网更新改造.净水技术. 2003, 22(3):42~44
10赵洪宾,李欣,赵明.给水管道卫生学.中国建筑工业出版社. 2008:5, 299~300
11 Satin P, Snoeyink V L, Bebeeb J, ey at.Physico-Chemcal Characteristica of Corrosion Scales in Old Iron Pipes[J]. Water Research. 2001, 36(12):2961~2969
12蔡云龙.饮用水生物稳定性与管网水质污染指数的研究.同济大学工学博士学位论文. 2006:2~3
13 Sarin P, Bebee J. Mechanism of release of iron from corroded iron/steel pipes in water distribution systems. AWWA annual conference, Denver, Colorado, 2000
14 Lin Jianping, Mark Ellaway, Robert Adrien, et al. Study of corrosion materials accumulated on the inner wall of steel water pipe. Corrosion Science. 2001, 43(11):2065~2081
15 Kevin Jim. Investigation of iron release from galvanized pipe section.lllinois: University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1996
16王蕾,杨敏,石宝有等.给水管网中管材对水质变化的影响研究.给水排水.2006, 32(增刊):213~215
17欧剑冰.如何减少管网管材及设备对水质的影响.广东建材. 2006, (6):123~124
18 Bonde G.R. Bacteria in works and mains from ground water[J]. Aqua.:Research and Technology, 1983, 10(5):237~239
19 Van der kooij D. The occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. in surface water and in tap water as determined on citrate media[J]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Journal of Microbiology, 1978, 43(1):187~197
20 Talbot H.W., Morrow J.E., Seidler R.J. Control of coliform bacteria in finished drinking water stored in redwood tanks[J]. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1979, 71(2):349~353
21 Burman, N.P. The occurrence and significance of actinomycetes in water supply[M]. Sykes.G., and Skinner, F.A.(editors), Actinomycetales; characteristics and practical importance. Academic Press, London and New York, 1973:219~230
22岳舜琳.城市供水水质问题[J].中国给水排水, 1997, 13(增刊):37~38
23贺北平.水中有机物特性与饮水净化工艺相关性的研究[D].北京:清华大学环境系, 1996
24袁一星,赵洪宾.给水管网生长环研究[J].哈尔滨建筑大学学报, 1998, 31(1):72~76
25宋安坤.大庆供水管网气水脉冲技术研究.哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文. 2007:3
26罗昊进,谭立国.城市供水管材与水质污染分析[J].净水技术, 2005, 24(6):68~70
27姜湘山,张晓明.市政工程管道工试用技术.机械工业出版社. 2005:285
28 Sward N.Antoun, John E.Dyken, and David J.Hiltebran. Unidirectional flushing:a powerful tool. American Water Works Associantion 1999, 91(7):62~71
29 Riedman, Melinda, Hill, Andrew et at.Establishing Site-Specific Flushing Velociies. Proc of American Water Works Association, 2002
30 Boris Kessel, Dan Eilam, Itamar Ashkenazi, et al. Severe hydroblast intra-abdominal injuries due to high-pressure water jet without penetration of abdominal cavity. Injury Extra. 2005, (36):82~83
31林立.高压水射流清洗与安全管理.化工劳动保护. 2001, 22(7):238~239
32 Appleton E. Pipeline Technology. Durham:Mulimedia, 2003
33蒋兴桥,宋华东,张雯. PIG清洗技术的研究及应用.清洗世界. 2006,22(5):13~15
34 Ir J.H.G.Vreeburg Dr.J.B.Boxall. Discolouration in potable water distribution systems:A review. Water Research. 2007, 41(5):519~529
35李欣.给水管道生长环的冲洗与防治.哈尔滨建筑大学学报. 2002, 35(6):30~32
36王萍辉,方湄.基于空化技术的管道清洗装置的研究.机械设计. 2003, 20(8):9~12
37 Timothy G.Leighton. What is ultrasound. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2007, (93):3~83
38 S.A.Campbell, C.A.Fairfield. An overview of the various techniques used in routine cleaning and maintenance of clay, concrete and plastic drains. Construction and Building Materials. 2006, 30(5):1~11
39张海峰.气脉冲清洗给水管道技术.清洗世界. 2005, 21(5):35~37
40 P.L.Kaye, C.S.J.Pickles, J.E.Field. Investigation of erosion processes as cleaning mechanisms in the removal of thin deposited soils. Wear.1995, 186(187):413~420
