大深度气压沉箱技术的力学机理研究
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摘要
由于气压沉箱工法在深基础建设中有着诸多的优点而被越来越多的用于摩天大楼、大跨度桥梁、大深度地铁站、地下油库、大型水电站等设施的深基础建设中。但因该工法所需设备昂贵,技术要求高,因此,在当今世界上,气压沉箱技术仅为极少数发达国家所掌握。新时期,特别是上世纪九十年代以后,我国还没有应用该工法进行深基础建设的工程先例。因此,本文将以上海市轨道交通7号线南浦站至耀华站区间中央风井样本工程为背景,从室内试验、理论研究、数值模拟和现场实测分析四个方面入手,对气压沉箱下沉过程的力学机理进行系统研究。主要包括以下几个方面:
1.对气压沉箱施工现场具有代表性的砂质粉土进行室内试验研究。利用高级静力三轴系统,对砂质粉土进行等向压缩不排水三轴试验、K0固结条件下不排水三轴试验和气压存在条件下非饱和土的三轴剪切试验,分析了在不同条件下砂质粉土的剪切强度、应力应变关系、土体的有效应力路径等关键物理力学参数的不同特性及其变化规律,得出了施工现场的砂质粉土的静止土压力系数K0值,为环形刃脚基础的极限承载力理论研究和气压沉箱下沉施工过程的动态数值模拟提供参数。
2.沉箱的环形刃脚基础下土体的极限承载力问题是气压沉箱设计与施工的关键问题。只有准确确定了环形刃脚基础下土体的极限承载力,才能合理选择刃脚的结构和宽度设计,从而保证沉箱能够顺利下沉。本文分别采用滑移线法和有限差分法,对环形刃脚基础的极限承载力进行了研究。研究了环形基础的内外径之比和内摩擦角对环形基础的极限承载力的影响,得出了工程中不同工况条件下沉箱环形刃脚基础的极限承载力及其分布形式,为沉箱的结构设计和施工提供理论依据。
3.对气压沉箱施工下沉过程进行了数值模拟。利用有限元法,采用试验室试验所获得土体物理力学参数,对沉箱施工下沉过程进行数值模拟计算,分析了在各种不同工况条件下沉箱下沉过程中其周边土体的土压力及其对周边环境的影响,并在后续章节中对数值计算结果和实测结果进行了比较,可为今后同样或类似工程提供借鉴。
4.对气压沉箱的结构内力与变形以及沉箱下沉时对周围环境的影响进行了全面系统地监测。对不同工况条件下实测所得沉箱刃脚土压力、沉箱侧壁土压力和侧壁摩阻力以及周围土体的侧移和沉降进行了整理分析,揭示了新型气压沉箱的变形特性,评价了沉箱下沉对周边环境的影响,从而确保结构本身的安全并保证周边的环境的变形在可控范围内,并指导沉箱施工。也为今后同类工程的设计和施工提供了借鉴,为学科的发展积累了宝贵的原始资料。
Because of having many advantages, more and more pneumatic caisson method is used in the deep foundation construction of the high-rise skyscrapers, the huge trans-sea bridge, the deep underground station, the large underground oil depository, the huge hydropower station, and so on. However, the equipment used in this method is very expensive and the high technology is necessary. The techniques of this method are mastered only by few developed countries in the world. So far, based on the central wind well construction between the Nanpu station and Yaohua station in line 7, we study this technique from three aspects: experimental testing, theory study and in-situ measurement analyzing. The mechanism of pneumatic caisson sinking is systematically studied. The main contents are following below:
1. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the representative silty clay in the in-situ spot of pneumatic caisson construction are experimentally tested. By using the advanced triaxial system, the silty clay in the in-situ spot of pneumatic caisson construction is used to be experimentally tested. The experimental test includes three kinds of types, namely triaxial testing under isotropic pressure condition, triaxial testing under K0 consolidation condition and triaxial testing under air pressure condition. The different physical and mechanical characteristics can be studied by using the different experimental conditions. The conclusion about the shear strength, the relationship between the stress and strain, the effective stress path and the peak value of strength are drawn, which can provide the physical and mechanical parameter and warrant for the dynamic numerical simulating of pneumatic caisson.
2. The problem of ultimate bearing capacity of ring footings is the pivotal problem on the foundation design and construction of the pneumatic caisson. Only when the ultimate bearing capacity of ring footings is exactly determined, the reasonable structure and width of the ring footing can be properly selected and the prosperous sinking is guaranteed and the pneumatic caisson construction is achieved. In this study, by using the slip line method and the finite differencing method, the ultimate vertical bearing capacity of ring footing is systematically studied, including the influence of the ratio of the inner radius to the outer radius of the ring footing and the inner frictional angle on the ultimate bearing capacity of ring footing. The ultimate bearing capacity of ring footing under different working state and its distribution form are obtained, which provides the theoretical foundation for the structure design and construction of pneumatic caisson.
3. The course of pneumatic caisson sinking is numerical simulated. The course of pneumatic caisson construction and sinking is numerical simulated with physical and mechanical parameters of soil obtained in experiments by using finite element method. The soil pressure near around the pneumatic caisson and the effect on the surroundings are analyzed for several kinds of construction conditons and the numerical simulating results are compared with the measured results in-situ, which can be referred in the same and similar coming projects.
