中国对拉美国家实施政策之演变及其对双方关系的影响
摘要
在新的国际议程中,中国在各个方面已逐渐成为国际竞争的参与者,世界在注视着中国是如何做到这一点的。中国显然希望扮演一个主动和具有影响力的角色。这使到各个领域的学者都在研究中国怎样有今天的成就,以及该成就在经济、政治和社会所留下的影响,这当中也包括了国际关系这个领域。在21世纪的头十年,中国在外交方面非常活跃,它利用日渐成长的经济作出投资,以及将政治势力融入在多边机构和组织里,以巩固它在国际上所参与的许多领域。在中国活跃的外交关系当中,由于拉丁美洲是个主要情景,因此本论文将会说明中国对拉美所实施的政策,以及该政策对双方的影响。本论文的呈现方式是以巴西和哥伦比亚作为个案比较。
本论文采用的是定性研究,从一手和二手材料切入,这包括新闻、采访和专家的交流,以及此专题的学理方面的材料。此论文想呈现的是中国对拉丁美洲的外交政策是渐进的,中国雇佣了双边和多边通道的人才。中国利用全球化、全球管理、制度主义和经济互靠几个方面的好处和挑战作为它和拉美国家的外交基础。另一方面,向拉美国家靠拢也引发了能源和粮食的议题,这样的议题对中国的生存是重要的,这同时也是新的国际议题。
本论文首先对中国和拉丁美洲在过去60年的外交关系作出概述,接着将读者引到几项维持双方关系的因素,如：天然资源和原产品的出现、新市场的需要与更深入的交易、国外直接投资的战略发展、政治上的相互支持、软实力的因素、精明的军事合作、国际金融和经济危机的两大影响,以及中国大陆有意挤压台湾的国际空间。接着论文的焦点转到阻碍的因素,这包括在中国国外直接投资较低(相较于美国和欧盟)；地理、文化、心态上的差距；中国趋向推广像拉丁美洲一样多元的区域；中国实施有策略的国内产业政策也产生了令人担忧的经济影响。
由于此论文是为了让中国的多元化趋势作为参考,所以此论文的其中一个重要的贡献是将拉丁美洲根据经济和政治来归纳,再加以细分与分类,以及在一小部分根据意识形态相似的程度来分类。当中国理解了这些分别,它和这些国家的外交关系就会增进,因为每个国家都有自己的特征。
此论文初步尝试将这个课题上升到理论层次,显示中国在和拉美国家的外交方面使用“拉网式外交”,中国对拉美和加勒比国家的政策文件可以证明这一点。不过,中国已经有了更多“钓竿效果”。巴西和哥伦比亚的对比个案阐明了拉丁美洲在政治上是个多元的空间,这需要对各组国家,甚至个别国家采取特别的策略(虽然后者是个很艰巨的任务,并且只能在优先国家或“战略伙伴”身上实行,如：阿‘根廷、巴西、智利或墨西哥,至于其他国家,用集团策略会比较有效。)
中国和巴西的互动具有很好的远景,因为双方对彼此的策略都有兴趣,而且已经构成了一个正面的成果,这是个很好的例子,因为他们有相同的宗旨、目标和远景。但是,中国和哥伦比亚的关系并不相同,并且是较为表面和缓慢的,这很大的原因来自美国的影响、中国和哥伦比亚双方对彼此的不理解、政府的资助少得可怜,还有非常不平均和不多元的双边贸易。中国对哥伦比亚的兴趣不大,至于哥伦比亚对中国的关注很多时候都是三分钟热度或昙花一现,只在短时间内给予关注,接着又没了消息,这显示哥伦比亚政府基本上对中国和亚洲缺乏长远的国策。
此论文要突出的问题是值得注意的,这当中有几个原因,其中一个是为了要贡献有关中国和拉丁美洲的关系的真实知识体系。为了达到这个目的,作者对过去的几十年的双方关系作出回顾式的分析,以及重点关注目前的事件。这无疑是重要的,因为双方的关系是动态的。虽然贸易和经济是个重要的问题,但是像科技和发展这样的新课题也应该给予关注。其次,此论文是要显示中国的外交是有规划的,也在跟随世界的趋势,但是它也需要调整通才和集体主义的观点。最后,此论文要交待的是拉美人(特别是如哥伦比亚那样的国家)对和中国的国际关系的看法,因为这样的课题的材料是很少的。希望复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院可以运用此论文作为改进区域研究课程的工具或起点。
The world is witnessing how the People's Republic of China is rising as a global player in almost every topic of the new international agenda. The country's desire to become an active and influent actor is making scholars from multiple disciplines to examine how China is achieving its current power and the impact it has on the economic, political and social spheres. International Relations are not the exception inasmuch as during the first decade ofⅩⅪcentury, China had a very vigorous diplomacy and strengthened its presence in many areas of the world, using its increasing economic tools like investment, or political tools inside multilateral organizations and groups. Since Latin America has been one of the main scenarios of China's active diplomacy, this document wants to show how China's policy towards this region is and the effects of this policy in their relations, using and comparing the cases of Brazil and Colombia.
