传染性法氏囊病病毒全基因组克隆及反向遗传系统的建立
|
摘要
建立动物RNA病毒的反向遗传系统实现病毒的遗传拯救，从而可以在DNA水平上对RNA病毒进行遗传操作，为深入研究RNA病毒的分子生物学及病毒与宿主的相互作用提供了强有力的技术工具。对RNA病毒进行遗传拯救或构建感染性克隆已成为分子病毒学实验室进行病毒结构与功能深入研究的必经之路。而在国内开展这方面的研究，特别是动物RNA病毒不多。鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)是危害世界养禽业的严重传染性之一，本研究工作以该病的病原传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)为模型，在克隆IBDV浙江分离株全基因组cDNA的基础上，在国内首次尝试构建IBDV反向遗传系统，拯救经过分子标记的IBDV，并初步进行IBDV功能学研究。
首先建立了长距离RT-PCR方案快速扩增并克隆IBDV基因组。IBDV是双链RNA病毒，属于双RNA病毒科(Biranviridae)禽双RNA病毒属(Avibimavirus)，其基因组由A、B两个节段组成。以IBDV浙江分离株HZ2细胞培养液为材料，比较了4种病毒纯化和基因组抽提方案，认为超速离心后用蛋白酶K消化病毒粒子是较好的方法。反转录合成单链cDNA，经RNase H除去杂交链的RNA后，使用经过计算机辅助设计的、位于病毒基因组非编码区(NCR)的一对引物直接扩增到A节段预期分子量的片段；进而对整个PCR过程进行了条件优化，建立了特异性强、省时省力、可重复的实验操作方案。使用T-A克隆法快速克隆PCR产物，序列分析证实获得了3259bp的A节段全长(GenBank登录号AF321054)。用类似的长距离RT-PCR和克隆方案获得HZ2株和JD1株含两端NCR的2827bp的B节段全长(GenBank登录号分别为AF493979和AY103464)。
在对IBDV浙江分离株双节段全基因组进行生物信息学分析时，提出了未见于已有文献报道的几种新猜测。三株IBDV浙江分离株HZ2、JD1、ZJ2000在核苷酸和推导的四种病毒蛋白VP2、VP3、VP4、VP5的氨基酸水平上高度同源，并具有位于VP2高变区的特征性氨基酸H253、N279、T284、R330，一般认为这些氨基酸是弱毒株的标志，但也出现于ZJ2000株和其它几个强毒株中；(新猜测①)对野毒株ZJ2000进行重新分析，发现其高强毒力可能与VP2前体蛋白(pVP2)剪切后的一种11个氨基酸的短肽有关；序列比较进一步支持IBDV主要宿主保护性抗原VP2并非是决定IBDV毒力的唯一因素；不同毒力表型毒株的两端NCR序列高度保守提示NCR可能与IBDV毒力并不直接相关；(新猜测②)另外，根据VP5在十多种不同表型毒株中高度保守，作者提出了一种VP5与病毒毒力关系的推测。
在B节段上，发现HZ2株、JD1株VP1基因(编码依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶，RdRp)上游的5′-NCR上都有一个与原来推定的起始密码同一阅读框(in-frame)的密码ATG，在国际上只有一株在GenBank上登录的加拿大毒株QC-2也有同一点突变，尚无任何公开文献报道。(新猜测⑧)对这一突变进行了RNA二级结构分析和理论意义评估；分析了IBDV VP1
基因上可能与病毒毒力有关的几个潜在位点。其中第 4、13、546氨基酸位点可能与病毒适
应细胞或致弱有关；（新猜测④）经比较，发现双NA病毒科的三个成员IBDV、IPNV和
DXV在其基因组 A节段或 B节段 5’．NCR上都有至少一个以上的额外起始密码，这可能与
该科病毒独特的翻译机制有关。
设计了一种以重组PCR（融合PCR）或常规PCR为介导的定点突变方案在IBDV基因
组上引入沉默突变的遗传标记。其中，A节段的置换突变为：A2368C（数字后面为突变后
的核昔酸，下同＊ A2371C，这两个点突变在A节段上产生了新的Nae酶切位点（GCE
4 GGG人 同时，在 A节段 3’－NCR的特定位置上引进了 G或 C的插入突变，前者预期可以
改变 3’．NCR的H级茎环结构：B节段上的定点突变为：G2283A，C2286T，A2287C，这
三个点突变产生了新的 EcOR V酶切位点（GAT A匹人 以上突变测序证实。改变后的 A节
段和 B节段序列在 GenBank上的登录号分别为 AY163771，AY163772。
以 pCI真核表达载体为骨架，构建了几种突变或未突变的含 IBDV HZZ株基因组 CDNA
的重组子，命名为：pCIA、pCIB、PCIAA、PCI－InA、PCI－mAg、PCImB。其中，PCI－AA
是一种“ Head，to－tail” A节段双价重组表达载体。
脂质体介导共转染 pCI－A／pCI－mB、pClmA／pCI－mB、pCImAg／pCI－mB三组真核表达质
粒进入Vero细胞。KNA点杂交、免疫荧光分析表明重组子在Vero细胞得到了表达；显微镜
下观察到被转染质粒的细胞形态学发生变化，产生了类似野生IBDV感染细胞时出现的细胞
病变（Cvn），这种变化在用每次的细胞培养上清液接种新的 vero细胞时（类似病毒“传代”）
都可以观察到；电子显微镜下可以看到符合 IBDV病毒粒子结构的物质；在 PCI－ajCI－mB
转染组的细胞培养液中提取病毒样物质进行RT－PCR，可扩增出病毒双节段全长基因组。用
Nae酶切A节段PCR产物，用EcoR V酶切B节段PCR产物，获得与预期被引入的遗传
标记飓 Nae、EcoR V）一致的条带，证实 IBDV确实得到了拯救，而并非野生
The study of viruses and their interactions with host cells and organisms has benefited greatly from the ability to engineer specific mutations into viral genomes,a technique known as reverse genetics.
To develop the reverse genetics system,or so-called genetic rescue techniques for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),Birnaviridae family,the full-length cDNA of the double segment of the chicken IBDV was amplified and cloned by long RT-PCR in the first-step.
