不同施肥管理方式下潮褐土区夏玉米N_2O排放量研究
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摘要
N_2O是一种相当重要的温室效应气体,它的存在也严重地破坏了大气中的臭氧层。本研究采用田间试验,通过采集气样,分析了在不同施肥管理方式下,华北平原潮褐土区夏玉米农田N_2O的排放量。试验结果表明,不同施肥处理对农田N_2O排放量影响不同,农田N_2O排放量随着土壤中氮素含量的增加而升高;农田土壤含水量和土壤温度也影响了农田N_2O的排放。
通过本次试验,得出主要结论如下:
1)华北潮褐土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系下夏玉米地N_2O的排放主要是与农田施氮量有关。
农田N_2O排放量随施肥量(施N量)的增加而增加,二者之间达到了极显著正相关关系。
2)农田N_2O的排放量与土壤湿度有关。
当土壤湿度(土壤含水量)小于田间持水量时,农田N_2O排放量随土壤含水量的增大而增加,起先硝化作用是产生N_2O的主要机理,当土壤含水量达到一定程度时,反硝化作用是N_2O产生的主要机理,此时是表土硝化作用、底土反硝化作用占主要地位;土壤湿度(土壤含水量)等于田间持水量时,农田N_2O排放量的稳定程度达到最大;当土壤含水量大于田间持水量时,农田N_2O排放量随土壤含水量的增大而逐渐变小。
3)农田N_2O的排放量与土壤温度有关。
在土壤温度达到30摄氏度时,农田N_2O排放量最大。在土壤温度低于30摄氏度时,农田N_2O排放量随着土壤温度的升高而增大;当土壤温度高于30摄氏度时,农田N_2O排放量随着土壤温度的升高而降低。
4)经过各项指标的对比,DMPP管理模式更可取。
尽管优化配置管理方式(180N)处理夏玉米的产量稍高于120N处理与DMPP处理管理模式下夏玉米产量,但是180N处理农田N_2O的排放量要比120N处理与DMPP处理排放量高的多,而且180N处理的施用氮肥量要比120N处理和DMPP处理施用氮肥量高;结合DMPP处理夏玉米的产量稍高于120N处理的产量,而且其农田N_2O的排放量要远远低于120N处理的排放量,所以DMPP处理管理模式优于120N处理模式与180N处理模式。
通过本次试验,确定了华北潮褐土区夏玉米最佳施肥管理方式,从而达到指导农民合理施肥,同时实现温室气体减排的目的。
N_2O is one kind of important green-house gases;its existence also severely destroyed the atmospheric ozone layer.This paper makes a study of the emission amount of N_2O under the different administration mode in the process of applying a fertilizer on the basis of the field test of the summer maize in the meadow-cinnamon soil area and the types of gathering gas.
The result proves that the amount of N_2O emission would increase with the nitrogen input and seasonal variation of N_2O emission flux is significantly determined by water situation and soil temperature of maize fields. Throughout this study,the following points can be listed:
1) Under the system of winter wheat-summer maize of Cinnamon tidal zone in North China,the amount of N_2O emissions are mainly related with the nitrogen application amount of farmland.
The amount of N_2O emissions of agricultural land increase with applying amount of the fertilizer(N-volume) and the two reaches a very significant positive correlation.
2) The amount of N_2O emissions of farmland relates with soil moisture.
When soil moisture(water content in soil) is less than field capacity,the amount of N_2O emissions increase with soil moisture.At the very beginning nitrification is the main mechanism of N_2O producing,as the soil moisture content up to a certain extent,denitrification is the main mechanism of N_2O producing,and this moment the topsoil nitrification and subsoil denitrification dominate the main role.As soil moisture equals to field capacity,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland maintain at the stable maximum index,as soil moisture content is more than field capacity,the amount of N_2O emissions become smaller phasing with the increase of soil moisture.
3) The amount of N_2O emissions of farmland connect with soil temperature.
