四川夹金山小型兽类区系及群落多样性研究
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摘要
2008年9-10月和2009年9-10月,通过夹日法和陷阱法对夹金山区域内的小型兽类(包括食虫目、啮齿目和兔形目的鼠兔科)进行了调查,调查区域包括夹金山山体的东坡和西坡。采用小型兽类群落构成、物种丰富度、上夹率以及反映物种丰富度、异质性的综合指标Shannon-Wiener指数等指标,分别对夹金山东西两坡的小型兽类群落物种多样性从海拔和群落两个角度进行比较研究,得出如下主要结论。
1、夹金山共采集到小型兽类标本927号,隶属于3目8科38种；夹金山东坡共采集到小型兽类标本664号,分属于3目8科34种；西坡共采集到小型兽类标本263号,分属于3目6科22种。东西两坡共有种包括长吻鼩鼹(Nasillus gracilis)、蹶鼠(Sicista concolor)和社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)等17种；仅在东坡分布的有鼩猬(Neotetracus sinensis)、少齿鼩鼹(Uropsilus soricipes)、长尾鼩鼹(Scaptonyx fusicaudus)、长吻鼹(Eurocaptor longirostirs)、小长尾鼩鼱(Soriculus macrurus)、大缺齿鼩鼱(Chodsigoa salenskii)、黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella quadraticauda)、狭颅黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella wardi)、四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)、隐纹花鼠(Tamiops swinhoei)、巢鼠(Micromys minutus)、高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)、滇绒鼠(Eothenomys eleusis)、洮州绒平(Caryomys eva)和黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomys melanogaster)15种。仅分布于西坡的有西南中麝鼩(Crocidura vorax),四川林跳鼠(Eozapus setchuanus)和根田鼠(Microtus limnophilus)3种。可见夹金山物种非常丰富,且东坡物种远比西坡要丰富,两坡都以啮齿目占优势且物种差异明显。
2、夹金山区域有分布的38种小型兽类中,东洋界种类28种,古北界种类10种,东洋界成分占绝对优势；物种分布型上,喜马拉雅-横断山区类型种类占绝对优势。夹金山东坡捕获的34种小型兽类中,28种为东洋界种类,占82.35%,6种为古北界种类,占17.65%,东洋界种类占绝对优势,并以喜马拉雅-横断山区分布型占绝对优势；夹金山西坡采集到的22种小型兽类中,13种为东洋界种类,占59.09%,9种为古北界种类,占40.91%,同样东洋界种类占优势,以喜马拉雅-横断山区型占绝对优势。结果表明,夹金山东坡东洋界成分显著高于西坡,而西坡古北界成分显著上升。
3、四川共有小型兽类(食虫目、啮齿目和兔形目)126种,夹金山捕获的小型兽类共计3目8科38种,占到四川共有总种数的30.56%,根据孙治宇等(2006),二郎山捕获的小型兽类共计3目6科29种,夹金山与地处邛崃山系最南端的二郎山相比,夹金山物种更为丰富。地处岷山山系腹心地带的王朗自然保护区有记载的有31种,九寨沟自然保护区记载小型兽类有34种,地处岷山山系最南端的九顶山自然保护区记载的有12种。不管是同邛崃山系南端的二郎山相比,还是与地处岷江山系的王朗、九寨和九顶山相比,地处邛崃山系腹心地带的夹金山物种非常丰富。
4、夹金山东坡调查的最低海拔是1500m,西坡调查的最低海拔是2400m,按照300m为1个海拔段,我们将东坡划分为9个海拔段,西坡划分为6个海拔段。
物种分布型上,夹金山东坡海拔2100m以下以南中国型种类占优势,西坡海拔3000m以下以东洋型占优势；两坡3600m以上均以古北界占优势,其余各海拔段均以喜马拉雅-横断山区型占优势。
夹金山东西两坡的小型兽类,在物种丰富度和物种多样性指数上均以中山带为最高,然后向两边分别呈现递减趋势。小型兽类群落构成上,夹金山东西两坡各海拔段均以啮齿目类群占优势。
夹金山东西两坡群落差异较大,仅农耕地群落、落叶阔叶林群落、针叶林群落和高山草甸群落在夹金山东西两坡均有分布,其余群落类型不一致。
夹金山两坡农耕地捕获种类均为东洋界成分,而优势分布型不同,东坡农耕地群落分布型以南中国型占优势,西坡农耕地群落以东洋型占优势；两坡的落叶阔叶林群落和针叶林群落均以喜马拉雅-横断山区型占优势。
夹金山东坡针阔混交叶林群落物种多样性最高,农耕地群落最低；西坡落叶阔叶林群落物种多样性最高,农耕地群落物种多样性最低。
5、夹金山两坡,随着海拔的上升,物种多样性呈先上升后下降趋势,中间海拔段物种多样性高,两头低。原因是中间海拔段植物多样性高,人为干扰少,处于相对原始状态；低海拔段人类活动频繁,原生植被破坏严重；高海拔段气候条件严酷,植被类型单一。
通过群落间的聚类分析,夹金山东坡可划分为4个大尺度上的群落类型,西坡则可划为3个,客观的反映了各群落间的关系。
6、本次调查发现了一些有研究价值的物种
(1)小鼩鼱(Sorex minutus):大多数学者认为小鼩鼱仅分布在我国北部边境,四川没有小鼢鼱分布。我们在夹金山采集到一组标本,其特征和Hoffmann(1987)所列小鼩鼱特征基本一致,因此,我们认为近夹金山区域可能存在小鼩鼱分布,但还有待深入研究。
(2)黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella quadraticauda)和狭颅黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella wardi):曾经被认为是川鼩(Blarinella quadraticauda)(黑齿鼩鼱)的两个不同亚种,前者分布于四川,后者分布于云南。最近被一些学者独立为种,本次在夹金山调查期间,这两个种类均被采集到,且分布区重叠,没有发现中间过渡类型,因此,本研究支持将黑齿鼩鼱和狭颅黑齿鼩鼱升级为两个独立种。狭颅黑齿鼩鼱为四川新分布。