A comparison of four purification and extraction methods of RNA from IBDV( HZ2 strain,isolated originally in Zhejiang Province)-infected chicken embryoid fibroblasts (CEF) showed that the ultracentrifugation followed by proteinase K digestion extracted dsRNA more effectively. Then reverse transcription was carried out at 50C using Superscipt II enzyme,followed by RNase H digestion. Amplification of single stranded cDNA in a single step resulted in the synthesis of the full-length segment A of 3259 bp and segment B of 2827 bp respectively. The amplified products were cloned and sequenced,identifying that it was an IBDV. This method is superior to other methods based on amplifying different parts of the genome many times,therefore the cloning procedure was simplified.
Analysis of the full-length of segment A of IBDV isolatedin Zhejiang Province,including an attenuated strain HZ2,an attenuated vaccine strain JD1 and a virulent field isolate ZJ2000,revealed the identity of IBDV with two overlapping open reading frames( ORF ) flanked by 5' -and 3' -noncoding regions( NCR ) in 3259bp long. The strains shared high identity with each other at nucleotide or deduced amino acid level,and also had four unique sites H253,N279,T284,R330 which are common in other attenuated and some classic or highly virulent strains. The virulent strain ZJ2000 had several key amino acid mutations located in hypervariant region of VP2 and near the VP2-VP4 cleavage site of polypeptide,one of which is in the new identified 11 aa
small peptide. It may be related to the virulence. Sequence comparison supported that VP2 is not the sole determinant of the virulence. The highly conservation in 5' - and 3' - NCR of different strains indicated the NCR may be not responsible for the virulence. But the same conservation appeared in VPS revealed another complex relationship between VP5 and the virulence.
The full-length nucleotide sequence including the 5' - and 3' -noncoding regions (NCR) of IBDV strain HZ2 and JD1 was established. The nucleotide sequence encoding VP1,an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp),of HZ2 and JD1 were aligned with that of all other IBDV strains. Surprisingly,An in-frame start codon (ATG) is presented in the 5' -NCR upstream of usual VP1 genes which are coded by all the compared strains except an Canadian strain QC-2. According to the sequences information of other two birnaviruses including IPNV and DXV,we suppose the advanced in-frame start codons presented generally in the first ORFs of birnaviruses do not come by accident and play an important role in the initiation of virus proteins translation. The ACG may be the start codon in other IBDV strains in the same position. For IBDV,it is possible that the VP1 gene started from the first or second in-frame start codon respectively results in two different size products. The potential sites responsible for IBDV virulence were also searched and listed. The results showed that substitution at positions 4,13,256 may be the key amino acids related to the virus adaption or attenuation.
The genetic tags were introduced to two segments of HZ2 strain respectively that were distinguished from the parent virus sequences by site-directed silent mutagenesis. The cDNA clone of segment A was engineered to contain two silent nucleotide changes to create a Nae I site (A to C and A to C at nt 2368 and 2371,respectively). At the same time,the 3'-NCR of coding strand of segment A was inserted a G at nt 3243 or a C at 3235. The former is expected to change the stem-loop secondary structure at the 3' terminus of segment A. The cDNA cl
首先建立了长距离RT-PCR方案快速扩增并克隆IBDV基因组。IBDV是双链RNA病毒，属于双RNA病毒科(Biranviridae)禽双RNA病毒属(Avibimavirus)，其基因组由A、B两个节段组成。以IBDV浙江分离株HZ2细胞培养液为材料，比较了4种病毒纯化和基因组抽提方案，认为超速离心后用蛋白酶K消化病毒粒子是较好的方法。反转录合成单链cDNA，经RNase H除去杂交链的RNA后，使用经过计算机辅助设计的、位于病毒基因组非编码区(NCR)的一对引物直接扩增到A节段预期分子量的片段；进而对整个PCR过程进行了条件优化，建立了特异性强、省时省力、可重复的实验操作方案。使用T-A克隆法快速克隆PCR产物，序列分析证实获得了3259bp的A节段全长(GenBank登录号AF321054)。用类似的长距离RT-PCR和克隆方案获得HZ2株和JD1株含两端NCR的2827bp的B节段全长(GenBank登录号分别为AF493979和AY103464)。
在对IBDV浙江分离株双节段全基因组进行生物信息学分析时，提出了未见于已有文献报道的几种新猜测。三株IBDV浙江分离株HZ2、JD1、ZJ2000在核苷酸和推导的四种病毒蛋白VP2、VP3、VP4、VP5的氨基酸水平上高度同源，并具有位于VP2高变区的特征性氨基酸H253、N279、T284、R330，一般认为这些氨基酸是弱毒株的标志，但也出现于ZJ2000株和其它几个强毒株中；(新猜测①)对野毒株ZJ2000进行重新分析，发现其高强毒力可能与VP2前体蛋白(pVP2)剪切后的一种11个氨基酸的短肽有关；序列比较进一步支持IBDV主要宿主保护性抗原VP2并非是决定IBDV毒力的唯一因素；不同毒力表型毒株的两端NCR序列高度保守提示NCR可能与IBDV毒力并不直接相关；(新猜测②)另外，根据VP5在十多种不同表型毒株中高度保守，作者提出了一种VP5与病毒毒力关系的推测。
在B节段上，发现HZ2株、JD1株VP1基因(编码依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶，RdRp)上游的5′-NCR上都有一个与原来推定的起始密码同一阅读框(in-frame)的密码ATG，在国际上只有一株在GenBank上登录的加拿大毒株QC-2也有同一点突变，尚无任何公开文献报道。(新猜测⑧)对这一突变进行了RNA二级结构分析和理论意义评估；分析了IBDV VP1
基因上可能与病毒毒力有关的几个潜在位点。其中第 4、13、546氨基酸位点可能与病毒适
应细胞或致弱有关；（新猜测④）经比较，发现双NA病毒科的三个成员IBDV、IPNV和
DXV在其基因组 A节段或 B节段 5’．NCR上都有至少一个以上的额外起始密码，这可能与
该科病毒独特的翻译机制有关。
设计了一种以重组PCR（融合PCR）或常规PCR为介导的定点突变方案在IBDV基因
组上引入沉默突变的遗传标记。其中，A节段的置换突变为：A2368C（数字后面为突变后
的核昔酸，下同＊ A2371C，这两个点突变在A节段上产生了新的Nae酶切位点（GCE
4 GGG人 同时，在 A节段 3’－NCR的特定位置上引进了 G或 C的插入突变，前者预期可以
改变 3’．NCR的H级茎环结构：B节段上的定点突变为：G2283A，C2286T，A2287C，这
三个点突变产生了新的 EcOR V酶切位点（GAT A匹人 以上突变测序证实。改变后的 A节
段和 B节段序列在 GenBank上的登录号分别为 AY163771，AY163772。
以 pCI真核表达载体为骨架，构建了几种突变或未突变的含 IBDV HZZ株基因组 CDNA
的重组子，命名为：pCIA、pCIB、PCIAA、PCI－InA、PCI－mAg、PCImB。其中，PCI－AA
是一种“ Head，to－tail” A节段双价重组表达载体。
脂质体介导共转染 pCI－A／pCI－mB、pClmA／pCI－mB、pCImAg／pCI－mB三组真核表达质
