基于及热经济学的供热空调系统分析与评价研究
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摘要
在建筑节能的背景下，供热空调新技术、新系统不断涌现，为了使它们在建筑节能中发挥积极的作用，对系统进行科学的分析与评价必不可少。本文以供热空调系统为研究对象，就系统节能与舒适性的科学分析与评价展开了研究。
将热经济学结构理论应用于建筑供热系统，从一次能源到室内空气，对整个系统的成本建模和成本分析进行了研究，建立了一套完整的供热系统成本分析方法。以某供热系统为例，应用该方法，针对系统的设计工况，建立了系统的热经济学成本模型和流计算模型，并进行了成本分析，对整个供暖季工况，建立了基于TRNSYS的系统仿真模型，在此基础上，对系统进行了模拟与成本分析。结果表明，具有最大损率的组元和具有最大单位成本增量的组元并不相同，欲降低系统终端产品的单位成本，应综合分析成本的形成过程及各组元的性能，损率大、效率低或单位成本增量大的组元均应重点考虑。整个供暖季工况分析结果表明，负荷的变化对各组元的性能及单位
成本增量有不同程度的影响，因此，对供热系统的分析应综合考虑各种负荷工况。
研究了在系统设计过程中对供热系统末端的节能性评价方法，为供热末端的选择与设计提供依据。首先建立热舒适评价指标、供热末端节能性评价指标及室内热环境模型，然后以低温地面辐射供暖为例，进行室内热环境模拟以及评价指标的计算，展示了本文提出的供热系统末端的节能性评价方法的应用。
基于热经济学成本概念，研究了适用于具有不同冷源的空调系统节能性评价方法。建立了评价指标体系，以及系统整体指标与各环节指标之间的关系，可以据此分析各环节指标的改变对空调系统整体节能性指标的影响，从而为节能设计或节能改造提供决策依据。
供热空调系统的主要目的是提供一个舒适的室内环境，因此，对系统的评价也应考虑室内环境，本文通过对辽宁省沈阳市某大学一间教室供暖季上课期间的热环境进行现场测试与主观问卷调查，研究了室内环境参数与人体的热感觉、人的主观评价之间的关系。
New technology and system styles for heating and air conditioning emergecontinuously under building energy conservation. Correct analysis and evaluation ofthe systems are necessary for obtaining better performance. In this dissertation,heating and air conditioning systems were studied for their analysis and evaluationrelated to energy conservation and thermal comfort.
The structural theory of thermoeconomics was applied to heating systems. Basedon detailed analysis of the system characteristics, the thermoeconomic model for thesystem was established from primary energy to room air. Cost analysis method forheating systems was established. Then exergy flow model for design condition wasestablished and exergy cost analysis was performed. System model was establishedbased on TRNSYS software, and the system was simulated and exergetic cost analysiswas performed for a whole heating season. The results showed that component withthe highest relative exergy destruction did not correspond to that with the highestincrease of unit exergetic cost. In order to decrease the unit exergetic cost of thesystem final product, the cost formation process and the performance of everycomponent should be analyzed. Components with large relative exergy destruction,low exergy efficiency or large increase of unit exergetic cost should all be considered.The results of the whole heating season showed that changes of load affect theperformance of every component and the increase of unit exergetic cost. Therefore,different load conditions should be considered for the analysis of heating systems.
The evaluation method for terminal units of heating systems was studied to lay abasis for selection and design of terminal units. First, thermal comfort and energyconservation indexes and indoor thermal environment model were established. Thentaking low temperature radiant floor heating as an example, indoor thermalenvironment was simulated and evaluation indexes were computed, showing theapplication of the evaluation method proposed by this dissertation.
Based on exergetic cost concept of thermoeconomics, evaluation method of airconditioning systems with different cooling sources was studied. Evaluation indexesfor energy conservation were established. The relationship between the index for thewhole system and those for every component was obtained, which could be used to analyze the impact of the index for every component on that of the whole system, andhelp with energy-saving design and retrofit.
Main purpose of heating and air conditioning systems is to create comfortenvironment, hence, evaluation of such systems can not be done without evaluatingthe environment. Through on-site measurement and survey on the indoor thermalenvironment of a university classroom located in Shenyang city, Liaoning province,during class hour, the relationship among human thermal sensation, subjectiveevaluation and indoor thermal environment was studied.
