玻璃海鞘（Ciona intestinalis）实验养殖、血细胞的分类及其免疫应答研究
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摘要
玻璃海鞘属于尾索动物亚门,在进化上处于无脊椎动物向脊椎动物过渡的地位,也是研究无脊椎动物进化免疫学和比较免疫学的最好的实验动物之一。本文报道了玻璃海鞘的人工繁殖和养殖方法,并以之为材料,对玻璃海鞘的血细胞的分类和功能以及感染细菌后血细胞的免疫应答进行了研究,得到以下结果:
将野生玻璃海鞘的受精卵孵化的幼体,采用螺旋藻干粉、虾蟹开口料、鸡蛋黄、叉鞭金藻、食用酵母等多种饵料的组合,经过60d左右的养殖,玻璃海鞘的成活率可达85%,体高平均达59mm且性腺发育成熟。将实验室养殖成熟的玻璃海鞘进行人工授精,得到了发育正常的幼体,从而完成了玻璃海鞘整个生活史的实验室周期养殖。
通过细胞化学,细胞酶学,免疫组化,超微结构分析和吞噬实验等方法,将玻璃海鞘的血细胞分为干细胞样血细胞、透明变形细胞、颗粒变形细胞、折光细胞、指环细胞、色素细胞、桑椹细胞和小室细胞。玻璃海鞘的干细胞样血细胞、透明变形细胞、颗粒变形细胞与脊椎动物的造血干细胞、巨嗜细胞、粒细胞在形态和先天性免疫的功能上有一定的相似性,具有脊椎动物淋巴细胞的原始特征。但由于玻璃海鞘没有适应性免疫所必需的基本条件,最终在细胞免疫功能和形式上与脊椎动物存在质的差别。
绿色荧光蛋白能在大肠杆菌内稳定表达且荧光不易淬灭,便于观察,是研究细菌感染实验的一种很好的工具。本研究首次以表达绿色荧光蛋白的大肠杆菌感染玻璃海鞘,发现其总血细胞数量(THC)有明显变化,5min后,血细胞总数下降约36.6%, 3h后下降至最低, 24h后显著升高,至96h恢复到正常水平。参与吞噬大肠杆菌的主要是透明变形细胞,这种吞噬作用在感染5min内即已开始; 透明变形细胞还分泌溶菌酶颗粒黏附到大肠杆菌表面。颗粒变形细胞则分泌大量颗粒,参与体液免疫。干细胞样血细胞表面不见有明显的形态学改变,也不表现吞噬活性。免疫组化结果显示,干细胞样血细胞在注射大肠杆菌后变化显著。注射大肠杆菌后,干细胞样血细胞数量开始升高,在24h达最高,然后开始下降,96h后,干细胞样血细胞恢复到正常水平。同时,在血细胞增长的高峰期,可以见到干细胞样血细胞正进行分裂,表现出明显的增殖功能,这解释了大肠杆菌体内刺激后导致血细胞在12-96h内数量迅速恢复的原因。这也预示玻璃海鞘的血细胞可
Ciona intestinalis, the representative species of Urochordata, belongs to a critical taxonomic position between invertebrates and vertebrates. It was regarded as a “biology’s rising star” and was also one of the best experimental system for evolutionary and comparative immunology. In this paper, methodology for artificial reproduction and whole-life-span cultivation of Ciona intestinalis was presented. Taking this animal as material, morpho-functinal characterization of haemocytes and immune responses of haemocytes to bacterial challenge was studied. The results showed that:
C. intestinalis larvae were cultured with the diet combination of dry spirulina, egg yolk,Dicrateria sp., edible yeast and weaning diet for shrimp and grew up to average 59mm and matured with a surviving rate of 85% after 2 months. A whole-life-expansion laboratory culture of C. intestinalis under controlled conditions was accomplished.