粒进入Vero细胞。KNA点杂交、免疫荧光分析表明重组子在Vero细胞得到了表达；显微镜
下观察到被转染质粒的细胞形态学发生变化，产生了类似野生IBDV感染细胞时出现的细胞
病变（Cvn），这种变化在用每次的细胞培养上清液接种新的 vero细胞时（类似病毒“传代”）
都可以观察到；电子显微镜下可以看到符合 IBDV病毒粒子结构的物质；在 PCI－ajCI－mB
转染组的细胞培养液中提取病毒样物质进行RT－PCR，可扩增出病毒双节段全长基因组。用
Nae酶切A节段PCR产物，用EcoR V酶切B节段PCR产物，获得与预期被引入的遗传
标记飓 Nae、EcoR V）一致的条带，证实 IBDV确实得到了拯救，而并非野生
The study of viruses and their interactions with host cells and organisms has benefited greatly from the ability to engineer specific mutations into viral genomes,a technique known as reverse genetics.
To develop the reverse genetics system,or so-called genetic rescue techniques for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),Birnaviridae family,the full-length cDNA of the double segment of the chicken IBDV was amplified and cloned by long RT-PCR in the first-step.
A comparison of four purification and extraction methods of RNA from IBDV( HZ2 strain,isolated originally in Zhejiang Province)-infected chicken embryoid fibroblasts (CEF) showed that the ultracentrifugation followed by proteinase K digestion extracted dsRNA more effectively. Then reverse transcription was carried out at 50C using Superscipt II enzyme,followed by RNase H digestion. Amplification of single stranded cDNA in a single step resulted in the synthesis of the full-length segment A of 3259 bp and segment B of 2827 bp respectively. The amplified products were cloned and sequenced,identifying that it was an IBDV. This method is superior to other methods based on amplifying different parts of the genome many times,therefore the cloning procedure was simplified.
Analysis of the full-length of segment A of IBDV isolatedin Zhejiang Province,including an attenuated strain HZ2,an attenuated vaccine strain JD1 and a virulent field isolate ZJ2000,revealed the identity of IBDV with two overlapping open reading frames( ORF ) flanked by 5' -and 3' -noncoding regions( NCR ) in 3259bp long. The strains shared high identity with each other at nucleotide or deduced amino acid level,and also had four unique sites H253,N279,T284,R330 which are common in other attenuated and some classic or highly virulent strains. The virulent strain ZJ2000 had several key amino acid mutations located in hypervariant region of VP2 and near the VP2-VP4 cleavage site of polypeptide,one of which is in the new identified 11 aa
small peptide. It may be related to the virulence. Sequence comparison supported that VP2 is not the sole determinant of the virulence. The highly conservation in 5' - and 3' - NCR of different strains indicated the NCR may be not responsible for the virulence. But the same conservation appeared in VPS revealed another complex relationship between VP5 and the virulence.
The full-length nucleotide sequence including the 5' - and 3' -noncoding regions (NCR) of IBDV strain HZ2 and JD1 was established. The nucleotide sequence encoding VP1,an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp),of HZ2 and JD1 were aligned with that of all other IBDV strains. Surprisingly,An in-frame start codon (ATG) is presented in the 5' -NCR upstream of usual VP1 genes which are coded by all the compared strains except an Canadian strain QC-2. According to the sequences information of other two birnaviruses including IPNV and DXV,we suppose the advanced in-frame start codons presented generally in the first ORFs of birnaviruses do not come by accident and play an important role in the initiation of virus proteins translation. The ACG may be the start codon in other IBDV strains in the same position. For IBDV,it is possible that the VP1 gene started from the first or second in-frame start codon respectively results in two different size products. The potential sites responsible for IBDV virulence were also searched and listed. The results showed that substitution at positions 4,13,256 may be the key amino acids related to the virus adaption or attenuation.
The genetic tags were introduced to two segments of HZ2 strain respectively that were distinguished from the parent virus sequences by site-directed silent mutagenesis. The cDNA clone of segment A was engineered to contain two silent nucleotide changes to create a Nae I site (A to C and A to C at nt 2368 and 2371,respectively). At the same time,the 3'-NCR of coding strand of segment A was inserted a G at nt 3243 or a C at 3235. The former is expected to change the stem-loop secondary structure at the 3' terminus of segment A. The cDNA cl
引文
1.Agapov EV, Frolov I, Lindenbach BD, Pragai BM, Schlesinger S, Rice CM. Noncytopathic Sindbis virus RNA vectors for heterologous gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Oct 27;95(22):12989-94.
2.Ahlquist P, Janda M. cDNA cloning and in vitro transcription of the complete brome mosaic virus genome. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2876-82.
3.Akin A, Wu C C, Lin T L.A comparison of two RNA isolation methods for double-stranded RNA of infectious bursal disease virus.J Virol Methods, 1998, 74:179-184
4.Akin A, Wu C C, Lin T L. Amplification and cloning of infectious bursal disease virus genomic RNA segments by long and accurate PCR. J Virol Methods, 1999, 82:55-61
5.Almazan F, Gonzalez JM, Penzes Z, Izeta A, Calvo E, Plana-Duran J, Enjuanes L. Engineering the largest RNA virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5516-21.
