冲击式水轮机内部流动数值模拟及性能研究
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摘要
冲击式水轮机试验表明:真机效率均低于模型效率,这种反常的趋势容易引起从模型试验结果预测真机性能的风险性。因此迄今为止,IEC 模型试验规范并不考虑冲击式水轮机中的比尺效应对模型和真机之间的性能换算的影响,其主要原因是对冲击式水轮机复杂的内部流动机理缺乏深入了解。而且,冲击式水轮机流动存在着复杂的比尺效应,尤其是由射流衰减和射流干涉带来的负比尺效应为流动研究带来了复杂性。因此,本文致力于在试验和数值计算方面对冲击式水轮机各种内部流动细节及其能量转化性能的研究,以探讨冲击式水轮机流动的比尺效应和性能换算特征。
本文在首先介绍了冲击式水轮机内部流动中管内流、自由射流以及水斗绕流等方面的研究现状和进展。在分析转轮的基本性能、各效率与水轮机效率之间的关系基础上,探讨了冲击式水轮机内部流动比尺效应的产生根源、作用机理,尤其是负比尺效应与射流干涉和性能偏移之间的关系,并提出了新的性能换算法则思想。
冲击式水轮机内部流动包括了定常、单相的管内流和3 维非定常气液二相流动。喷嘴管的水力形状和自由射流的能量质量直接关系到水轮机的整体性能,为了探明其中的流动特征和能量特性,本文通过对喷嘴管流场的数值解析,分析了支持筋板对管内流以及喷嘴出口流动的影响; 通过对自由射流的数值计算,详细分析了不同开度下喷嘴出口的流动特征、半自由射流的成因和能量特性,以及自由射流的缩流位置、直径和能量,并预测了自由射流膨胀率。
随着冲击式转轮旋转,水斗不断切入从喷嘴射出的圆柱形断面射流,因此水斗的入射参数(流量、落点、入射角、切入速度等)也随着转轮的旋转发生变化。本文采用了动画解析法将非定常流动按照时间顺序,离散成动画单元,对每个单元通过拉格朗日法对流体质点的加速度积分,求得了各个动画单元水斗内非定常自由流动的流速等分布状态,并按照一定的速度将其连续成动态影像来模拟水斗非定常流动。本文在进一步完善非定常水斗内部流动数值计算动画解析法的基础上,对水斗内部流动进行了模拟,并对不同型式的水斗流动和性能进行预测和评价。
由于冲击式水轮机的负比尺效应源于自自由射流本身的能量衰减以及水斗缺口出流流量的增加,本文从自由射流的能量衰减出发来探讨水轮机能量转化的特征和机理,首先引入描述射流衰减特征参数-自由射流膨胀率,并利用图像分析的方法对其进行了试验测量。通过数值计算分析分析射流膨胀率对水斗内部流动特征、能量转化
Many tests of Pelton turbine illustrated that the efficiency of prototype is lower than that of model turbine, especially under off-design heads and larger discharge. This characteristic of Pelton turbine is apt to take the risk to predict the hydraulic performance of prototype from model. So far, the current IEC codes for the method of model tests specify that Pelton turbines have no scale effect between the model and its prototype, because the complicated flow mechanism of Pelton turbine has not been fully understood. Moreover, the scale effects especially the negative scale effect also accentuate the complexity of the research for Pelton turbine. This paper is dedicated to the experimental and numerical research of detailed internal flow of Pelton turbine and it performance of energy conversion to specify the characters of the scale effect and the formulas of energy conversion.
In the beginning of this paper, the current status and achievements in the research field of Pelton turbine are introduced respectively by means of pipe flow, free jet and bucket flow. Based on the discussion of basic performance and its relation with various efficiencies, the paper also clarifies the cause of the negative effect, its functional mechanism and the interaction between jet interference and hydraulic deviation in Pelton turbine. The new ideas for formula of energy conversion are also put forwards accordingly.
