四种温带森林土壤二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮通量
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摘要
中高纬度森林土壤在漫长的非生长季中对重要温室气体—二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的释放或吸收在碳氮年收支中作用很大,但目前研究甚少。采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法,比较非生长季和生长季东北东部四种典型温带森林土壤表面CO2、CH4和N2O通量的时间动态及其影响因子。结果表明：整体看来,四种森林土壤在非生长季中均表现为CO2源、N2O源和CH4汇的功能。红松林、落叶松林、蒙古栎林、硬阔叶林的非生长季平均土壤表面CO2通量分别为65.5±8.1 mg m-2h-1(平均值±标准差)、70.5±10.2 mg m-2h-1、77.1±8.0 mg m-2h-1、80.5±23.5mg m-2h-1;CH4通量分别为-17.2±4.6μg m-2h-1、-15.4±4.2μg m-2h-1、-31.5±4.5μgm-2h-1、-23.6±4.1μg m-2h-1;N2O通量分别为19.3±5.1μg m-2h-1、11.5±2.5μgm-2h-1、16.4±4.0μgm-2h-1、14.4±5.4μgm-2h-1。所有林型非生长季土壤表面CO2通量在春季土壤解冻前均维持在较低水平；在解冻进程中随温度升高而增大,其中红松林和落叶松林出现一个释放峰值(硬阔叶林例外)。土壤表面CO2通量与5cm深土壤温度(T5)呈极显著的指数函数关系。在隆冬时节出现CH4净释放现象,但释放强度及其出现时间因林型而异,其中以红松林的释放强度较大,高达43.6μgm-2h-1。土壤表面CH4通量与T5呈显著的负相关。土壤表面N2O通量的时间动态格局在林型间的分异较大,但在春季土壤解冻阶段均释放出N2O,而释放峰值和出现时间因林型而异。土壤表面N2O通量则与0-10cm深土壤含水量呈显著的正相关(红松林除外)。生长季四种森林土壤在非生长季中均表现为CO2源和CH4汇的功能。红松林、落叶松林、蒙古栎林、硬阔叶林的生长季平均土壤表面CO2通量分别为：213.9±24.5mg m-2h-1(平均值±标准差)、216.5±18.1mg m-2h-1、293.2±23.1mg m-2h-1、349.8±25.8mg m-2h-1; CH4通量分别为-66.0±4.8μg m-2h-1、-84.2±6.8μg m-2h-1、-81.6±5.0μg m-2h-1、-76.0±5.4μg m-2h-1。生长季土壤表面CO2通量与5cm深土壤温度(T5)呈极显著的线性关系,而CH4通量与T5呈显著的负相关。本研究展示了非生长季温带森林土壤CO2、CH4和N2O通量对于三种主要大气温室气体的年释放量或吸收量的重要影响,并对4种温带森林生态系统土壤CO2、CH4的年通量进行了估算。
The forests in mid-and high-latitudes experience a long non-growing season, during which the emission or consumption of such greenhouse gases as CO2, CH4 and N2O by the forest soils plays an important role in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen budgets. However, quantification of these trace gases in non-growing seasons has been scarcely conducted. In this study, we examined temporal dynamics of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O effluxes and their controlling factors for four representative temperate forests in northeastern China with a static closed chamber and gas chromatograph technique. These forests were Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantation, Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantation, Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) forest and hardwood broadleaved forest (dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurense). Six static chambers (40cm×50cm×50cm) were randomly installed in each forest type. From early November of 2008 to May of 2009, gas samples were collected and analyzed every 1-2 weeks in non-growing(16 times in total non-growing seasons), and once a month in growing seasons(6 times in total growing seasons) The results showed that all forest soils were overall atmospheric CO2 source, N2O source and CH4 sink during the non-growing season. The mean values of soil CO2 efflux in the non-growing season were 65.5±8.1 mg m-2h-1(mean±standard deviation),70.5±10.2 mg m-2h-1,77.1±8.0 mg m-2h-1, and 80.5±23.5 mg m-2h-1 for the pine plantation, larch plantation, oak forest, and hardwood forest, respectively; those of soil CH4 efflux were-17.2±4.6μg m-2h-1 (negative values represent sink),-15.4±4.2μg m-2h-1,-31.5±4.5μg m-2h-1,and-23.6±4.1μg m-2h-1,respectively; and those of N2O efflux were 19.3±5.1μg m-2h-1,11.5±2.5μg m-2h-1,16.4±4.0μg m-2h-1, and 14.4±5.4μg m-2h-1, respectively. The soil CO2 efflux remained fairly low until the spring soil thawing started when the soil CO2 efflux increased with soil temperature increasing. Also we observed a spike of soil CO2 emission during the vernal soil thawing period in all forest types except for the hardwood forests. There was a significant exponential relationship between soil CO2 efflux (P<0.001). The soil CH4 efflux was negatively correlated with soil temperature (P<0.001). The soils were a net CH4 source in the mid-winter for all forests, but the source strength, occurring time and duration changed with forest types. The largest mid-winter CH4 source was observed in the Korean pine plantation (43.6μg m-2h-1). The temporal variability of soil N2O efflux was relatively great among the forest types. All forest soils emitted N2O during the spring soil thawing period, but the maximum efflux and its occurring time varied with the forest types. The soil N2O efflux was positively correlated with soil water content between 0-10 cm depth for all forests except for the pine plantation(P<0.01). All forest soils were overall atmospheric CO2 source and CH4 sink during the growing season. The mean values of soil CO2 efflux in the growing season were 213.9±24.5 mg m-2h-1 (mean±standard deviation),216.5±18.1 mg m-2h-1,293.2±23.1 mg m-2h-1,and 349.8±25.8 mg m-2h-1 for the pine plantation, larch plantation, oak forest, and hardwood forest, respectively; those of soil CH4 efflux were-66.0±4.8μg m-2h-1 (negative values represent sink),-84.2±6.8μg m-2h-1,-81.6±5.0μg m-2h-1, and-76.0±5.4μg m-2h-1, respectively. There was a significant correlated positive relationship between soil CO2 efflux (P<0.05). The soil CH4 efflux was negatively correlated with soil temperature (P<0.05).This study illustrated that the significant contribution of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O effluxes in non-growing seasons to annual emission or consumption of these greenhouse gases in the temperate forests, and calculated the annual flux of CO2, CH4 in these four temperate forests.