6.Antonucci TK, Wen P, Rutter WJ. Eukaryotic promoters drive gene expression in Escherichia coll. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 25;264(30):17656-9.
7.Azad A A, Barrett S A, Fahey K J. The characterization and molecular cloning of double-stranded RNA genome of an Australian strain of infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 1985,143:35-44
8.Azad A A, Jagadish M N, Brown M N, et al. Deletion mapping and expression in E. Coli of the large genomic segment of a birnavirus. Virology. 1987,161:145～152
9.Azad A A, Mckem N M, Macreadie I G, et al. Physiochemical and immunological characterization of recombinant host-protective antigen of infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine. 1991,9:715～722
10.Ball LA. Cellular expression of a functional nodavirus RNA replicon from vaccinia virus vectors. J Virol.1992 Apr;66(4):2335-45.
11.Ball LA. Replication of the genomic RNA of a positive-strand RNA animal virus from negative-sense transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12443-7.
12.Balny C, 阮康成. An emerging field in bioscience: High hydrostatic pressure study. 生物化学与生物物理学报．1999,31:619～624
13.Barnes WM. PCR amplification of up to 35-kb DNA with high fidelity and high yield from lambda bacteriophage templates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 15;91(6):2216-20.
14.Basler CF, Reid AH, Dybing JK, et al. From the cover: Sequence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nonstructural gene (NS) segment and characterization of recombinant viruses bearing the 1918 NS genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 ;98:2746-2751.
15.Bayliss CD, Peters R W, Cook J K A, et al. Recombinsnt fowlpos virus that expvesses the VP2 antige of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus. Arch Virol. 1991,120:193～205
16.Berglund P, Fleeton MN, Smerdou C, Liljestrom P. Immunization with recombinant Semliki Forest virus induces protection against influenza challenge in mice. Vaccine. 1999 Feb 5;17(5):497-507.
17.Berglund P, Smerdou C, Fleeton MN, Tubulekas I, Liljestrom P. Enhancing immune responses using suicidal DNA vaccines.Nat Biotechnol. 1998 Jun;16(6):562-5.
18.Boot H J, Ter Huurne A A H M, Peeters B P H.Generation of full-length cDNA of the two genomic dsRNA segments of infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol Methods, 2000, 84:49-58
19.Bottcher, N. A. Kiselev, V. Y. Stelmashchuk, et al. Three-Dimensional structure of infectious bursal disease virus determined by electron cryomicroscopy.J Virol. 1997, 71:325～330
20.Boyce FM, Bucher NL. Baculovirus-mediated gene transfer into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2348-52.
21.Boyer JC, Bebenek K, Kunkel TA. Unequal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase error rates with RNA and DNA templates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6919-23.
22.Boyer JC, Haenni AL. Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. Virology, 1994 Feb; 198(2):415-26.
23.Bridgen, A. & Elliott, R. M. (1996). Rescue of a segmented negative-strand RNA virus entirely from cloned complementary DNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93, 15400-15404.
24.Britton P, Green P, Kottier S, Mawditt KL, Penzes Z, Cavanagh D, Skinner MA. Expression of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in avian and mammalian cells by a recombinant fowlpox virus. J Gen Virol. 1996 May;77 ( Pt 5):963-7.
25.Brown M D, Skinner M A. Coding sequences of both genome segments of a European 'very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Res, 1996, 40:1-15
26.Cao Y C, Yeung W S, Law Y Z, et al, Molecular characterization of seven Chinese isolates of infectious bursal disease virus: classical, very virulent and variant strains. Avian Dis. 1998,42:340～351
27.Casais R, Thiel V, Siddell SG, Cavanagh D, Britton P. Reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. J Virol. 2001 Dec;75(24): 12359-69.
28.Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1016-8.
29.Cheng S, Chang SY, Gravitt P, Respess R. Long PCR. Nature 1994 Jun 23;369(6482):684-5
30.Cheng S, Fockler C, Barnes WM, Higuchi R. Effective amplification of long targets from cloned inserts and human genomic DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 7;91(12):5695-9.
31.Cheng S, Higuchi R, Stoneking M.Complete mitochondriai genome amplification. Nat Genet 1994 Jul;7(3):350-1
32.Cho MK, Magnus D, Caplan AL, McGee D. Ethical considerations in synthesizing a minimal genome.Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2087, 2089-90.
33.Chomczynski P. A reagent for the single-step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. Biotechniques. 1993 Sep; 15(3):532-4, 536-7.
34.Chumakov KM. PCR engineering of viral quasispecies: a new method to preserve and manipulate genetic diversity of RNA virus populations. J Virol 1996 Oct;70(10):7331-4
35.Chung HK, Kordyban S, Cameron L, et al. Nucleotide,Protein Sequence analysis of the bicistronic Drosophila X virus genome segment A and its encoded polypeptides. Virology, 1996, 225:359-368.
36.Cornu TI, de la Torre JC. RING finger Z protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) inhibits transcription and RNA replication of an LCMV S-segment minigenome. J Virol.2001 Oct;75(19):9415-26.
37.Cornu TI, de la Torre JC. Characterization of the arenavirus RING finger Z protein regions required for Z-mediated inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. J Virol. 2002 Jul;76(13):6678-88.
38.Cress DE, Kiefer MC, Owens RA. Construction of infectious potato spindle tuber viroid cDNA clones.Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Oct 11;11(19):6821-35.
39.Darteil R, Bublot M, Laplace E, et al. Herpesvirus of Turkey recombinant viruses expressing infectious bursal disease virus VP2 immunogen induce protection against an infectious bursal disease virus virulent challenge in chickens. Virology. 1995.211:481～490
40.Das T, Mathur M, Gupta AK, Janssen GM, Banerjee AK. RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus specifically associates with translation elongation factor-1 alphabetagamma for its activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 17;95(4):1449-54.
41.Dasmahapatra B, Dasgupta R, Saunders K, Selling B, Gallagher T, Kaesberg P. R. Infectious RNA derived by transcription from cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNA of an insect virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jan;83(1):63-6.
42.Dawson WO, Lewandowski DJ, Hilf ME, Bubrick P, Raffo AJ, Shaw JJ, Grantham GL, Desjardins PR.A tobacco mosaic virus-hybrid expresses and loses an added gene. Virology. 1989 Sep;172(1):285-92.