A qualitative analysis is made throughout this document, based on primary and secondary information sources, which include news reports, interviews and conversations with some experts, plus scholarly and theoretic material on the subject. This text wants to display that Chinese diplomacy to Latin America has been gradual and progressive, and that the country has been employing both bilateral and multilateral channels. China is using the benefits and challenges of globalization, global governance, institutionalism, and economic interdependence as the basis of its relations with Latin America. On the other hand, by approaching Latin America is also tackling issues like energy and food security, which are important for its survival as a country and are also new global topics.
After a brief historical recap of the last 60 years of relations between China and Latin America, the text draws attention to the driving factors that fuel them, such as the presence of natural resources and raw materials, the need of new markets and deeper trade, the growing strategic FDI, the mutual political support, elements of "soft power", the very prudent military cooperation, the double impact of the international financial and economic crisis and the Chinese interest in squeezing Taiwan's "international space". Then it moves to the impeding factors, which include a low FDI (compared to the ones of the United States and the European Union) in the region; the geographical, cultural and mental distance; the tendency of China to generalize a very diverse region like Latin America; and the worrying economic impact that China poses to strategic domestic sectors in that region of the world.
Since the document makes the reference to the diversity of the region, one of the main contributions of this thesis is the sub division and categorization of Latin American countries by economical and political grouping; and in a lesser level by the level of ideological similarities. With these differentiations in mind, China should have a more efficient diplomacy as each of them has its own characteristics.
The text tries to do some basic conceptualizations on the topic. It shows that China has been using a "fishnet diplomacy" to cover the whole region, as the Chinese Policy Paper towards Latin America and the Caribbean Countries proves it. Nevertheless, the country has had more "fishing rod results", and the comparison between the Brazilian and Colombian cases illustrate that Latin America is a diverse political space that requires specific strategies for each group of countries and even for each country (although this last point comes as a very difficult task and may only be applied to top countries or "strategic partners" like Argentina, Brazil, Chile or Mexico, while for the rest a group strategy would be more productive).
The interaction between China and Brazil has very good perspectives as both of them show strategic interest in each other, and constitutes a good example of the positive results of Chinese diplomacy in the region, inasmuch as they have similar objectives, goals and perspectives. However, China and Colombia relations have not followed the same pattern, being rather superficial and slow motioned, mainly because of the influence of the United States, a very acute lack of knowledge between them, a worrying low government support and a very unbalanced and undiversified bilateral trade. Chinese interest in Colombia is low and Colombia's attention to China seems to be a passing wave that appears and fades away from time to time, showing that the Colombian government lacks of a long term state policy towards the China and Asia in general.
