太原市农村籍大学毕业生的城市适应性研究
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摘要
城市化问题是当前我国经济和社会发展中的重大战略问题,而由此引发的各社会群体的城市适应问题也是备受社会关注。正是缘于此,近年来城中村群体、农民工群体和大学生群体的城市化问题成了社会关注的焦点和热点。不仅受到政府的重点关注,而且也成为社会科学界关注和研究的重要社会问题,其学术成果也很丰富。
虽然关于群体社会适应的研究有很多,但对于农村籍大学毕业生的社会化或市民化问题的研究在社会学界还处于起步阶段,相关学术成果也比较少见。本文就是针对这一群体城市适应问题分析的尝试。主要是从农村籍大学毕业生走出校园之后的继续城市化角度出发,运用城市化、现代化、城乡相对贫困、代际传递和文化再生产等社会学理论,并基于田野式的社会调查,通过深度个案访谈了解农村籍大学毕业生城市适应的现状,以及在市民化过程中所遇到的问题。通过分析,本文将该群体城市适应现状分别从经济适应层面和文化适应层面予以归纳和总结。在此基础上,本文进一步分析了引发该群体城市化问题的各种原因,即早期社会化和乡土文化的代际传递、城市预期社会化过程中的角色失调和制度性障碍。
针对这种情况,本文在最后也提出了一些建议,认为应该从早期城乡社会化公平、大学期间的城市适应扶助和城乡一体化三个方面入手,从而逐步解决农村籍大学毕业生的城市适应问题。
在城市化和社会转型的背景下,大量农村青年通过大学这个跳板流入城市,并且群体规模呈逐步扩张的趋势。农村籍大学毕业生的继续城市化,不仅是该群体由学校人向社会人、由准市民向完全市民的身份转型,而且它更是这一群体向都市化彻底转变的过程。因此,农村籍大学毕业生的城市适应研究,是群体适应研究的一个核心问题,同时也对国家现代化和城市化战略的顺利实施具有重要意义。
Urbanization is a major strategic issue of China's current economic and social development, and the urban adaptation problem triggered by it is also a social concern. So, in recent years, the urbanization of villagers in the city, peasant workers and the rural college students has become the focus of social concern. The government is paying close attention to this social problem, and it has become an important concern of the social science. The academic achievements about it are also very rich.
Although there is much research about the groups'adaptation, the study on the rural graduates' urbanization is still in its beginning stage, and the relevant academic achievement is relatively rare. This thesis could be looked as an exploration to this group's urbanization. From the perspective of continuing urbanization, using sociological theories about urbanization, relative poverty between urban and rural areas, intergenerational transmission of poverty and cultural reproduction, based on the field-based social survey, this thesis uses the method of case interviews to analyze the urbanization status of the rural graduates and the problems encountered during the urbanization. Based on this analysis, this article continues to analyze the causes which induce the group's urbanization problem. The reasons could be summarized in three points:the intergenerational transmission of the rural culture in the early socialization, the role incongruence during the city anticipatory socialization and some system disorders.
In view of this situation, this thesis makes some suggestions in the end. We should gradually solve the problem from these three aspects:the fairness of early socialization between urban and rural areas, the urbanization aids in college, the integration between urban and rural areas.
In the background of urbanization and social transformation, a large number of rural youth move into the city through the university springboard and the population size is getting larger and larger. The continuing urbanization of the rural graduates is not only a simple identity change from the university to the society, but also a radical and modern transformation from the economic level and cultural level. Therefore, the study about the rural graduates'urbanization has become a core issue in the studies about the group adaptation, and it is also of great importance to the modernization and urbanization.