4. Systematical monitoring on the structural inner stress and deformation of pneumatic caisson and the effect of pneumatic caisson sinking on the surrounding environment are proceeded. The datum about the footing soil pressure, the soil pressure and the lateral frictional resistance on the lateral wall and the lateral displacement and settlement are cleared up and systematically analyzed. Based on this, the deformation characteristics of pneumatic caisson are opened out and the influence of pneumatic caisson sinking on the surrounding environment is estimated. Accordingly, the structure safe is warranted and the deformation of surrounding environment can be controlled in the permission and the pneumatic caisson construction is instructed. In addition, it provides the reference for design and construction of the following this kind of project and accumulates precious original datum for subject development.
1.对气压沉箱施工现场具有代表性的砂质粉土进行室内试验研究。利用高级静力三轴系统,对砂质粉土进行等向压缩不排水三轴试验、K0固结条件下不排水三轴试验和气压存在条件下非饱和土的三轴剪切试验,分析了在不同条件下砂质粉土的剪切强度、应力应变关系、土体的有效应力路径等关键物理力学参数的不同特性及其变化规律,得出了施工现场的砂质粉土的静止土压力系数K0值,为环形刃脚基础的极限承载力理论研究和气压沉箱下沉施工过程的动态数值模拟提供参数。
2.沉箱的环形刃脚基础下土体的极限承载力问题是气压沉箱设计与施工的关键问题。只有准确确定了环形刃脚基础下土体的极限承载力,才能合理选择刃脚的结构和宽度设计,从而保证沉箱能够顺利下沉。本文分别采用滑移线法和有限差分法,对环形刃脚基础的极限承载力进行了研究。研究了环形基础的内外径之比和内摩擦角对环形基础的极限承载力的影响,得出了工程中不同工况条件下沉箱环形刃脚基础的极限承载力及其分布形式,为沉箱的结构设计和施工提供理论依据。
3.对气压沉箱施工下沉过程进行了数值模拟。利用有限元法,采用试验室试验所获得土体物理力学参数,对沉箱施工下沉过程进行数值模拟计算,分析了在各种不同工况条件下沉箱下沉过程中其周边土体的土压力及其对周边环境的影响,并在后续章节中对数值计算结果和实测结果进行了比较,可为今后同样或类似工程提供借鉴。
4.对气压沉箱的结构内力与变形以及沉箱下沉时对周围环境的影响进行了全面系统地监测。对不同工况条件下实测所得沉箱刃脚土压力、沉箱侧壁土压力和侧壁摩阻力以及周围土体的侧移和沉降进行了整理分析,揭示了新型气压沉箱的变形特性,评价了沉箱下沉对周边环境的影响,从而确保结构本身的安全并保证周边的环境的变形在可控范围内,并指导沉箱施工。也为今后同类工程的设计和施工提供了借鉴,为学科的发展积累了宝贵的原始资料。
Because of having many advantages, more and more pneumatic caisson method is used in the deep foundation construction of the high-rise skyscrapers, the huge trans-sea bridge, the deep underground station, the large underground oil depository, the huge hydropower station, and so on. However, the equipment used in this method is very expensive and the high technology is necessary. The techniques of this method are mastered only by few developed countries in the world. So far, based on the central wind well construction between the Nanpu station and Yaohua station in line 7, we study this technique from three aspects: experimental testing, theory study and in-situ measurement analyzing. The mechanism of pneumatic caisson sinking is systematically studied. The main contents are following below:
1. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the representative silty clay in the in-situ spot of pneumatic caisson construction are experimentally tested. By using the advanced triaxial system, the silty clay in the in-situ spot of pneumatic caisson construction is used to be experimentally tested. The experimental test includes three kinds of types, namely triaxial testing under isotropic pressure condition, triaxial testing under K0 consolidation condition and triaxial testing under air pressure condition. The different physical and mechanical characteristics can be studied by using the different experimental conditions. The conclusion about the shear strength, the relationship between the stress and strain, the effective stress path and the peak value of strength are drawn, which can provide the physical and mechanical parameter and warrant for the dynamic numerical simulating of pneumatic caisson.
2. The problem of ultimate bearing capacity of ring footings is the pivotal problem on the foundation design and construction of the pneumatic caisson. Only when the ultimate bearing capacity of ring footings is exactly determined, the reasonable structure and width of the ring footing can be properly selected and the prosperous sinking is guaranteed and the pneumatic caisson construction is achieved. In this study, by using the slip line method and the finite differencing method, the ultimate vertical bearing capacity of ring footing is systematically studied, including the influence of the ratio of the inner radius to the outer radius of the ring footing and the inner frictional angle on the ultimate bearing capacity of ring footing. The ultimate bearing capacity of ring footing under different working state and its distribution form are obtained, which provides the theoretical foundation for the structure design and construction of pneumatic caisson.
3. The course of pneumatic caisson sinking is numerical simulated. The course of pneumatic caisson construction and sinking is numerical simulated with physical and mechanical parameters of soil obtained in experiments by using finite element method. The soil pressure near around the pneumatic caisson and the effect on the surroundings are analyzed for several kinds of construction conditons and the numerical simulating results are compared with the measured results in-situ, which can be referred in the same and similar coming projects.
4. Systematical monitoring on the structural inner stress and deformation of pneumatic caisson and the effect of pneumatic caisson sinking on the surrounding environment are proceeded. The datum about the footing soil pressure, the soil pressure and the lateral frictional resistance on the lateral wall and the lateral displacement and settlement are cleared up and systematically analyzed. Based on this, the deformation characteristics of pneumatic caisson are opened out and the influence of pneumatic caisson sinking on the surrounding environment is estimated. Accordingly, the structure safe is warranted and the deformation of surrounding environment can be controlled in the permission and the pneumatic caisson construction is instructed. In addition, it provides the reference for design and construction of the following this kind of project and accumulates precious original datum for subject development.
引文
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