43.de Haan CA, Masters PS, Shen X, Weiss S, Rottier PJ. The group-specific murine coronavirus genes are not essential, but their deletion, by reverse genetics, is attenuating in the natural host. Virology. 2002 Apr 25 ;296(1): 177-89.
44.de la Luna S, Martin J, Portela A, Ortin J. Influenza virus naked RNA can be expressed upon transfection into cells co-expressing the three subunits of the polymerase and the nucleoprotein from simian virus 40 recombinant viruses. J Gen Virol 1993,74:535-539.
45.Diez J, Ishikawa M, Kaido M, Ahlquist P. Identification and characterization of a host protein required for efficient template selection in viral RNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Apr 11;97(8):3913-8.
46.Dubensky TW Jr, Driver DA, Polo JM, Belli BA, Latham EM, Ibanez CE, Chada S, Brumm D, Banks TA,Mento S J, Jolly DJ, Chang SM. Sindbis virus DNA-based expression vectors: utility for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. J Virol, 1996,70(1):508-519
47.Durbin AP, Hall SL, Siew JW, Whitehead SS,Collins PL, Murphy BR. Recovery of infectious human parainfluenza virus type 3 from cDNA. Virology 1997; 235:323-332.
48.Dybing J K&Jackwood D J. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of baculovirus expressed infectious bursal disease virus proteins. Avian Dis. 1998, 42:80～91
49.Dybing J K&Jackwood D J. Expression of MD infectious bursal disease virus Proteins in baculovirus. Avian Dis. 1997, 41:617～626
50.Emerson SU, Zhang M, Meng X J, Nguyen H, St Claire M, Govindarajan S, Huang YK, Purcell RH. Recombinant hepatitis E virus genomes infectious for primates: importance of capping and discovery of a cis-reactive element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 18;98(26):15270-5.
51.Enami M, Luytjes W, Krystal M, Palese P. Introduction of site-specific mutations into the genome of influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:3802-3805.
52.Enami M, Sharma G, Benham C, Palese P. An influenza virus containing nine different RNA segments. Virology. 1991 Nov;185(1):291-8.
53.Eterradossi N, Arnauld C, Toquin D,et al. Critical amino acid changes in VP2 variable domain are associated with typical and atypical antigenicity in very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol. 1998,143:1627～1636
54.Fernandez-Arias A, Martinez S&Rodriguez J F. The major antigenic protein of infectious bursal disease virus, VP2, is an apoptotic inducer. J Virol, 1997, 71:8014～8018
55.Fernandez-Arias A, Risco C, Martinez S, et al. Expression of ORF Al of infectious bursal disease virus vesults in the formation of virus-like particles. J Gen Virol. 1998,79:1047～1054
56.Fleeton MN, Liljestrom P, Sheahan B J, Atkins GJ. Recombinant Semliki Forest virus particles expressing louping ill virus antigens induce a better protective response than plasmid-based DNA vaccines or an inactivated whole particle vaccine. J Gert Virol. 2000 Mar;81(Pt3):749-58.
57.Flick R, Elgh F, Pettersson RF. Mutational Analysis of the Uukuniemi Virus (Bunyaviridae Family)Promoter Reveals Two Elements of Functional Importance.J Virol 2002 Nov 1 ;76(21):10849-10860.
58.Flick, R. & Pettersson, R. F. (2001). Reverse genetics system for Uukuniemi virus (Bunyaviridae): RNA polymerase I-catalyzed expression of chimeric viral RNAs. Journal of Virology 75, 1643-1655.
59.Fodor E, Devenish L, Engelhardt OG, Palese P, Brownlee GG, Garcia-Sastre A. Rescue of influenza A virus from recombinant DNA. J Virol 1999;73:9679-9682.
60.Foecking MK, Hofstetter H. Powerful and versatile enhancer-promoter unit for mammalian expression vectors.
61.Forns X, Bukh J, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. How Escherichia coli can bias the results of molecular cloning: preferential selection of defective genomes of hepatitis C virus during the cloning procedure.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13909-14.
62.French R, Ahlquist P. Characterization and engineering of sequences controlling in vivo synthesis of brome mosaic virus subgenomic RNA.J Virol. 1988 Jul;62(7):2411-20.
63.Frolov I, Agapov E, Hoffman TA Jr, Pragai BM, Lippa M, Schlesinger S, Rice CM. Selection of RNA replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells. J Virol. 1999 May;73(5):3854-65.
64.Frolov I, Frolova E, Schlesinger S. Sindbis virus replicons and Sindbis virus: assembly of chimeras and of particles deficient in virus RNA.J Virol. 1997 Apr;71 (4):2819-29.
65.Fuerst TR, Niles EG, Studier FW, Moss B. Eukaryotic transient-expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(21):8122-6.
66.Gabriele Neumann and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. Generation of influenza A virus from cloned cDNAs—historical perspective and outlook for the new millenium. Rev. Med. Virol, 2002; 12:13-30.
67.Garcin D, Pelet T, Calain P, Roux L, Curran J, Kolakofsky D. A highly recombinogenic system for the recovery of infectious Sendai paramyxovirus from cDNA: generation of a novel copy-back nondefective interfering virus. EMBO J. 1995 Dec 15;14(24):6087-94.
68.Goff SP, Berg P. Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells. Cell. 1976 Dec;9(4 PT 2):695-705.
69.Gritsun TS, Gould EA. Infectious transcripts of tick-borne encephalitis virus, generated in days by RT-PCR. Gene. 1986;45(1):101-5.
70.Gunther S, Li BC, Miska S, Kruger DH, Meisel H, Will H. A novel method for efficient amplification of whole hepatitis B virus genomes permits rapid functional analysis and reveals deletion mutants in immunosuppressed patients. J Virol. 1995 Sep;69(9):5437-44.
71.Hahn CS, Hahn YS, Braciale TJ, Rice CM. Infectious Sindbis virus transient expression vectors for studying antigen processing and presentation.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 1;89(7):2679-83.
72.Hatta M, Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y. Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong HSN1 influenza A viruses. Science 2001 ;293:1840-1842.