The forests in mid-and high-latitudes experience a long non-growing season, during which the emission or consumption of such greenhouse gases as CO2, CH4 and N2O by the forest soils plays an important role in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen budgets. However, quantification of these trace gases in non-growing seasons has been scarcely conducted. In this study, we examined temporal dynamics of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O effluxes and their controlling factors for four representative temperate forests in northeastern China with a static closed chamber and gas chromatograph technique. These forests were Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantation, Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantation, Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) forest and hardwood broadleaved forest (dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurense). Six static chambers (40cm×50cm×50cm) were randomly installed in each forest type. From early November of 2008 to May of 2009, gas samples were collected and analyzed every 1-2 weeks in non-growing(16 times in total non-growing seasons), and once a month in growing seasons(6 times in total growing seasons) The results showed that all forest soils were overall atmospheric CO2 source, N2O source and CH4 sink during the non-growing season. The mean values of soil CO2 efflux in the non-growing season were 65.5±8.1 mg m-2h-1(mean±standard deviation),70.5±10.2 mg m-2h-1,77.1±8.0 mg m-2h-1, and 80.5±23.5 mg m-2h-1 for the pine plantation, larch plantation, oak forest, and hardwood forest, respectively; those of soil CH4 efflux were-17.2±4.6μg m-2h-1 (negative values represent sink),-15.4±4.2μg m-2h-1,-31.5±4.5μg m-2h-1,and-23.6±4.1μg m-2h-1,respectively; and those of N2O efflux were 19.3±5.1μg m-2h-1,11.5±2.5μg m-2h-1,16.4±4.0μg m-2h-1, and 14.4±5.4μg m-2h-1, respectively. The soil CO2 efflux remained fairly low until the spring soil thawing started when the soil CO2 efflux increased with soil temperature increasing. Also we observed a spike of soil CO2 emission during the vernal soil thawing period in all forest types except for the hardwood forests. There was a significant exponential relationship between soil CO2 efflux (P<0.001). The soil CH4 efflux was negatively correlated with soil temperature (P<0.001). The soils were a net CH4 source in the mid-winter for all forests, but the source strength, occurring time and duration changed with forest types. The largest mid-winter CH4 source was observed in the Korean pine plantation (43.6μg m-2h-1). The temporal variability of soil N2O efflux was relatively great among the forest types. All forest soils emitted N2O during the spring soil thawing period, but the maximum efflux and its occurring time varied with the forest types. The soil N2O efflux was positively correlated with soil water content between 0-10 cm depth for all forests except for the pine plantation(P<0.01). All forest soils were overall atmospheric CO2 source and CH4 sink during the growing season. The mean values of soil CO2 efflux in the growing season were 213.9±24.5 mg m-2h-1 (mean±standard deviation),216.5±18.1 mg m-2h-1,293.2±23.1 mg m-2h-1,and 349.8±25.8 mg m-2h-1 for the pine plantation, larch plantation, oak forest, and hardwood forest, respectively; those of soil CH4 efflux were-66.0±4.8μg m-2h-1 (negative values represent sink),-84.2±6.8μg m-2h-1,-81.6±5.0μg m-2h-1, and-76.0±5.4μg m-2h-1, respectively. There was a significant correlated positive relationship between soil CO2 efflux (P<0.05). The soil CH4 efflux was negatively correlated with soil temperature (P<0.05).This study illustrated that the significant contribution of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O effluxes in non-growing seasons to annual emission or consumption of these greenhouse gases in the temperate forests, and calculated the annual flux of CO2, CH4 in these four temperate forests.
引文
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