The internal flow of Pelton turbine is consisted of the one phase steady pipe flow and unsteady free surface flow such as free jet and bucket flow. The hydraulic geometry of nozzle pipe has the direct influence to the energy consistency of free jet, consequently the whole performance of the turbine. In order to reveal its fluid and energy features, this paper numerically analyzes the flow in the nozzle pipe and the effect of rod-holder on the flow distribution at the nozzle throat. Besides, the free jet flow is also simulated by CFD method. The flow characters at nozzle exit and the cause of semi-free jet are discussed as well. According to the computed result, the position/diameter of contraction jet and the enlargement rate of jet diameter are predicted under different needle strokes.
In Pelton turbine, the buckets periodically penetrate into the free jet with constant rotating speed. Therefore the inlet parameters such as discharge, location, direction and velocity are also changed with the rotating of bucket. In this paper, An animated cartoon
method is applied to analyze unsteady internal flow of Pelton bucket. This method shows how to discretize the real unsteady free sheet flow by a sequence of gradual time shifting frames. In every frames, the distribution of the free water sheet flow in buckets is computed Lagrangially by integrating the various acceleration on the flow particles, and the internal flow is analyzed. This paper improves the algorithm of the animated cartoon method and implements the numerical simulation of bucket flow for different bucket type to predict the flow feature and their hydraulic performance. The negative scale effect in Pelton turbine results in the energy decay of free jet and the discharge increase of spilt flow from bucket cutout. Thus this paper also discusses the energy conversion characteristic in the aspect of the decay of free jet. Firstly the parameter to evaluate the decay of free jet, enlargement rate of jet diameters is introduced. The enlargement rates for various jet under different opening are also experimentally measured through photographic analysis. This paper also presents the comparative numerical analysis of the flow in buckets under the different enlarging rate of jet to clear the effect of enragement rate on the bucket flow. Furthermore, the relation between jet interference and enragement rate is also specified numerically. This paper also involves the model test of Pelton turbine. In the model test, the energy test, characteristic of runaway test and the flow pattern observation are carried out. The model tests are also studied to specify the effect configuration of runner on the variation of efficiency of the whole turbine. The results of model test indicate that the runner has advanced hydraulic performance. According to the experimental results, the runner performance is numerically predicted, and the flow pattern inside the bucket is simulated. The comparative result with model test proves the correction of the computational method.
本文在首先介绍了冲击式水轮机内部流动中管内流、自由射流以及水斗绕流等方面的研究现状和进展。在分析转轮的基本性能、各效率与水轮机效率之间的关系基础上,探讨了冲击式水轮机内部流动比尺效应的产生根源、作用机理,尤其是负比尺效应与射流干涉和性能偏移之间的关系,并提出了新的性能换算法则思想。
冲击式水轮机内部流动包括了定常、单相的管内流和3 维非定常气液二相流动。喷嘴管的水力形状和自由射流的能量质量直接关系到水轮机的整体性能,为了探明其中的流动特征和能量特性,本文通过对喷嘴管流场的数值解析,分析了支持筋板对管内流以及喷嘴出口流动的影响; 通过对自由射流的数值计算,详细分析了不同开度下喷嘴出口的流动特征、半自由射流的成因和能量特性,以及自由射流的缩流位置、直径和能量,并预测了自由射流膨胀率。
随着冲击式转轮旋转,水斗不断切入从喷嘴射出的圆柱形断面射流,因此水斗的入射参数(流量、落点、入射角、切入速度等)也随着转轮的旋转发生变化。本文采用了动画解析法将非定常流动按照时间顺序,离散成动画单元,对每个单元通过拉格朗日法对流体质点的加速度积分,求得了各个动画单元水斗内非定常自由流动的流速等分布状态,并按照一定的速度将其连续成动态影像来模拟水斗非定常流动。本文在进一步完善非定常水斗内部流动数值计算动画解析法的基础上,对水斗内部流动进行了模拟,并对不同型式的水斗流动和性能进行预测和评价。
由于冲击式水轮机的负比尺效应源于自自由射流本身的能量衰减以及水斗缺口出流流量的增加,本文从自由射流的能量衰减出发来探讨水轮机能量转化的特征和机理,首先引入描述射流衰减特征参数-自由射流膨胀率,并利用图像分析的方法对其进行了试验测量。通过数值计算分析分析射流膨胀率对水斗内部流动特征、能量转化
Many tests of Pelton turbine illustrated that the efficiency of prototype is lower than that of model turbine, especially under off-design heads and larger discharge. This characteristic of Pelton turbine is apt to take the risk to predict the hydraulic performance of prototype from model. So far, the current IEC codes for the method of model tests specify that Pelton turbines have no scale effect between the model and its prototype, because the complicated flow mechanism of Pelton turbine has not been fully understood. Moreover, the scale effects especially the negative scale effect also accentuate the complexity of the research for Pelton turbine. This paper is dedicated to the experimental and numerical research of detailed internal flow of Pelton turbine and it performance of energy conversion to specify the characters of the scale effect and the formulas of energy conversion.