73.Heine H G&Boyle D B. Infectious bursal disease virus structure protein VP2 expression by a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection against disease in chickens.Arch Virol. 1993,131:277～292
74.Heine H G, Hyatt A D, Boyle D B. Modification of infectious bursal disease virus antigen VP2 for cell surface location fails to enhance immunogenicity. Virus Res. 1994,32:313～328
75.Herold J, Thiel V, Siddell SG. A strategy for the generation of infectious RNAs and autonomously replicating RNAs based on the HCV 229E genome. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;440:265-8.
76.Hewson R. RNA viruses: emerging vectors for vaccination and gene therapy. Mol Med Today. 2000 Jan;6(1):28-35.
77.Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Hobom G, Webster RG, Kawaoka Y. "Ambisense" approach for the generation of influenza A virus: vRNA and mRNA synthesis from one template.Virology. 2000 Feb 15;267(2):310-7.
78.Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Hobom G, Webster RG. A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):6108-13.
79.Hoffmann E, Webster RG. Unidirectional RNA polymerase Ⅰ-polymerase Ⅱ transcription system for the generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids. J Gert Virol 2000; 81:2843-2847.
80.Hofmann C, Sandig V, Jennings G, Rudolph M, Schlag P, Strauss M. Efficient gene transfer into human hepatocytes by baculovirus vectors.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Oct 24;92(22): 10099-103.
81.Honda A, Mukaigawa J, Yokoiyama A, et al. Purification and molecular structure of RNA polymerase from influenza virus A/PR8. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1990; 107:624-628.
82.Honda A, Ueda K, Nagata K, Ishihama A.ldentification of the RNA polymerase-binding site on genome RNA of influenza virus. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1987; 102:1241-1249.
83.Hu YC, Bentley WE, Edwards GH, et al. Chimeric infectious bursal disease virus-lick particles expressed in insect cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1999,63:721～729
84.Huang TS, Palese P, Krystal M. Determination of influenza virus proteins required for genome replication.J Virol 1990; 64:5669-5673.
85.Hutchison CA, Peterson SN, Gill SR, Cline RT, White O, Fraser CM, Smith HO, Venter JC. Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome. Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2165-9.
86.Iijima Y, Ohno K, Ikeda H, Sawai K, Levin B, Meruelo D. Cell-specific targeting of a thymidine kinase/ganciclovir gene therapy system using a recombinant Sindbis virus vector. Int J Cancer. 1999 Jan 5;80(1):110-8.
87.Ishikawa M, Janda M, Krol MA, Ahlquist P, In vivo DNA expression of functional brome mosaic virus RNA replicons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 1997 Oct;71(10):7781-90.
88.Izeta A, Smerdou C, Alonso S, Penzes Z, Mendez A, Plana-Duran J, Enjuanes L. Replication and packaging of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus-derived synthetic minigenomes. J Virol. 1999 Feb;73(2):1535-45.
89.Jackwood D J, Jackwood R J, Sommer S E. Identification and comparison of point mutations associated in classic and variant infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Res. 1997,49:131～137
90.Jagadish M N, Vaugham P R, Irving R A, et al. Expression and charaterization of infectious bursal disease virus polyprotein in yeast.Gene. 1990,95:179～186
91.Janda M, Ahlquist P. RNA-dependent replication, transcription, and persistence of brome mosaic virus RNA replicons in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1993 Mar 26;72(6):961-70.
92.John T. Patton, Eugenio Spencer. Genome Replication and Packaging of Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses. Virology, Vol. 277, No. 2, Nov 2000, pp. 217-225
93.Johnson KL, Ball LA. Replication of flock house virus RNAs from primary transcripts made in cells by RNA polymerase Ⅱ. J Virol. 1997 Apr;71(4):3323-7.
94.Joklik WK, Roner MR.What reassorts when reovirus genome segments reassort? J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 3;270(9):4181-4.
95.Jonsson JJ, Converse A, McIvor RS. An enhancer in the first intron of the human purine nucleoside phosphorylase-encoding gene. Gene. 1994 Mar 25 ;140(2): 187-93.
96.Kapoor M, Zhang L, Mohan PM, Padmanabhan R. Synthesis and characterization of an infectious dengue virus type-2 RNA genome (New Guinea C strain). Gene. 1995 Sep 11 ;162(2): 175-80.
97.Karo A, Sakai Y, Shioda T, Kondo T, Nakanishi M, Nagai Y. Initiation of Sendai virus multiplication from transfected cDNA or RNA with negative or positive sense. Genes Cells 1996; 1: 569-579.
98.Kean KM, Wychowski C, Kopecka H, Girard M. Highly infectious plasmids carrying poliovirus cDNA are capable of replication in transfected simian cells. J Virol. 1986 Aug;59(2):490-3.
99.Khromykh AA, Westaway EG. Completion of Kunjin virus RNA sequence and recovery of an infectious RNA transcribed from stably cloned full-length cDNA. J Virol. 1994 Jul;68(7):4580-8.
100.Kibenge F S B, Qian, B., Nagy, E., et al. Formation of virus-like particles when the polyprotein gene (segment A) of infectious bursal disease virus is expressed in insect cells. Can J Vet Res. 1999,63:49～55
101.Klenerman P, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. A non-retroviral RNA virus persists in DNA form. Nature.1997 Nov 20;390(6657):298-301.
102.Kobayashi M, Tuchiya K, Nagata K, Ishihama A. Reconstitution of influenza virus RNA polymerase from three subunits expressed using recombinant baculovirus system. Virus Res 1992; 22:235-245.
103.Kolykhalov AA, Agapov EV, Blight KJ, Mihalik K, Feinstone SM, Rice CM. Transmission of hepatitis C by intrahepatic inoculation with transcribed RNA. Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):570-4.
104.Kuo L, Godeke G J, Raamsman M J, Masters PS, Rottier PJ. Retargeting of coronavirus by substitution of the spike glycoprotein ectodomain: crossing the host cell species barrier. J Virol. 2000 Feb; 74(3): 1393-406.
105.Lai CJ, Zhao BT, Hori H, Bray M. Infectious RNA transcribed from stably cloned full-length cDNA of dengue type 4 virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 15;88(12):5139-43.
106.Lai MM. The making of infectious viral RNA: No size limit in sight. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5025-7.