As the soil temperature reaches at 30 degrees Celsius,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland is the maximum.As the soil temperature below 30 degrees Celsius,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland will increase with temperature;when the soil temperature is above 30 degrees Celsius,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland will decrease with temperature.
4) Concerning of comparison the various index,DMPP is the preferred management model.
Although the output of summer corn is slightly higher in the mode of the optimal allocation of management(180N) than in the mode of the 120N and DMPP,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland is much higher as well as the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer application.Furthermore,The output of summer corn is higher in the mode of DMPP than that of 120N, taking all the previous comparison index into account,the DMPP mode is the best choice.
Throughout this test,this paper identifies the best management mode of the summer maize in the meadow-cinnamon soil so as to provide the guide for the farmer and to realize the aim of the green-house gas cut.
通过本次试验,得出主要结论如下:
1)华北潮褐土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系下夏玉米地N_2O的排放主要是与农田施氮量有关。
农田N_2O排放量随施肥量(施N量)的增加而增加,二者之间达到了极显著正相关关系。
2)农田N_2O的排放量与土壤湿度有关。
当土壤湿度(土壤含水量)小于田间持水量时,农田N_2O排放量随土壤含水量的增大而增加,起先硝化作用是产生N_2O的主要机理,当土壤含水量达到一定程度时,反硝化作用是N_2O产生的主要机理,此时是表土硝化作用、底土反硝化作用占主要地位;土壤湿度(土壤含水量)等于田间持水量时,农田N_2O排放量的稳定程度达到最大;当土壤含水量大于田间持水量时,农田N_2O排放量随土壤含水量的增大而逐渐变小。
3)农田N_2O的排放量与土壤温度有关。
在土壤温度达到30摄氏度时,农田N_2O排放量最大。在土壤温度低于30摄氏度时,农田N_2O排放量随着土壤温度的升高而增大;当土壤温度高于30摄氏度时,农田N_2O排放量随着土壤温度的升高而降低。
4)经过各项指标的对比,DMPP管理模式更可取。
尽管优化配置管理方式(180N)处理夏玉米的产量稍高于120N处理与DMPP处理管理模式下夏玉米产量,但是180N处理农田N_2O的排放量要比120N处理与DMPP处理排放量高的多,而且180N处理的施用氮肥量要比120N处理和DMPP处理施用氮肥量高;结合DMPP处理夏玉米的产量稍高于120N处理的产量,而且其农田N_2O的排放量要远远低于120N处理的排放量,所以DMPP处理管理模式优于120N处理模式与180N处理模式。
通过本次试验,确定了华北潮褐土区夏玉米最佳施肥管理方式,从而达到指导农民合理施肥,同时实现温室气体减排的目的。
N_2O is one kind of important green-house gases;its existence also severely destroyed the atmospheric ozone layer.This paper makes a study of the emission amount of N_2O under the different administration mode in the process of applying a fertilizer on the basis of the field test of the summer maize in the meadow-cinnamon soil area and the types of gathering gas.
The result proves that the amount of N_2O emission would increase with the nitrogen input and seasonal variation of N_2O emission flux is significantly determined by water situation and soil temperature of maize fields. Throughout this study,the following points can be listed:
1) Under the system of winter wheat-summer maize of Cinnamon tidal zone in North China,the amount of N_2O emissions are mainly related with the nitrogen application amount of farmland.
The amount of N_2O emissions of agricultural land increase with applying amount of the fertilizer(N-volume) and the two reaches a very significant positive correlation.
2) The amount of N_2O emissions of farmland relates with soil moisture.
When soil moisture(water content in soil) is less than field capacity,the amount of N_2O emissions increase with soil moisture.At the very beginning nitrification is the main mechanism of N_2O producing,as the soil moisture content up to a certain extent,denitrification is the main mechanism of N_2O producing,and this moment the topsoil nitrification and subsoil denitrification dominate the main role.As soil moisture equals to field capacity,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland maintain at the stable maximum index,as soil moisture content is more than field capacity,the amount of N_2O emissions become smaller phasing with the increase of soil moisture.