8 types of blood cells, i.e. stem cell like haemocytes, hyaline amoebocytes, granular amoebocytes, refractile cells, signet ring cells, pigment cells, morula cells and compartment cells were characterized using cytochemical assay, cytoenzymatic assay, immunocytochemical assay, ultrastructural assay and phagocytosis methods. There are some similar morphological and functional traits between: Ciona stem cell like haemocytes and vertebrate hematopoietic stem cell, Ciona hyaline amoebocytes and vertebrate macrophage cells, Ciona granular amoebocytes and vertebrate granular
cells, which may indicate that haemocytes of C.intestinalis have some primordial traits of vertebrate lymphocytes. However, absence of some fundamental elements of adaptive immunity made them differ from vertebrate lymphocytes. Enhanced-green-fluorescence-protein (EGFP)-expressing Escherichia coli is a good tool for studies of host-bacteria bilateral effect. Taking EGFP-expressing E.coli as infectious source, we found total haemocytes counts(THC) of Ciona intestinalis changed significantly. At 5min after infection, THC decreased 36.6% and at 3h THC reached the minimum. At 24h, THC climbed notably and at 96h recovered to normal level. Hyaline amoebocytes could phagocytose E.coli 5min post infection and excrete lysosome particles that attached to the surface of the bacteria. Granular amoebocytes released lots of particles for humoural immunity while stem cell like haemocytes remained intact during infection. After bacteria injection, the amount of stem cell like haemocytes increased firstly till peaked at 24h and then decreased till resumed at 96h; with the THC increasing, stem cell like haemocytes could be witnessed division and proliferation under microscope, which explained why the THC could recover in 12-96h. Thus, it was proved that haemocytes of C. intestinalis could proliferate and mature in circulating system. In this study, a small portion of hyaline amoebocytes and granular amoebocytes died through apoptosis due to bacteria infection. Some hyaline amoebocytes exhibited at early apoptosis stage 1h after infection. Granular amoebocytes degranulated and many vesicles presented inside the cytoplasm and typical apoptosis body emerged. A few of the infected haemocytes were witnessed undergoing DNA damage after V.anguillarum infection disclosed using single cell gel electrophoresis method. It was also revealed that haemocytes experienced apoptosis to various extents both infected by E.coli and V.anuillarum at 1h, 3h, 6h and 12h by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling assay. An obvious apoptosis peak was also observed in infected haemocytes samples using flow ctometry. In conclusion, apoptosis was an important immune response of ascidian haemocytes to bacterial infection, which was the first time that validated apoptosis existing in invertebrate
haemocytes after bacteria challenge to our best knowledge.
将野生玻璃海鞘的受精卵孵化的幼体,采用螺旋藻干粉、虾蟹开口料、鸡蛋黄、叉鞭金藻、食用酵母等多种饵料的组合,经过60d左右的养殖,玻璃海鞘的成活率可达85%,体高平均达59mm且性腺发育成熟。将实验室养殖成熟的玻璃海鞘进行人工授精,得到了发育正常的幼体,从而完成了玻璃海鞘整个生活史的实验室周期养殖。
通过细胞化学,细胞酶学,免疫组化,超微结构分析和吞噬实验等方法,将玻璃海鞘的血细胞分为干细胞样血细胞、透明变形细胞、颗粒变形细胞、折光细胞、指环细胞、色素细胞、桑椹细胞和小室细胞。玻璃海鞘的干细胞样血细胞、透明变形细胞、颗粒变形细胞与脊椎动物的造血干细胞、巨嗜细胞、粒细胞在形态和先天性免疫的功能上有一定的相似性,具有脊椎动物淋巴细胞的原始特征。但由于玻璃海鞘没有适应性免疫所必需的基本条件,最终在细胞免疫功能和形式上与脊椎动物存在质的差别。
绿色荧光蛋白能在大肠杆菌内稳定表达且荧光不易淬灭,便于观察,是研究细菌感染实验的一种很好的工具。本研究首次以表达绿色荧光蛋白的大肠杆菌感染玻璃海鞘,发现其总血细胞数量(THC)有明显变化,5min后,血细胞总数下降约36.6%, 3h后下降至最低, 24h后显著升高,至96h恢复到正常水平。参与吞噬大肠杆菌的主要是透明变形细胞,这种吞噬作用在感染5min内即已开始; 透明变形细胞还分泌溶菌酶颗粒黏附到大肠杆菌表面。颗粒变形细胞则分泌大量颗粒,参与体液免疫。干细胞样血细胞表面不见有明显的形态学改变,也不表现吞噬活性。免疫组化结果显示,干细胞样血细胞在注射大肠杆菌后变化显著。注射大肠杆菌后,干细胞样血细胞数量开始升高,在24h达最高,然后开始下降,96h后,干细胞样血细胞恢复到正常水平。同时,在血细胞增长的高峰期,可以见到干细胞样血细胞正进行分裂,表现出明显的增殖功能,这解释了大肠杆菌体内刺激后导致血细胞在12-96h内数量迅速恢复的原因。这也预示玻璃海鞘的血细胞可