(3)滇攀鼠(Vernaya fulva):本次夹金山调查采集到2号标本,滇攀鼠分布狭小,四川近记录于王朗国家级自然保护区,夹金山是四川省第二个分布点,具有很大的科学研究价值。
(4)锡金松田鼠(Pitymys sikimensis):主要分布西藏南部,在四川的分布存疑。夹金山是四川省唯一证实的分布区,其大跨度的间断分布有重要科学研究价值。
(5)黄河鼠兔(Ochotona huangensis):在四川仅证实分布与九寨沟自然保护区,夹金山是四川的第二个分布点,具有较大的科学研究意义。
From September to October 2008 and September to October 2009, the small mammals were investigated by the method of pitfall and snap traps in Jiajin Mountains including the east hillside and the west hillside. We studied the relative relations that the diversity of small mammals changes with the changing of elevation and communities by comparing the composing of small mammals, number of small mammals, frequency of capturing and Shannon-Wiener et al. Results as follows:
1. A total of 927 small mammals were captured in the survey region. These specimens belong to 3 orders,8 families and 38 species. In the east hillside,664 specimens belong to 3 orders,8 families and 34 species. In the west hillside, we captured 263 specimens which belong to 3 orders,6 families and 22 species. In both slopes, there are 17 common species including Nasillus gracilis, Sicista concolor and Niviventer confucianus et al.18 species are quite different,15 species in east slope (Neotetracus sinensis, Uropsilus soricipes, Scaptonyx fusicaudus, Eurocaptor longirostirs, Soriculus macrurus, Chodsigoa salenskii, Blarinella quadraticauda, Blarinella wardi, Anourosorex squamipes, Tamiops swinhoei, Micromys minutus, Apodemus chevrieri, Eothenomys eleusis, Caryomys eva and Eothenomys melanogaster), the remaining three species in west slope including Crocidura vorax, Eozapus setchuanus and Microtus limnophilus. Thus, species diversity is extremely abundant, the species of in the east hillside is relatively higher in diversity than the other side, and the species of RODENTIA is preponderant in both slopes.
2. We obtained 38 species small mammals in Jiajin Mountains.28 species in this study region belong to the Oriental realm, and 10 belong to the Palearctic realm. The Oriental realm is preponderant. As viewed from species distribution types, the Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type is preponderant. In the east hillside,28 species (82.35% of captures) of small mammals belong to the Oriental realm, and the remaining six species (17.65% of captures) belong to the Palearctic realm. In the opposite hillside,13 species (account for 59.09% of captures) of small mammals belong to the Oriental realm, and nine species (40.91% of captures) belong to the Palearctic realm. The Oriental realm is preponderant and the Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type is preponderant too. The results show that the Oriental species in the east slope are significantly higher than the west slope, and the Palearctic ingredients in west slope is much higher than the opposite slope.