3) The amount of N_2O emissions of farmland connect with soil temperature.
As the soil temperature reaches at 30 degrees Celsius,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland is the maximum.As the soil temperature below 30 degrees Celsius,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland will increase with temperature;when the soil temperature is above 30 degrees Celsius,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland will decrease with temperature.
4) Concerning of comparison the various index,DMPP is the preferred management model.
Although the output of summer corn is slightly higher in the mode of the optimal allocation of management(180N) than in the mode of the 120N and DMPP,the amount of N_2O emissions of farmland is much higher as well as the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer application.Furthermore,The output of summer corn is higher in the mode of DMPP than that of 120N, taking all the previous comparison index into account,the DMPP mode is the best choice.
Throughout this test,this paper identifies the best management mode of the summer maize in the meadow-cinnamon soil so as to provide the guide for the farmer and to realize the aim of the green-house gas cut.
引文
[1]张秀君,徐慧,陈冠雄.长白山阔叶红松林树木N_2O排放及总量初步估算[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):232-235.
Zhang Xiujan,Xu Hui,Chen Guanxiong.N_2O emission and preliminary estimation of annual N_2O emission from trees in mixed broad-leaved and Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain[J].Chinese Joumal of Ecology,2004,23(5):232-235.
[2]Cicerone R J.1987.Changes in stratospheric ozone[J].Science,237:5-42.
[3]EIA—Energy Information Administration.Emissions of greenhouse gas in the united states[M],1997.DOE/EIA—0573(97).Washington.DC.1998.
[4]Feney JR.1997.Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agri-culture.Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst,49:1-6.
[5]MacKenize AF,Fan MX,Cadrin F.1997.Nitrous oxide emission as affected by tillage,Corn—soybean—alfalfa rotations and nitrogen fertilization.Can J Soil Sci,77:145-152.
[6]Eichner MJ.1990.Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized soils:Summary of available data.J Environ Qual,19:272-280.
[7]Zheng X-H(郑循华),Wang M-X(王明星),Wang Y-S(王跃思),etal,1997.N_2O emission from rice-wheat ecosystem in Southeast China.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),8(5):494-499(in Chinese).
[8]郑循华.农田N_2O产生与排放过程研究(博士学位论文)北京:中国科学院大气物理所,1996,2-3.
[9]王彩绒,田霄鸿,李生秀.土壤中氧化亚氮的产生及减少排放量的措施[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):143-148.
[10]石明岩,吕锡武,稻森悠平.N_2O的环境效应及其防逸技术的发展趋势[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(5):45-47.
[11]Bolin B,J Jager,B R Boos.The greenhouse effect,climatic change and ecosystem[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons.1986,1-32
[12]王少彬.大气中氧化亚氮的源、汇和环境效应[J].环境保护,1994,4:23-27.
[13]IPCC.Climate change 2001.The Scientific Bases.UK:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[14]Papen H R,Von Berg,l Hinkel.Heterotrophic nitrification by Akcakigenes faecalis:NO_2,MO_3,N_2 and NO production in exponentially growing culture[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1989,55:2068-2072.
[15]Umarov M M.Biotic source of nitrous oxide in the context of the global budget of nitrous oxide[M].Chichester John Wiley Sons,1990,263-268.
[16]Duxbry J M,Mosier A R.States and issues conceming agricultural of green house gases[M].USA:St Louis Press,1993.229-258.
[17]Minami K,Fukushi S.Methods for measuring N_2O flux from water surface and N_2O dissolved in water from agricultural land[J].Soil Sci Plant Nutr,1984,30:495-501.
[18]Ryden J C.N_2O exchange between agrassland soil land atmosphere[J].Nature,1982,292:235-237.