将热经济学结构理论应用于建筑供热系统，从一次能源到室内空气，对整个系统的成本建模和成本分析进行了研究，建立了一套完整的供热系统成本分析方法。以某供热系统为例，应用该方法，针对系统的设计工况，建立了系统的热经济学成本模型和流计算模型，并进行了成本分析，对整个供暖季工况，建立了基于TRNSYS的系统仿真模型，在此基础上，对系统进行了模拟与成本分析。结果表明，具有最大损率的组元和具有最大单位成本增量的组元并不相同，欲降低系统终端产品的单位成本，应综合分析成本的形成过程及各组元的性能，损率大、效率低或单位成本增量大的组元均应重点考虑。整个供暖季工况分析结果表明，负荷的变化对各组元的性能及单位
成本增量有不同程度的影响，因此，对供热系统的分析应综合考虑各种负荷工况。
研究了在系统设计过程中对供热系统末端的节能性评价方法，为供热末端的选择与设计提供依据。首先建立热舒适评价指标、供热末端节能性评价指标及室内热环境模型，然后以低温地面辐射供暖为例，进行室内热环境模拟以及评价指标的计算，展示了本文提出的供热系统末端的节能性评价方法的应用。
基于热经济学成本概念，研究了适用于具有不同冷源的空调系统节能性评价方法。建立了评价指标体系，以及系统整体指标与各环节指标之间的关系，可以据此分析各环节指标的改变对空调系统整体节能性指标的影响，从而为节能设计或节能改造提供决策依据。
供热空调系统的主要目的是提供一个舒适的室内环境，因此，对系统的评价也应考虑室内环境，本文通过对辽宁省沈阳市某大学一间教室供暖季上课期间的热环境进行现场测试与主观问卷调查，研究了室内环境参数与人体的热感觉、人的主观评价之间的关系。
New technology and system styles for heating and air conditioning emergecontinuously under building energy conservation. Correct analysis and evaluation ofthe systems are necessary for obtaining better performance. In this dissertation,heating and air conditioning systems were studied for their analysis and evaluationrelated to energy conservation and thermal comfort.
The structural theory of thermoeconomics was applied to heating systems. Basedon detailed analysis of the system characteristics, the thermoeconomic model for thesystem was established from primary energy to room air. Cost analysis method forheating systems was established. Then exergy flow model for design condition wasestablished and exergy cost analysis was performed. System model was establishedbased on TRNSYS software, and the system was simulated and exergetic cost analysiswas performed for a whole heating season. The results showed that component withthe highest relative exergy destruction did not correspond to that with the highestincrease of unit exergetic cost. In order to decrease the unit exergetic cost of thesystem final product, the cost formation process and the performance of everycomponent should be analyzed. Components with large relative exergy destruction,low exergy efficiency or large increase of unit exergetic cost should all be considered.The results of the whole heating season showed that changes of load affect theperformance of every component and the increase of unit exergetic cost. Therefore,different load conditions should be considered for the analysis of heating systems.
The evaluation method for terminal units of heating systems was studied to lay abasis for selection and design of terminal units. First, thermal comfort and energyconservation indexes and indoor thermal environment model were established. Thentaking low temperature radiant floor heating as an example, indoor thermalenvironment was simulated and evaluation indexes were computed, showing theapplication of the evaluation method proposed by this dissertation.
Based on exergetic cost concept of thermoeconomics, evaluation method of airconditioning systems with different cooling sources was studied. Evaluation indexesfor energy conservation were established. The relationship between the index for thewhole system and those for every component was obtained, which could be used to analyze the impact of the index for every component on that of the whole system, andhelp with energy-saving design and retrofit.
Main purpose of heating and air conditioning systems is to create comfortenvironment, hence, evaluation of such systems can not be done without evaluatingthe environment. Through on-site measurement and survey on the indoor thermalenvironment of a university classroom located in Shenyang city, Liaoning province,during class hour, the relationship among human thermal sensation, subjectiveevaluation and indoor thermal environment was studied.
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