3. According to some materials, a total of 126 small mammal species recorded in Sichuan, and 29 species in Erlang Mountains,31 species in Wanglang,34 species in Jiuzhai and 12 species in Jiuding Mountains.however, we captured 38 species in Jiajin Mountains. Compared with Erlang Mountains (the southest of Qionglai Mountains), Wanglang, Jiuzhai and Jiuding Mountains (Minjiang Mountains), the biodiversity of Jiajin Mountains is much higher.
4. The lowest altitude started at 1500m in the east hillside, and 2400m in the west hillside. The interval is 300m. We divided this area into nine different elevation parts in the east slope and six various elevation parts in the west slope.
The species of South China type is preponderant below 2100m elevation in the east hillside and Oriental type is preponderant below 3000m elevation in the west hillside. The Palearctic realm is dominated over 3600m elevation in both hillsides and other elevation is dominated by Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type.
The number and biodiversity of small mammals is the most abundant in the middle area of Jiajin Mountains and it is lower in the lower area and the higher area in the whole survey area. The species of RODENTIA is preponderant in whole elevation category.
Crop land, hardwood forest, coniferous forest and alpine shrub exist in both hillsides, and other communities are quite different.
All small mammals captured in crop land in both the hillsides belong to the Oriental realm, but the distribution type is different. In crop land community (east slope), the distribution types of these small mammals are dominated by the South China type, and the Oriental type in the same community (west slope). In both two hillsides, Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type is preponderant in both hardwood forest community and coniferous forest community.
In the east slope, biological diversity index is the most rich in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community, and the crop land community is the lowest. In the west slope, the diversity index is the most abundant in hardwood forest community, and crop land community is also the lowest. As seen from communities, the species of RODENTIA is preponderant in whole community type.
5. In both hillsides, the diversity index increases and decreases while the altitude is climbing up. Much higher index in middle altitude area, and relatively lower in others. The true reason is that plant species diversity, lesser human disturbance and vegetation being in aboriginal state in middle altitude. Higher levels of human disturbance and native vegetation deterioration in low altitude. Harsh climatic condition and single vegetation types in high altitude.
Through the cluster analysis among these communities in Jiajin Mountains, four main communities exist in large scale in east slope and three main communities in other slope. The cluster dendrograms clearly show the relation between these communities.
6. Finally, we discussed some species that people have been interesting. These species include Sorex minutus, Blarinella quadraticauda and Blarinella wardi, Vernaya fulva, Apodemus draco and Apodemus orestes, Pitymys sikimensis and Ochotona huangensis respectively.
1、夹金山共采集到小型兽类标本927号,隶属于3目8科38种；夹金山东坡共采集到小型兽类标本664号,分属于3目8科34种；西坡共采集到小型兽类标本263号,分属于3目6科22种。东西两坡共有种包括长吻鼩鼹(Nasillus gracilis)、蹶鼠(Sicista concolor)和社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)等17种；仅在东坡分布的有鼩猬(Neotetracus sinensis)、少齿鼩鼹(Uropsilus soricipes)、长尾鼩鼹(Scaptonyx fusicaudus)、长吻鼹(Eurocaptor longirostirs)、小长尾鼩鼱(Soriculus macrurus)、大缺齿鼩鼱(Chodsigoa salenskii)、黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella quadraticauda)、狭颅黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella wardi)、四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)、隐纹花鼠(Tamiops swinhoei)、巢鼠(Micromys minutus)、高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)、滇绒鼠(Eothenomys eleusis)、洮州绒平(Caryomys eva)和黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomys melanogaster)15种。仅分布于西坡的有西南中麝鼩(Crocidura vorax),四川林跳鼠(Eozapus setchuanus)和根田鼠(Microtus limnophilus)3种。可见夹金山物种非常丰富,且东坡物种远比西坡要丰富,两坡都以啮齿目占优势且物种差异明显。