The issues highlighted in this thesis are noteworthy for several reasons. One is that it aims to contribute to the actual body of knowledge about China and Latin America relations by doing a retrospective analysis of the past decades and putting particular attention to recent events. This becomes important because their relations are very dynamic and although trade and economics are top issues, new ones like technology and development should be taken into consideration. Second, it wants to show that China's diplomacy is organized and follows the current international trends, but it needs to tune up its generalist and collectivist point of view. And finally, this document wants to show a Latin American perspective of the relations with China, especially from a country like Colombia, which does not have much material about the topic. Hopefully the SIRPA will use the document as a tool or starting point to improve Area Studies inside its programs.
本论文采用的是定性研究,从一手和二手材料切入,这包括新闻、采访和专家的交流,以及此专题的学理方面的材料。此论文想呈现的是中国对拉丁美洲的外交政策是渐进的,中国雇佣了双边和多边通道的人才。中国利用全球化、全球管理、制度主义和经济互靠几个方面的好处和挑战作为它和拉美国家的外交基础。另一方面,向拉美国家靠拢也引发了能源和粮食的议题,这样的议题对中国的生存是重要的,这同时也是新的国际议题。
本论文首先对中国和拉丁美洲在过去60年的外交关系作出概述,接着将读者引到几项维持双方关系的因素,如：天然资源和原产品的出现、新市场的需要与更深入的交易、国外直接投资的战略发展、政治上的相互支持、软实力的因素、精明的军事合作、国际金融和经济危机的两大影响,以及中国大陆有意挤压台湾的国际空间。接着论文的焦点转到阻碍的因素,这包括在中国国外直接投资较低(相较于美国和欧盟)；地理、文化、心态上的差距；中国趋向推广像拉丁美洲一样多元的区域；中国实施有策略的国内产业政策也产生了令人担忧的经济影响。
由于此论文是为了让中国的多元化趋势作为参考,所以此论文的其中一个重要的贡献是将拉丁美洲根据经济和政治来归纳,再加以细分与分类,以及在一小部分根据意识形态相似的程度来分类。当中国理解了这些分别,它和这些国家的外交关系就会增进,因为每个国家都有自己的特征。
此论文初步尝试将这个课题上升到理论层次,显示中国在和拉美国家的外交方面使用“拉网式外交”,中国对拉美和加勒比国家的政策文件可以证明这一点。不过,中国已经有了更多“钓竿效果”。巴西和哥伦比亚的对比个案阐明了拉丁美洲在政治上是个多元的空间,这需要对各组国家,甚至个别国家采取特别的策略(虽然后者是个很艰巨的任务,并且只能在优先国家或“战略伙伴”身上实行,如：阿‘根廷、巴西、智利或墨西哥,至于其他国家,用集团策略会比较有效。)
中国和巴西的互动具有很好的远景,因为双方对彼此的策略都有兴趣,而且已经构成了一个正面的成果,这是个很好的例子,因为他们有相同的宗旨、目标和远景。但是,中国和哥伦比亚的关系并不相同,并且是较为表面和缓慢的,这很大的原因来自美国的影响、中国和哥伦比亚双方对彼此的不理解、政府的资助少得可怜,还有非常不平均和不多元的双边贸易。中国对哥伦比亚的兴趣不大,至于哥伦比亚对中国的关注很多时候都是三分钟热度或昙花一现,只在短时间内给予关注,接着又没了消息,这显示哥伦比亚政府基本上对中国和亚洲缺乏长远的国策。
此论文要突出的问题是值得注意的,这当中有几个原因,其中一个是为了要贡献有关中国和拉丁美洲的关系的真实知识体系。为了达到这个目的,作者对过去的几十年的双方关系作出回顾式的分析,以及重点关注目前的事件。这无疑是重要的,因为双方的关系是动态的。虽然贸易和经济是个重要的问题,但是像科技和发展这样的新课题也应该给予关注。其次,此论文是要显示中国的外交是有规划的,也在跟随世界的趋势,但是它也需要调整通才和集体主义的观点。最后,此论文要交待的是拉美人(特别是如哥伦比亚那样的国家)对和中国的国际关系的看法,因为这样的课题的材料是很少的。希望复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院可以运用此论文作为改进区域研究课程的工具或起点。
The world is witnessing how the People's Republic of China is rising as a global player in almost every topic of the new international agenda. The country's desire to become an active and influent actor is making scholars from multiple disciplines to examine how China is achieving its current power and the impact it has on the economic, political and social spheres. International Relations are not the exception inasmuch as during the first decade ofⅩⅪcentury, China had a very vigorous diplomacy and strengthened its presence in many areas of the world, using its increasing economic tools like investment, or political tools inside multilateral organizations and groups. Since Latin America has been one of the main scenarios of China's active diplomacy, this document wants to show how China's policy towards this region is and the effects of this policy in their relations, using and comparing the cases of Brazil and Colombia.