In the beginning of this paper, the current status and achievements in the research field of Pelton turbine are introduced respectively by means of pipe flow, free jet and bucket flow. Based on the discussion of basic performance and its relation with various efficiencies, the paper also clarifies the cause of the negative effect, its functional mechanism and the interaction between jet interference and hydraulic deviation in Pelton turbine. The new ideas for formula of energy conversion are also put forwards accordingly.
The internal flow of Pelton turbine is consisted of the one phase steady pipe flow and unsteady free surface flow such as free jet and bucket flow. The hydraulic geometry of nozzle pipe has the direct influence to the energy consistency of free jet, consequently the whole performance of the turbine. In order to reveal its fluid and energy features, this paper numerically analyzes the flow in the nozzle pipe and the effect of rod-holder on the flow distribution at the nozzle throat. Besides, the free jet flow is also simulated by CFD method. The flow characters at nozzle exit and the cause of semi-free jet are discussed as well. According to the computed result, the position/diameter of contraction jet and the enlargement rate of jet diameter are predicted under different needle strokes.
In Pelton turbine, the buckets periodically penetrate into the free jet with constant rotating speed. Therefore the inlet parameters such as discharge, location, direction and velocity are also changed with the rotating of bucket. In this paper, An animated cartoon
method is applied to analyze unsteady internal flow of Pelton bucket. This method shows how to discretize the real unsteady free sheet flow by a sequence of gradual time shifting frames. In every frames, the distribution of the free water sheet flow in buckets is computed Lagrangially by integrating the various acceleration on the flow particles, and the internal flow is analyzed. This paper improves the algorithm of the animated cartoon method and implements the numerical simulation of bucket flow for different bucket type to predict the flow feature and their hydraulic performance. The negative scale effect in Pelton turbine results in the energy decay of free jet and the discharge increase of spilt flow from bucket cutout. Thus this paper also discusses the energy conversion characteristic in the aspect of the decay of free jet. Firstly the parameter to evaluate the decay of free jet, enlargement rate of jet diameters is introduced. The enlargement rates for various jet under different opening are also experimentally measured through photographic analysis. This paper also presents the comparative numerical analysis of the flow in buckets under the different enlarging rate of jet to clear the effect of enragement rate on the bucket flow. Furthermore, the relation between jet interference and enragement rate is also specified numerically. This paper also involves the model test of Pelton turbine. In the model test, the energy test, characteristic of runaway test and the flow pattern observation are carried out. The model tests are also studied to specify the effect configuration of runner on the variation of efficiency of the whole turbine. The results of model test indicate that the runner has advanced hydraulic performance. According to the experimental results, the runner performance is numerically predicted, and the flow pattern inside the bucket is simulated. The comparative result with model test proves the correction of the computational method.
引文
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