2、夹金山区域有分布的38种小型兽类中,东洋界种类28种,古北界种类10种,东洋界成分占绝对优势；物种分布型上,喜马拉雅-横断山区类型种类占绝对优势。夹金山东坡捕获的34种小型兽类中,28种为东洋界种类,占82.35%,6种为古北界种类,占17.65%,东洋界种类占绝对优势,并以喜马拉雅-横断山区分布型占绝对优势；夹金山西坡采集到的22种小型兽类中,13种为东洋界种类,占59.09%,9种为古北界种类,占40.91%,同样东洋界种类占优势,以喜马拉雅-横断山区型占绝对优势。结果表明,夹金山东坡东洋界成分显著高于西坡,而西坡古北界成分显著上升。
3、四川共有小型兽类(食虫目、啮齿目和兔形目)126种,夹金山捕获的小型兽类共计3目8科38种,占到四川共有总种数的30.56%,根据孙治宇等(2006),二郎山捕获的小型兽类共计3目6科29种,夹金山与地处邛崃山系最南端的二郎山相比,夹金山物种更为丰富。地处岷山山系腹心地带的王朗自然保护区有记载的有31种,九寨沟自然保护区记载小型兽类有34种,地处岷山山系最南端的九顶山自然保护区记载的有12种。不管是同邛崃山系南端的二郎山相比,还是与地处岷江山系的王朗、九寨和九顶山相比,地处邛崃山系腹心地带的夹金山物种非常丰富。
4、夹金山东坡调查的最低海拔是1500m,西坡调查的最低海拔是2400m,按照300m为1个海拔段,我们将东坡划分为9个海拔段,西坡划分为6个海拔段。
物种分布型上,夹金山东坡海拔2100m以下以南中国型种类占优势,西坡海拔3000m以下以东洋型占优势；两坡3600m以上均以古北界占优势,其余各海拔段均以喜马拉雅-横断山区型占优势。
夹金山东西两坡的小型兽类,在物种丰富度和物种多样性指数上均以中山带为最高,然后向两边分别呈现递减趋势。小型兽类群落构成上,夹金山东西两坡各海拔段均以啮齿目类群占优势。
夹金山东西两坡群落差异较大,仅农耕地群落、落叶阔叶林群落、针叶林群落和高山草甸群落在夹金山东西两坡均有分布,其余群落类型不一致。
夹金山两坡农耕地捕获种类均为东洋界成分,而优势分布型不同,东坡农耕地群落分布型以南中国型占优势,西坡农耕地群落以东洋型占优势；两坡的落叶阔叶林群落和针叶林群落均以喜马拉雅-横断山区型占优势。
夹金山东坡针阔混交叶林群落物种多样性最高,农耕地群落最低；西坡落叶阔叶林群落物种多样性最高,农耕地群落物种多样性最低。
5、夹金山两坡,随着海拔的上升,物种多样性呈先上升后下降趋势,中间海拔段物种多样性高,两头低。原因是中间海拔段植物多样性高,人为干扰少,处于相对原始状态；低海拔段人类活动频繁,原生植被破坏严重；高海拔段气候条件严酷,植被类型单一。
通过群落间的聚类分析,夹金山东坡可划分为4个大尺度上的群落类型,西坡则可划为3个,客观的反映了各群落间的关系。
6、本次调查发现了一些有研究价值的物种
(1)小鼩鼱(Sorex minutus):大多数学者认为小鼩鼱仅分布在我国北部边境,四川没有小鼢鼱分布。我们在夹金山采集到一组标本,其特征和Hoffmann(1987)所列小鼩鼱特征基本一致,因此,我们认为近夹金山区域可能存在小鼩鼱分布,但还有待深入研究。
(2)黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella quadraticauda)和狭颅黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella wardi):曾经被认为是川鼩(Blarinella quadraticauda)(黑齿鼩鼱)的两个不同亚种,前者分布于四川,后者分布于云南。最近被一些学者独立为种,本次在夹金山调查期间,这两个种类均被采集到,且分布区重叠,没有发现中间过渡类型,因此,本研究支持将黑齿鼩鼱和狭颅黑齿鼩鼱升级为两个独立种。狭颅黑齿鼩鼱为四川新分布。
(3)滇攀鼠(Vernaya fulva):本次夹金山调查采集到2号标本,滇攀鼠分布狭小,四川近记录于王朗国家级自然保护区,夹金山是四川省第二个分布点,具有很大的科学研究价值。
(4)锡金松田鼠(Pitymys sikimensis):主要分布西藏南部,在四川的分布存疑。夹金山是四川省唯一证实的分布区,其大跨度的间断分布有重要科学研究价值。
(5)黄河鼠兔(Ochotona huangensis):在四川仅证实分布与九寨沟自然保护区,夹金山是四川的第二个分布点,具有较大的科学研究意义。
From September to October 2008 and September to October 2009, the small mammals were investigated by the method of pitfall and snap traps in Jiajin Mountains including the east hillside and the west hillside. We studied the relative relations that the diversity of small mammals changes with the changing of elevation and communities by comparing the composing of small mammals, number of small mammals, frequency of capturing and Shannon-Wiener et al. Results as follows:
1. A total of 927 small mammals were captured in the survey region. These specimens belong to 3 orders,8 families and 38 species. In the east hillside,664 specimens belong to 3 orders,8 families and 34 species. In the west hillside, we captured 263 specimens which belong to 3 orders,6 families and 22 species. In both slopes, there are 17 common species including Nasillus gracilis, Sicista concolor and Niviventer confucianus et al.18 species are quite different,15 species in east slope (Neotetracus sinensis, Uropsilus soricipes, Scaptonyx fusicaudus, Eurocaptor longirostirs, Soriculus macrurus, Chodsigoa salenskii, Blarinella quadraticauda, Blarinella wardi, Anourosorex squamipes, Tamiops swinhoei, Micromys minutus, Apodemus chevrieri, Eothenomys eleusis, Caryomys eva and Eothenomys melanogaster), the remaining three species in west slope including Crocidura vorax, Eozapus setchuanus and Microtus limnophilus. Thus, species diversity is extremely abundant, the species of in the east hillside is relatively higher in diversity than the other side, and the species of RODENTIA is preponderant in both slopes.