Ciona intestinalis, the representative species of Urochordata, belongs to a critical taxonomic position between invertebrates and vertebrates. It was regarded as a “biology’s rising star” and was also one of the best experimental system for evolutionary and comparative immunology. In this paper, methodology for artificial reproduction and whole-life-span cultivation of Ciona intestinalis was presented. Taking this animal as material, morpho-functinal characterization of haemocytes and immune responses of haemocytes to bacterial challenge was studied. The results showed that:
C. intestinalis larvae were cultured with the diet combination of dry spirulina, egg yolk,Dicrateria sp., edible yeast and weaning diet for shrimp and grew up to average 59mm and matured with a surviving rate of 85% after 2 months. A whole-life-expansion laboratory culture of C. intestinalis under controlled conditions was accomplished.
8 types of blood cells, i.e. stem cell like haemocytes, hyaline amoebocytes, granular amoebocytes, refractile cells, signet ring cells, pigment cells, morula cells and compartment cells were characterized using cytochemical assay, cytoenzymatic assay, immunocytochemical assay, ultrastructural assay and phagocytosis methods. There are some similar morphological and functional traits between: Ciona stem cell like haemocytes and vertebrate hematopoietic stem cell, Ciona hyaline amoebocytes and vertebrate macrophage cells, Ciona granular amoebocytes and vertebrate granular
cells, which may indicate that haemocytes of C.intestinalis have some primordial traits of vertebrate lymphocytes. However, absence of some fundamental elements of adaptive immunity made them differ from vertebrate lymphocytes. Enhanced-green-fluorescence-protein (EGFP)-expressing Escherichia coli is a good tool for studies of host-bacteria bilateral effect. Taking EGFP-expressing E.coli as infectious source, we found total haemocytes counts(THC) of Ciona intestinalis changed significantly. At 5min after infection, THC decreased 36.6% and at 3h THC reached the minimum. At 24h, THC climbed notably and at 96h recovered to normal level. Hyaline amoebocytes could phagocytose E.coli 5min post infection and excrete lysosome particles that attached to the surface of the bacteria. Granular amoebocytes released lots of particles for humoural immunity while stem cell like haemocytes remained intact during infection. After bacteria injection, the amount of stem cell like haemocytes increased firstly till peaked at 24h and then decreased till resumed at 96h; with the THC increasing, stem cell like haemocytes could be witnessed division and proliferation under microscope, which explained why the THC could recover in 12-96h. Thus, it was proved that haemocytes of C. intestinalis could proliferate and mature in circulating system. In this study, a small portion of hyaline amoebocytes and granular amoebocytes died through apoptosis due to bacteria infection. Some hyaline amoebocytes exhibited at early apoptosis stage 1h after infection. Granular amoebocytes degranulated and many vesicles presented inside the cytoplasm and typical apoptosis body emerged. A few of the infected haemocytes were witnessed undergoing DNA damage after V.anguillarum infection disclosed using single cell gel electrophoresis method. It was also revealed that haemocytes experienced apoptosis to various extents both infected by E.coli and V.anuillarum at 1h, 3h, 6h and 12h by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling assay. An obvious apoptosis peak was also observed in infected haemocytes samples using flow ctometry. In conclusion, apoptosis was an important immune response of ascidian haemocytes to bacterial infection, which was the first time that validated apoptosis existing in invertebrate
haemocytes after bacteria challenge to our best knowledge.
引文
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