41 [英]考蒂塔斯.计算水力学基础.水利电力出版社, 1987
42 Wylie E B, Streeter V L.Fluid transients in Systems[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Int. Book Company, 1993: 26~30
43 [苏]基谢列夫,水力学流体力学原理,水利电办出版社, 1983
44 [荷]M.B阿包特,计算水力学,海洋出版社, 1985
45 Chaudhry M H. Applied Hydraulic transient[M]. New York:Van Nostr and Reinhold Company Inc, 1979: 279~281
46 Streeter, V.L., and Lai, C.Waterhammer Analysis Including Friction.Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 1962, 88(HY3):106~112
47 Vennatro, B Oscillating Flow in Pipelines. Proc., XIXIAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Cavitation, Singapore. 1988, (12):697~702
48 M.H.乔德里.实用水力过渡过程,中国水利水电出版社, 1985:11~17
49蒋仕章,蒲家宁.水力瞬变特征线法和隐式差分法的对比分析.油气储运. 2003, 20(1):12~14
50金锥,姜乃昌,汪兴华,等.停泵水锤及其防护[M](第二版).中国建筑出版社, 2004:70~71
51孔珑.两相流体力学.高等教育出版社, 2004:9
52杨玉思,羡巨智,王栋.有压供水管道气水两相流流态及排气方式[J].中国给水排水, 2005, 21(12):62~63
53罗小明,何利民,吕宇玲.水平管气液两相段塞流的波动特性.化工学报, 2008, 59(11):2781~2782
54吕宇玲,何利民,洪启林,等.水平管中段塞流的发展特性.工程热物理学报, 2008, 29(6):967
55 Dukler A E, Hubbard M D. A Model for Gas-liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal and Horizontal Tubes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals, 1975, 14(4):337~339
56 Cook M, Behnia M. Slug Length Prediction in Near Horizontal Gas-liquid Intermittent Flow. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2000, 55:2009~2018
57赵景升,赵庆军,何利民.水平管道中段塞流流动特性研究进展.油气田地面工程, 2002, 21(6):113~114
58杜坚强,简朝阳.气量增加段塞流场中压力波传播特性分析.油气储运, 2005, 24(3):39~41
2国家统计局.中国统计年鉴-2006.中国统计出版社, 2006:257~265
3杨怀军.给水管网二次污染的防治.山西财经大学学报(高等教育版), 2006, 9(2):70
4林涛,何俊文,周亮.供水管网二次污染的因素及改善措施.泰山学院学报, 2006, 28(6):84~87
5田秀英.供水管网二次污染的原因及应对措施.中国环境干部管理学院学报. 2002, 12(1):38~39
6陈寅,陈国光.上海城市供水管网水质的调查分析[J].中国给水排水, 2002 ,18(7):32~34
7杜英林,任立民.浅析配水管网水质污染原因及防止措施[J].山东水利, 2001, 9:43~44
8何维华.国内部分城市供水管网水质调研分析[J].给水排水, 1993, 19(11):15~19
9孙滨.供水管网水质污染的原因及对陈旧管网更新改造.净水技术. 2003, 22(3):42~44
10赵洪宾,李欣,赵明.给水管道卫生学.中国建筑工业出版社. 2008:5, 299~300
11 Satin P, Snoeyink V L, Bebeeb J, ey at.Physico-Chemcal Characteristica of Corrosion Scales in Old Iron Pipes[J]. Water Research. 2001, 36(12):2961~2969
12蔡云龙.饮用水生物稳定性与管网水质污染指数的研究.同济大学工学博士学位论文. 2006:2~3
13 Sarin P, Bebee J. Mechanism of release of iron from corroded iron/steel pipes in water distribution systems. AWWA annual conference, Denver, Colorado, 2000
14 Lin Jianping, Mark Ellaway, Robert Adrien, et al. Study of corrosion materials accumulated on the inner wall of steel water pipe. Corrosion Science. 2001, 43(11):2065~2081
15 Kevin Jim. Investigation of iron release from galvanized pipe section.lllinois: University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1996
16王蕾,杨敏,石宝有等.给水管网中管材对水质变化的影响研究.给水排水.2006, 32(增刊):213~215
17欧剑冰.如何减少管网管材及设备对水质的影响.广东建材. 2006, (6):123~124
18 Bonde G.R. Bacteria in works and mains from ground water[J]. Aqua.:Research and Technology, 1983, 10(5):237~239
19 Van der kooij D. The occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. in surface water and in tap water as determined on citrate media[J]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Journal of Microbiology, 1978, 43(1):187~197
20 Talbot H.W., Morrow J.E., Seidler R.J. Control of coliform bacteria in finished drinking water stored in redwood tanks[J]. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1979, 71(2):349~353