虽然关于群体社会适应的研究有很多,但对于农村籍大学毕业生的社会化或市民化问题的研究在社会学界还处于起步阶段,相关学术成果也比较少见。本文就是针对这一群体城市适应问题分析的尝试。主要是从农村籍大学毕业生走出校园之后的继续城市化角度出发,运用城市化、现代化、城乡相对贫困、代际传递和文化再生产等社会学理论,并基于田野式的社会调查,通过深度个案访谈了解农村籍大学毕业生城市适应的现状,以及在市民化过程中所遇到的问题。通过分析,本文将该群体城市适应现状分别从经济适应层面和文化适应层面予以归纳和总结。在此基础上,本文进一步分析了引发该群体城市化问题的各种原因,即早期社会化和乡土文化的代际传递、城市预期社会化过程中的角色失调和制度性障碍。
针对这种情况,本文在最后也提出了一些建议,认为应该从早期城乡社会化公平、大学期间的城市适应扶助和城乡一体化三个方面入手,从而逐步解决农村籍大学毕业生的城市适应问题。
在城市化和社会转型的背景下,大量农村青年通过大学这个跳板流入城市,并且群体规模呈逐步扩张的趋势。农村籍大学毕业生的继续城市化,不仅是该群体由学校人向社会人、由准市民向完全市民的身份转型,而且它更是这一群体向都市化彻底转变的过程。因此,农村籍大学毕业生的城市适应研究,是群体适应研究的一个核心问题,同时也对国家现代化和城市化战略的顺利实施具有重要意义。
Urbanization is a major strategic issue of China's current economic and social development, and the urban adaptation problem triggered by it is also a social concern. So, in recent years, the urbanization of villagers in the city, peasant workers and the rural college students has become the focus of social concern. The government is paying close attention to this social problem, and it has become an important concern of the social science. The academic achievements about it are also very rich.
Although there is much research about the groups'adaptation, the study on the rural graduates' urbanization is still in its beginning stage, and the relevant academic achievement is relatively rare. This thesis could be looked as an exploration to this group's urbanization. From the perspective of continuing urbanization, using sociological theories about urbanization, relative poverty between urban and rural areas, intergenerational transmission of poverty and cultural reproduction, based on the field-based social survey, this thesis uses the method of case interviews to analyze the urbanization status of the rural graduates and the problems encountered during the urbanization. Based on this analysis, this article continues to analyze the causes which induce the group's urbanization problem. The reasons could be summarized in three points:the intergenerational transmission of the rural culture in the early socialization, the role incongruence during the city anticipatory socialization and some system disorders.
In view of this situation, this thesis makes some suggestions in the end. We should gradually solve the problem from these three aspects:the fairness of early socialization between urban and rural areas, the urbanization aids in college, the integration between urban and rural areas.
In the background of urbanization and social transformation, a large number of rural youth move into the city through the university springboard and the population size is getting larger and larger. The continuing urbanization of the rural graduates is not only a simple identity change from the university to the society, but also a radical and modern transformation from the economic level and cultural level. Therefore, the study about the rural graduates'urbanization has become a core issue in the studies about the group adaptation, and it is also of great importance to the modernization and urbanization.
引文
①王康,《社会学词典》,山东人民出版社,1988,352.
②袁方,《社会学百科辞典》,中国广播出版社,1990,13.
①李明欢,《20世纪西方移民理论》,《厦门大学学报》(哲社版),2000—04,34.
②Stuly D. Brunn, Jack F. Williams, Cities of the World, Haper Collins College Publishers,1993,23.
①李培林,《中国新时期阶级阶层报告》,辽宁人民出版社,1995,48.
②王艳萍,《克服经济学的哲学贫困——阿马蒂亚·森的经济思想研究》,中国经济出版社,2006,67.
①http://www.360doc.com/content/09/0406/13/19782_3039315.shtml
①J.W. Thibaut, H. H. Kelly, The Social Psychology of Groups, New York, Wiley Press,1959,23-26.
①高宣扬,《布迪厄的社会理论》,同济大学出版社,2004,150.
①朱力,《论农民工阶层的城市适应》,《江海学刊》,2002(06),23.
②Beth B. Hess. Elizabeth, W. Markson, Peter J. Stein, Sociology, Macmillan Publishing Company,1992,79.
[1]英克尔斯.人的现代化素质探索[M].天津,天津社会科学院出版社,1995,22-36.