107.Lawson, N. D., Stiliman, E. A., Whitt, M. A. & Rose, J. K. (1995). Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses from DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92, 4477-4481.
108.Lee KJ, Novella IS, Teng MN, OIdstone MB, de La Torre JC. NP and L proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are sufficient for efficient transcription and replication of LCMV genomic RNA analogs. J Virol. 2000 Apr;74(8):3470-7.
109.Lee K J, Perez M, Pinschewer DD, de la Torre JC.Identification of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) proteins required to rescue LCMV RNA analogs into LCMV-like particles. J Virol 2002 Jun;76(12):6393-7
110.Leong J C, Brown D, Dobos P, et al. Family Birnaviridae. van Regenmortel M H V, Fauquet C M,Bishop D H L, et al. Virus Taxonomy: Seventh Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, San Diego: Academy Press,2000. 481-490
111.Li S, Xu M, Coelingh K. Electroporation of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes for rescue of the nucleoprotein and matrix genes. Virus Res 1995; 37:153-161.
112.Lindberg AM,Polacek C,Johansson S. Amplification and cloning of complete enterovirus genomes by long distance PCR. J Virol Methods, 1997,65:191-199.
113.Lindenbach BD, Sgro JY, Ahlquist P. Long-distance base pairing in flock house virus RNA1 regulates subgenomic RNA3 synthesis and RNA2 replication. J Virol. 2002 Apr;76(8):3905-19.
114.Lopez, N., Muller, R., Prehaud, C. & Bouloy, M. (1995). The L protein of Rift Valley fever virus can rescue viral ribonucleoproteins and transcribe synthetic genome-like RNA molecules. Journal of Virology 69, 3972-3979.
115.Lopez-Moya JJ, Garcia JA.Construction of a stable and highly infectious intron-containing cDNA clone of plum pox potyvirus and its use to infect plants by particle bombardment. Virus Res. 2000 Jul;68(2):99-107.
116.Luytjes W, Krystal M, Enami M, Pavin JD, Palese P. Amplification, expression, and packaging of foreign gene by influenza virus. Cell 1989; 59:1107-1113.
117.Macreadie I G&Azad A A. Internal initiation and frameshifing in infectious bursal disease virus sequence expression in E.coli.Virology. 1991,184:773～776
118.Mahardika G N K&Becht H. Mapping of cross reacting and serotype-specific epitopes on the VP3 structural protein of the infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol .1995,140:765～774
119.Martinez JM, Breidenbach HH, Cawthon R.Long RT-PCR of the entire 8.5-kb NF1 open reading frame and mutation detection on agarose gels. Genome Res 1996 Jan;6(1):58-66
120.Martinez-Salas E, Ramos R, Lafuente E, et al. Functional interactions in internal translation initiation directed by viral and cellular IRES elements. J Gen Virol. 2001,82:973-984.
121.Masters PS, Koetzner CA, Kerr CA, Heo Y. Optimization of targeted RNA recombination and mapping of a novel nucleocapsid gene mutation in the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus. J Virol. 1994 Jan;68(1):328-37.
122.Mendez A, Smerdou C, Izeta A, Gebauer F, Enjuanes L. Molecular characterization of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus defective interfering genomes: packaging and heterogeneity. Virology. 1996 Mar 15;217(2):495-507.
123.Miller WA, Koev G. Synthesis of subgenomic RNAs by positive-strand RNA viruses. Virology. 2000 Jul 20;273(1):1-8.
124.Mindich L. Reverse genetics of dsRNA bacteriophage phi 6. Adv Virus Res. 1999;53:341-53.
125.Mishin VP, Cominelli F, Yamshchikov VF. A 'minimal' approach in design of flavivirus infectious DNA.Virus Res. 2001 Dec 4;81(1-2):113-23.
126.Mizutani S, Colonno RJ. In vitro synthesis of an infectious RNA from cDNA clones of human rhinovirus type 14. J Virol. 1985 Nov;56(2):628-32.
127.Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2876-82.
128.Molla A, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Cell-free, de novo synthesis of poliovirus. Science. 1991 Dec 13 ;254(5038):1647-51.
129.Moss B, Elroy-Stein O, Mizukami T, Alexander WA, Fuerst TR. Product review. New mammalian expression vectors. Nature. 1990 Nov 1;348(6296):91-2.
130.Muhlberger, E., Lotfering, B., Klenk, H. D. & Becket, S. (1998). Three of the four nucleocapsid proteins of Marburg virus, NP, VP35, and L, are sufficient to mediate replication and transcription of Marburg virus-specific monocistronic minigenomes.Journal of Virology 72, 8756-8764.
131.Muller H, Becht H. Biosynthesis of virus-specific proteins in cells infected with infectious bursal disease virus and their significance as structural elements for infectious virus and incomplete particles. J Virol,1982,44:384-392.
132.Muller H, Nitschke R. The two segments of infectious bursal disease virus genome are circularized by a 90000-Da protein. Virology, 1987, 159:174-177
133.Muller H, Nitschke R. The two segments of infectious bursal disease virus genome are circularized by a 90000-Da protein. Virology, 1987, 159:174-177
134.Muller H, Schnitzler D, Bernstein H, et al. Infectious bursal disease of pourtry: antigenic structure of the virus and control. Vet Microbiol. 1992, 33:175～183
135.Mundt E, Muller H. Complete nucleotide sequences of 5 -and 3 -noncoding regions of both genome segments of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus.Virology, 1995, 209:10-18
136.Mundt E, Muller H. Complete nucleotide sequences of 5 -and 3 -noncoding regions of both genome segments of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 1995, 209:10-18
137.Mundt&Vakharia V N. Synthetic transcripts of double-stranded Birnavirus genome are infectious.PNAS. USA. 1996, 93:11131～11136
138.Mundt, Beyer J, Muller H, et al. Identification of a novel viral protein in infectious bursal disease virus-infected cells. J Gen Virol. 1995,76:437～443
139.Mundt, Kollner B, Kretzschmar D. VP5 of infectious bursal disease virus is not essential for viral replication in cell culture. J Virol. 1997,71:5647～5651
140.Mundt. Tissue culture infectivity of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus is de terminde by distinct amino acids in VP2. J Gen Virol. 1999, 80:2067～2076
141.Nakielny S, Dreyfuss G. Transport of proteins and RNAs in and out of the nucleus. Cell. 1999 Dec 23;99(7):677-90.