21 Burman, N.P. The occurrence and significance of actinomycetes in water supply[M]. Sykes.G., and Skinner, F.A.(editors), Actinomycetales; characteristics and practical importance. Academic Press, London and New York, 1973:219~230
22岳舜琳.城市供水水质问题[J].中国给水排水, 1997, 13(增刊):37~38
23贺北平.水中有机物特性与饮水净化工艺相关性的研究[D].北京:清华大学环境系, 1996
24袁一星,赵洪宾.给水管网生长环研究[J].哈尔滨建筑大学学报, 1998, 31(1):72~76
25宋安坤.大庆供水管网气水脉冲技术研究.哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文. 2007:3
26罗昊进,谭立国.城市供水管材与水质污染分析[J].净水技术, 2005, 24(6):68~70
27姜湘山,张晓明.市政工程管道工试用技术.机械工业出版社. 2005:285
28 Sward N.Antoun, John E.Dyken, and David J.Hiltebran. Unidirectional flushing:a powerful tool. American Water Works Associantion 1999, 91(7):62~71
29 Riedman, Melinda, Hill, Andrew et at.Establishing Site-Specific Flushing Velociies. Proc of American Water Works Association, 2002
30 Boris Kessel, Dan Eilam, Itamar Ashkenazi, et al. Severe hydroblast intra-abdominal injuries due to high-pressure water jet without penetration of abdominal cavity. Injury Extra. 2005, (36):82~83
31林立.高压水射流清洗与安全管理.化工劳动保护. 2001, 22(7):238~239
32 Appleton E. Pipeline Technology. Durham:Mulimedia, 2003
33蒋兴桥,宋华东,张雯. PIG清洗技术的研究及应用.清洗世界. 2006,22(5):13~15
34 Ir J.H.G.Vreeburg Dr.J.B.Boxall. Discolouration in potable water distribution systems:A review. Water Research. 2007, 41(5):519~529
35李欣.给水管道生长环的冲洗与防治.哈尔滨建筑大学学报. 2002, 35(6):30~32
36王萍辉,方湄.基于空化技术的管道清洗装置的研究.机械设计. 2003, 20(8):9~12
37 Timothy G.Leighton. What is ultrasound. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2007, (93):3~83
38 S.A.Campbell, C.A.Fairfield. An overview of the various techniques used in routine cleaning and maintenance of clay, concrete and plastic drains. Construction and Building Materials. 2006, 30(5):1~11
39张海峰.气脉冲清洗给水管道技术.清洗世界. 2005, 21(5):35~37
40 P.L.Kaye, C.S.J.Pickles, J.E.Field. Investigation of erosion processes as cleaning mechanisms in the removal of thin deposited soils. Wear.1995, 186(187):413~420
41 [英]考蒂塔斯.计算水力学基础.水利电力出版社, 1987
42 Wylie E B, Streeter V L.Fluid transients in Systems[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Int. Book Company, 1993: 26~30
43 [苏]基谢列夫,水力学流体力学原理,水利电办出版社, 1983
44 [荷]M.B阿包特,计算水力学,海洋出版社, 1985
45 Chaudhry M H. Applied Hydraulic transient[M]. New York:Van Nostr and Reinhold Company Inc, 1979: 279~281
46 Streeter, V.L., and Lai, C.Waterhammer Analysis Including Friction.Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 1962, 88(HY3):106~112
47 Vennatro, B Oscillating Flow in Pipelines. Proc., XIXIAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Cavitation, Singapore. 1988, (12):697~702
48 M.H.乔德里.实用水力过渡过程,中国水利水电出版社, 1985:11~17
49蒋仕章,蒲家宁.水力瞬变特征线法和隐式差分法的对比分析.油气储运. 2003, 20(1):12~14
50金锥,姜乃昌,汪兴华,等.停泵水锤及其防护[M](第二版).中国建筑出版社, 2004:70~71
51孔珑.两相流体力学.高等教育出版社, 2004:9
52杨玉思,羡巨智,王栋.有压供水管道气水两相流流态及排气方式[J].中国给水排水, 2005, 21(12):62~63
53罗小明,何利民,吕宇玲.水平管气液两相段塞流的波动特性.化工学报, 2008, 59(11):2781~2782
54吕宇玲,何利民,洪启林,等.水平管中段塞流的发展特性.工程热物理学报, 2008, 29(6):967
55 Dukler A E, Hubbard M D. A Model for Gas-liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal and Horizontal Tubes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals, 1975, 14(4):337~339
56 Cook M, Behnia M. Slug Length Prediction in Near Horizontal Gas-liquid Intermittent Flow. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2000, 55:2009~2018
57赵景升,赵庆军,何利民.水平管道中段塞流流动特性研究进展.油气田地面工程, 2002, 21(6):113~114
58杜坚强,简朝阳.气量增加段塞流场中压力波传播特性分析.油气储运, 2005, 24(3):39~41