[2]李培林.村落的终结：羊城村的故事[M]．北京,商务印书馆,2004,46-98.
[3]史柏年.城市边缘人：进城农民工家庭及其子女问题研究[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2005,29-78.
[4]张文宏.中国城市的阶层结构与社会网络[M].上海,上海人民出版社,2006,145-198.
[5]卢斌.当代中国社会各利益群体分析[M]．北京,中国经济出版社,2006,78-123.
[6]邢媛.当代社会发展观导论[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2002,255-312.
[7]张鸿雁.城市空间人际[M].南京,东南大学出版社,2003,78-99.
[8]李沛良.社会研究的统计应用[M]．北京,社会科学文献出版社,2002,36-58.
[9]曹锦清.黄河边的中国[M].上海,上海文艺出版社,2000,458-489.
[10]秦晖.田园诗与狂想曲——关中模式与前近代社会的再认识[M].北京,中央编译出版社,1996,10-20.
[11]袁方.社会学百科辞典[M].北京,中国广播出版社,1990,10-15.
[12]王康.社会学词典[M].济南,山东人民出版社,1988,350-378.
[13]李培林.中国新时期阶级阶层报告[M].沈阳,辽宁人民出版社,1995,28-58.
[14]王艳萍.克服经济学的哲学贫困——阿马蒂亚·森的经济思想研究[M]．北京,中国经济出版社,2006,16-49.
[15]刘军.社会网络分析导论[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2004,5-38.
[16]高宣扬.布迪厄的社会理论[M].上海,同济大学出版社,2004,58-96.
[17]施咏清.大学生社会适应性研究[D].河海大学,2007,18-19.
[18]袁洪亮.城市体验与农村籍大学生社会化问题研究[D].吉林大学,2004,23-32.
[19]吴穷.农村人口城市化进程中的社会排斥问题研究[D].吉林大学,2008,28-32.
[20]董明伟.农民工城市适应问题研究[D].苏州大学,2006,16-18.
[21]黄惠、张登国.农村籍大学生的城市适应研究[J].调查与思考,2008,(04),103-106.
[22]朱力.准市民的身份定位[J].南京大学学报(哲社版),2006,(06),67-69.
[23]李明欢.20世纪西方移民理论[J].厦门大学学报(哲社版),2000,(04),32-26.
[24]李晓伟：论现行户籍制度对农村籍大学生心理健康的影响[J],经济师,2007,(5),46-47.
[25]李微、翟居怀.农村籍大学生城市社会化分析[J].河南职业技术学院学报(职业教育版),2008(2),47-48.
[26]王瑾.破解中国贫困代际传递的路径探析[J].社会主义研究,2008,(1),119-122.
[27]W. R. B. Hning. Studies in International Labour Migration[M]. New York, St. Martin's Press,1984,67-98.
[28]Robert Nisbet. Sociology as an Art Form. New York, Oxford University Press,1976, P24.
[29]J.W. Thibaut, H.H. Kelly. The Social Psychology of Groups[M]. New York, Wiley Press,1959,23-26.
[30]Stuly D. Brunn, Jack F. Williams. Cities of The World[M]. Haper Collins College Publishers,1993,22-28.
[31]Beth B. Hess. Elizabeth, W. Markson, Peter J. Stein. Sociology[M]. Macmillan Publishing Company,1992,78-80.
[32]J. S. Coleman. Social Capital, in Foundations of Social Theory[M]. Massachustts, Harvard University Press,1990,300.
②袁方,《社会学百科辞典》,中国广播出版社,1990,13.
①李明欢,《20世纪西方移民理论》,《厦门大学学报》(哲社版),2000—04,34.
②Stuly D. Brunn, Jack F. Williams, Cities of the World, Haper Collins College Publishers,1993,23.
①李培林,《中国新时期阶级阶层报告》,辽宁人民出版社,1995,48.
②王艳萍,《克服经济学的哲学贫困——阿马蒂亚·森的经济思想研究》,中国经济出版社,2006,67.