A qualitative analysis is made throughout this document, based on primary and secondary information sources, which include news reports, interviews and conversations with some experts, plus scholarly and theoretic material on the subject. This text wants to display that Chinese diplomacy to Latin America has been gradual and progressive, and that the country has been employing both bilateral and multilateral channels. China is using the benefits and challenges of globalization, global governance, institutionalism, and economic interdependence as the basis of its relations with Latin America. On the other hand, by approaching Latin America is also tackling issues like energy and food security, which are important for its survival as a country and are also new global topics.
After a brief historical recap of the last 60 years of relations between China and Latin America, the text draws attention to the driving factors that fuel them, such as the presence of natural resources and raw materials, the need of new markets and deeper trade, the growing strategic FDI, the mutual political support, elements of "soft power", the very prudent military cooperation, the double impact of the international financial and economic crisis and the Chinese interest in squeezing Taiwan's "international space". Then it moves to the impeding factors, which include a low FDI (compared to the ones of the United States and the European Union) in the region; the geographical, cultural and mental distance; the tendency of China to generalize a very diverse region like Latin America; and the worrying economic impact that China poses to strategic domestic sectors in that region of the world.
Since the document makes the reference to the diversity of the region, one of the main contributions of this thesis is the sub division and categorization of Latin American countries by economical and political grouping; and in a lesser level by the level of ideological similarities. With these differentiations in mind, China should have a more efficient diplomacy as each of them has its own characteristics.
The text tries to do some basic conceptualizations on the topic. It shows that China has been using a "fishnet diplomacy" to cover the whole region, as the Chinese Policy Paper towards Latin America and the Caribbean Countries proves it. Nevertheless, the country has had more "fishing rod results", and the comparison between the Brazilian and Colombian cases illustrate that Latin America is a diverse political space that requires specific strategies for each group of countries and even for each country (although this last point comes as a very difficult task and may only be applied to top countries or "strategic partners" like Argentina, Brazil, Chile or Mexico, while for the rest a group strategy would be more productive).
The interaction between China and Brazil has very good perspectives as both of them show strategic interest in each other, and constitutes a good example of the positive results of Chinese diplomacy in the region, inasmuch as they have similar objectives, goals and perspectives. However, China and Colombia relations have not followed the same pattern, being rather superficial and slow motioned, mainly because of the influence of the United States, a very acute lack of knowledge between them, a worrying low government support and a very unbalanced and undiversified bilateral trade. Chinese interest in Colombia is low and Colombia's attention to China seems to be a passing wave that appears and fades away from time to time, showing that the Colombian government lacks of a long term state policy towards the China and Asia in general.
The issues highlighted in this thesis are noteworthy for several reasons. One is that it aims to contribute to the actual body of knowledge about China and Latin America relations by doing a retrospective analysis of the past decades and putting particular attention to recent events. This becomes important because their relations are very dynamic and although trade and economics are top issues, new ones like technology and development should be taken into consideration. Second, it wants to show that China's diplomacy is organized and follows the current international trends, but it needs to tune up its generalist and collectivist point of view. And finally, this document wants to show a Latin American perspective of the relations with China, especially from a country like Colombia, which does not have much material about the topic. Hopefully the SIRPA will use the document as a tool or starting point to improve Area Studies inside its programs.
引文
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