[19]Ryden J C.Denitrofication loss from agrassland soil in the field receiving differents rate of nitrogen as ammonium nitrate[J].Soil Sci,1982,198:355-365.
[20]谢军飞,李玉娥.土壤温度对北京早地农田N_2O排放的影响.中国农业气象,2005,26(1):7-10.
[21]侯爱新,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.稻田CH_4和N_2O排放关系及其生物学机理和一些影响因子[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):270-274.
[22]郑循华,王明星,王跃思,等.华东稻田CH_4和N_2O排放[J].大气科学,1997,21(2):231-237.
[23]W.Nagele,R.Conrad.Influence of pH on the release Of NO and N_2O from fertilized and unfertilized soil[J].Biol.Fertil.Soils,1990,10(1):49-58.
[24]N.Daum,M.K.Schenk.Influence Of nutrient solution pH on N_2O and N_2 emissions from a soilless culture system[J].Plant and Soil,1998,203:279-287.
[25]徐华,邢光熙,蔡祖聪,等.土壤质地对小麦和棉花田N_2O排放的影响[J].农业环境保护,2000,19:1-3.
[26]衣纯真,梁洪波,张建华,等.温度、湿度及通气状况对土壤中N_2O释放量影响的研究[J].北京农业大学学报,1996,19(3):85-89.
[27]卢维盛,张建国,廖宗文.广州地区晚稻田CH_4和N_2O的排放通量及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):275-278.
[28]黄国宏,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.东北典型旱作农田N_2O和CH_4排放通量研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):383-386.
[29]杜睿,黄建辉,万小伟,等.北京地区暖温带森林土壤温室气体排放规律[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):12-16.
[30]王艳芬,马秀枝,纪宝明,等.内蒙古草甸草原CH_4和N_2O排放通量的时间变异[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(6):792-796.
[31]白璐,黄国红,陈冠雄.氮肥及作物根系对农田N_2O和CH_4排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(增刊):59-62.
[32]粱东丽,同延安,Ore Emteryd,等.菜地不同施氮量下N_2O逸出量的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,自然科学版,2004,30(2):73-77.
LIANG Dongli,TONG Yan 'an,Ore Emteryd,etal.N_2O losses from vegetable field of applying different amounts of NO_3~--N[J].Jour of Northwest Sci-Tech Univ of Agri and For:Nat Sci Ed,2004,30(2):73-77.
[33]FENEY J R.Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agriculture[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst,1997,49:1-6.
[34]萧克,殷士学.影响氧化亚氮形成与排放的土壤因素.土壤学进展,1995,23(6):35-42
[35]Drury C.F.,et al.Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production from soil:water and oxygen effects.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1992,56:766.
[36]张玉铭,陈德立,等.农田土壤N_2O生成与排放影响因素及N_2O总量估算的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):121-123.
[37]郑循华,王明星,王跃思,等.温度对农田N_2O产生与排放的影响[J].环境科学,1997,18(5):1-5.
[38]王跃思,郑循华,王明星,恭晏邦,白建辉.气相色谱法检测大气中的N_2O浓度[J].分析测试技术与仪器,1994,(2):19-24.
Zhang Xiujan,Xu Hui,Chen Guanxiong.N_2O emission and preliminary estimation of annual N_2O emission from trees in mixed broad-leaved and Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain[J].Chinese Joumal of Ecology,2004,23(5):232-235.
[2]Cicerone R J.1987.Changes in stratospheric ozone[J].Science,237:5-42.
[3]EIA—Energy Information Administration.Emissions of greenhouse gas in the united states[M],1997.DOE/EIA—0573(97).Washington.DC.1998.
[4]Feney JR.1997.Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agri-culture.Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst,49:1-6.
[5]MacKenize AF,Fan MX,Cadrin F.1997.Nitrous oxide emission as affected by tillage,Corn—soybean—alfalfa rotations and nitrogen fertilization.Can J Soil Sci,77:145-152.