2. We obtained 38 species small mammals in Jiajin Mountains.28 species in this study region belong to the Oriental realm, and 10 belong to the Palearctic realm. The Oriental realm is preponderant. As viewed from species distribution types, the Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type is preponderant. In the east hillside,28 species (82.35% of captures) of small mammals belong to the Oriental realm, and the remaining six species (17.65% of captures) belong to the Palearctic realm. In the opposite hillside,13 species (account for 59.09% of captures) of small mammals belong to the Oriental realm, and nine species (40.91% of captures) belong to the Palearctic realm. The Oriental realm is preponderant and the Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type is preponderant too. The results show that the Oriental species in the east slope are significantly higher than the west slope, and the Palearctic ingredients in west slope is much higher than the opposite slope.
3. According to some materials, a total of 126 small mammal species recorded in Sichuan, and 29 species in Erlang Mountains,31 species in Wanglang,34 species in Jiuzhai and 12 species in Jiuding Mountains.however, we captured 38 species in Jiajin Mountains. Compared with Erlang Mountains (the southest of Qionglai Mountains), Wanglang, Jiuzhai and Jiuding Mountains (Minjiang Mountains), the biodiversity of Jiajin Mountains is much higher.
4. The lowest altitude started at 1500m in the east hillside, and 2400m in the west hillside. The interval is 300m. We divided this area into nine different elevation parts in the east slope and six various elevation parts in the west slope.
The species of South China type is preponderant below 2100m elevation in the east hillside and Oriental type is preponderant below 3000m elevation in the west hillside. The Palearctic realm is dominated over 3600m elevation in both hillsides and other elevation is dominated by Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type.
The number and biodiversity of small mammals is the most abundant in the middle area of Jiajin Mountains and it is lower in the lower area and the higher area in the whole survey area. The species of RODENTIA is preponderant in whole elevation category.
Crop land, hardwood forest, coniferous forest and alpine shrub exist in both hillsides, and other communities are quite different.
All small mammals captured in crop land in both the hillsides belong to the Oriental realm, but the distribution type is different. In crop land community (east slope), the distribution types of these small mammals are dominated by the South China type, and the Oriental type in the same community (west slope). In both two hillsides, Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type is preponderant in both hardwood forest community and coniferous forest community.
In the east slope, biological diversity index is the most rich in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community, and the crop land community is the lowest. In the west slope, the diversity index is the most abundant in hardwood forest community, and crop land community is also the lowest. As seen from communities, the species of RODENTIA is preponderant in whole community type.
5. In both hillsides, the diversity index increases and decreases while the altitude is climbing up. Much higher index in middle altitude area, and relatively lower in others. The true reason is that plant species diversity, lesser human disturbance and vegetation being in aboriginal state in middle altitude. Higher levels of human disturbance and native vegetation deterioration in low altitude. Harsh climatic condition and single vegetation types in high altitude.
Through the cluster analysis among these communities in Jiajin Mountains, four main communities exist in large scale in east slope and three main communities in other slope. The cluster dendrograms clearly show the relation between these communities.
6. Finally, we discussed some species that people have been interesting. These species include Sorex minutus, Blarinella quadraticauda and Blarinella wardi, Vernaya fulva, Apodemus draco and Apodemus orestes, Pitymys sikimensis and Ochotona huangensis respectively.
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