①http://www.360doc.com/content/09/0406/13/19782_3039315.shtml
①J.W. Thibaut, H. H. Kelly, The Social Psychology of Groups, New York, Wiley Press,1959,23-26.
①高宣扬,《布迪厄的社会理论》,同济大学出版社,2004,150.
①朱力,《论农民工阶层的城市适应》,《江海学刊》,2002(06),23.
②Beth B. Hess. Elizabeth, W. Markson, Peter J. Stein, Sociology, Macmillan Publishing Company,1992,79.
[1]英克尔斯.人的现代化素质探索[M].天津,天津社会科学院出版社,1995,22-36.
[2]李培林.村落的终结：羊城村的故事[M]．北京,商务印书馆,2004,46-98.
[3]史柏年.城市边缘人：进城农民工家庭及其子女问题研究[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2005,29-78.
[4]张文宏.中国城市的阶层结构与社会网络[M].上海,上海人民出版社,2006,145-198.
[5]卢斌.当代中国社会各利益群体分析[M]．北京,中国经济出版社,2006,78-123.
[6]邢媛.当代社会发展观导论[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2002,255-312.
[7]张鸿雁.城市空间人际[M].南京,东南大学出版社,2003,78-99.
[8]李沛良.社会研究的统计应用[M]．北京,社会科学文献出版社,2002,36-58.
[9]曹锦清.黄河边的中国[M].上海,上海文艺出版社,2000,458-489.
[10]秦晖.田园诗与狂想曲——关中模式与前近代社会的再认识[M].北京,中央编译出版社,1996,10-20.
[11]袁方.社会学百科辞典[M].北京,中国广播出版社,1990,10-15.
[12]王康.社会学词典[M].济南,山东人民出版社,1988,350-378.
[13]李培林.中国新时期阶级阶层报告[M].沈阳,辽宁人民出版社,1995,28-58.
[14]王艳萍.克服经济学的哲学贫困——阿马蒂亚·森的经济思想研究[M]．北京,中国经济出版社,2006,16-49.
[15]刘军.社会网络分析导论[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2004,5-38.
[16]高宣扬.布迪厄的社会理论[M].上海,同济大学出版社,2004,58-96.
[17]施咏清.大学生社会适应性研究[D].河海大学,2007,18-19.
[18]袁洪亮.城市体验与农村籍大学生社会化问题研究[D].吉林大学,2004,23-32.
[19]吴穷.农村人口城市化进程中的社会排斥问题研究[D].吉林大学,2008,28-32.
[20]董明伟.农民工城市适应问题研究[D].苏州大学,2006,16-18.
[21]黄惠、张登国.农村籍大学生的城市适应研究[J].调查与思考,2008,(04),103-106.
[22]朱力.准市民的身份定位[J].南京大学学报(哲社版),2006,(06),67-69.
[23]李明欢.20世纪西方移民理论[J].厦门大学学报(哲社版),2000,(04),32-26.
[24]李晓伟：论现行户籍制度对农村籍大学生心理健康的影响[J],经济师,2007,(5),46-47.
[25]李微、翟居怀.农村籍大学生城市社会化分析[J].河南职业技术学院学报(职业教育版),2008(2),47-48.
[26]王瑾.破解中国贫困代际传递的路径探析[J].社会主义研究,2008,(1),119-122.
[27]W. R. B. Hning. Studies in International Labour Migration[M]. New York, St. Martin's Press,1984,67-98.
[28]Robert Nisbet. Sociology as an Art Form. New York, Oxford University Press,1976, P24.
[29]J.W. Thibaut, H.H. Kelly. The Social Psychology of Groups[M]. New York, Wiley Press,1959,23-26.
[30]Stuly D. Brunn, Jack F. Williams. Cities of The World[M]. Haper Collins College Publishers,1993,22-28.
[31]Beth B. Hess. Elizabeth, W. Markson, Peter J. Stein. Sociology[M]. Macmillan Publishing Company,1992,78-80.
[32]J. S. Coleman. Social Capital, in Foundations of Social Theory[M]. Massachustts, Harvard University Press,1990,300.