[6]Eichner MJ.1990.Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized soils:Summary of available data.J Environ Qual,19:272-280.
[7]Zheng X-H(郑循华),Wang M-X(王明星),Wang Y-S(王跃思),etal,1997.N_2O emission from rice-wheat ecosystem in Southeast China.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),8(5):494-499(in Chinese).
[8]郑循华.农田N_2O产生与排放过程研究(博士学位论文)北京:中国科学院大气物理所,1996,2-3.
[9]王彩绒,田霄鸿,李生秀.土壤中氧化亚氮的产生及减少排放量的措施[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):143-148.
[10]石明岩,吕锡武,稻森悠平.N_2O的环境效应及其防逸技术的发展趋势[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(5):45-47.
[11]Bolin B,J Jager,B R Boos.The greenhouse effect,climatic change and ecosystem[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons.1986,1-32
[12]王少彬.大气中氧化亚氮的源、汇和环境效应[J].环境保护,1994,4:23-27.
[13]IPCC.Climate change 2001.The Scientific Bases.UK:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[14]Papen H R,Von Berg,l Hinkel.Heterotrophic nitrification by Akcakigenes faecalis:NO_2,MO_3,N_2 and NO production in exponentially growing culture[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1989,55:2068-2072.
[15]Umarov M M.Biotic source of nitrous oxide in the context of the global budget of nitrous oxide[M].Chichester John Wiley Sons,1990,263-268.
[16]Duxbry J M,Mosier A R.States and issues conceming agricultural of green house gases[M].USA:St Louis Press,1993.229-258.
[17]Minami K,Fukushi S.Methods for measuring N_2O flux from water surface and N_2O dissolved in water from agricultural land[J].Soil Sci Plant Nutr,1984,30:495-501.
[18]Ryden J C.N_2O exchange between agrassland soil land atmosphere[J].Nature,1982,292:235-237.
[19]Ryden J C.Denitrofication loss from agrassland soil in the field receiving differents rate of nitrogen as ammonium nitrate[J].Soil Sci,1982,198:355-365.
[20]谢军飞,李玉娥.土壤温度对北京早地农田N_2O排放的影响.中国农业气象,2005,26(1):7-10.
[21]侯爱新,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.稻田CH_4和N_2O排放关系及其生物学机理和一些影响因子[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):270-274.
[22]郑循华,王明星,王跃思,等.华东稻田CH_4和N_2O排放[J].大气科学,1997,21(2):231-237.
[23]W.Nagele,R.Conrad.Influence of pH on the release Of NO and N_2O from fertilized and unfertilized soil[J].Biol.Fertil.Soils,1990,10(1):49-58.
[24]N.Daum,M.K.Schenk.Influence Of nutrient solution pH on N_2O and N_2 emissions from a soilless culture system[J].Plant and Soil,1998,203:279-287.
[25]徐华,邢光熙,蔡祖聪,等.土壤质地对小麦和棉花田N_2O排放的影响[J].农业环境保护,2000,19:1-3.
[26]衣纯真,梁洪波,张建华,等.温度、湿度及通气状况对土壤中N_2O释放量影响的研究[J].北京农业大学学报,1996,19(3):85-89.
[27]卢维盛,张建国,廖宗文.广州地区晚稻田CH_4和N_2O的排放通量及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):275-278.
[28]黄国宏,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.东北典型旱作农田N_2O和CH_4排放通量研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):383-386.
[29]杜睿,黄建辉,万小伟,等.北京地区暖温带森林土壤温室气体排放规律[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):12-16.
[30]王艳芬,马秀枝,纪宝明,等.内蒙古草甸草原CH_4和N_2O排放通量的时间变异[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(6):792-796.
[31]白璐,黄国红,陈冠雄.氮肥及作物根系对农田N_2O和CH_4排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(增刊):59-62.
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