142.Neumann G, Hobom G. Mutational analysis of influenza virus promoter elements in vivo. J Gen Virol.1995 Jul;76 (Pt 7):1709-17.
143.Neumann G, Watanabe T, Ito H, Watanabe S, Goto H, Gao P, Hughes M, Perez DR, Donis R, Hoffmann E,Hobom G, Kawaoka Y. Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 3;96(16):9345-50.
144.Neumann G, Zobel A, Hobom G. RNA polymerase I-mediated expression of influenza viral RNA molecules. Virology. 1994 Jul;202(1):477-9.
145.Neumann, G., Feldmann, H., Watanabe, S., Lukashevich, I. & Kawaoka, Y. (2002). Reverse genetics demonstrates that proteolytic processing of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is not essential for replication in cell culture. Journal of Virology 76, 406-410.
146.Nibert ML, Margraf RL, Coombs KM. Nonrandom segregation of parental alleles in reovirus reassortants.J Virol. 1996 Oct;70(10):7295-300.
147.Ohno K, Sawai K, Iijima Y, Levin B, Meruelo D. Cell-specific targeting of Sindbis virus vectors displaying IgG-binding domains of protein A. Nat Biotechnol. 1997 Aug;15(8):763-7.
148.Olsen BS, Johansen IE. R. Nucleotide sequence and infectious cDNA clone of the L1 isolate of Pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus. Arch Virol. 2001; 146(1 ): 15-25.
149.Oppling V, Muller H, Becht H, et al. Heterogeneity of the antigenic site responsible for the induction of neutrolizing antibodies in infectious bursal disease virus.Arch Virol.1991,119:211～223
150.Panda SK, Ansari IH, Durgapal H, Agrawal S, Jameel S. The in vitro-synthesized RNA from a cDNA clone of hepatitis E virus is infectious. J Virol. 2000 Mar;74(5):2430-7.
151.Pitcovski J , Levi. B Z, Maray T, et al. Failure of viral protein 3 of infectious bursal disease virus produced in prokearyotic and Eukaryotic expression systems to protect chickens against the disease.Avian Dis. 1999, 43:8-15
152.Pitcovski J, Di-Castro D, Shaaltiel Y, et al. Insect cell derived VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus confers protection against the disease in chickens. Avian Dis. 1996, 40:753-761
153.Polo JM, Belli BA, Driver DA, Frolov I, Sherrill S, Hariharan MJ, Townsend K, Perri S, Mento SJ, Jolly DJ, Chang SM, Schlesinger S, Dubensky TW Jr. Stable alphavirus packaging cell lines for Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus-derived vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 13;96(8):4598-603.
154.Polo S, Ketner G, Levis R, Falgout B. R. Infectious RNA transcripts from full-length dengue virus type 2 cDNA clones made in yeast. J Virol. 1997 Jul;71(7):5366-74.
155.Prehaud C, Lopez N, Blok MJ, Obry V, Bouloy M. Analysis of the 3' terminal sequence recognized by the Riff Valley fever virus transcription complex in its ambisense S segment. Virology. 1997 Jan 6;227(1): 189-97.
156.Price BD, Ahlquist P, Ball LA. DNA-directed expression of an animal virus RNA for replication-dependent colony formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1610-6.
157.Price BD, Ahlquist P, Ball LA. DNA-directed expression of an animal virus RNA for replication-dependent colony formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1610-6.
158.Price BD, Roeder M, Ahlquist P. DNA-Directed expression of functional flock house virus RNA1 derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterologous gene expression, and selective effects on subgenomic mRNA synthesis. J Virol. 2000 Dec;74(24): 11724-33.
159.Price BD, Rueckert RR, Ahlouist P. Complete replication of an animal virus and maintenance of expression vectors derived from it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9465-70.
160.Pushko P, Parker M, Ludwig GV, Davis NL, Johnston RE, Smith JF. Replicon-helper systems from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: expression of heterologous genes in vitro and immunization against heterologous pathogens in vivo. Virology. 1997 Dec 22;239(2):389-401.
161.Qian B, Kibenge F S B. Observations on polymerase chain reaction amplification of infectious bursal disease virus dsRNA. J Virol Methods, 1994, 47:237-242
162.Racaniello VR, Baltimore D. Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells.Science. 1981 Nov 20;214(4523):916-9.
163.Radecke F, Spielhofer P, Schneider H, Kaelin K, Huber M, Dotsch C, Christiansen G, Billeter MA.Rescue of measles viruses from cloned DNA.EMBO J. 1995 Dec 1 ;14(23):5773-84.
164.Raju R, Huang HV. Analysis of Sindbis virus promoter recognition in vivo, using novel vectors with two subgenomic mRNA promoters. J Virol. 1991 May;65(5):2501-10.
165.Recovery of virtually full-length HIV-1 provirus of diverse subtypes from primary virus cultures using the polymerase chain reaction. Virology. 1995 Oct 20;213(1):80-6.
166.Reddy S K&Silim A. Comparison of neutralizing antigens of recent isolates on infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol. 1991,117:287～296
167.Reid AH, Fanning TG, Janczewski TA, McCall S, Taubenberger JK.Characterization of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus matrix gene segment. J Virol 2002 Nov;76(21): 10717-23
168.Rice CM, Grakoui A, Galler R, Chambers TJ. Transcription of infectious yellow fever RNA from full-length cDNA templates produced by in vitro ligation. New Biol. 1989 Dec;1(3):285-96.
169.Rice CM, Levis R, Strauss JH, Huang HV. Production of infectious RNA transcripts from Sindbis virus cDNA clones: mapping of lethal mutations, rescue of a temperature-sensitive marker, and in vitro mutagenesis to generate defined mutants. J Virol. 1987 Dec;61(12):3809-19.
170.Roberts A, Rose JK. Recovery of negative-strand RNA viruses from plasmid DNAs: a positive approach revitalizes a negative field.Virology. 1998 Jul 20;247(1): 1-6.
171.Roner MR, Joklik WK. Reovirus reverse genetics: Incorporation of the CAT gene into the reovirus genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jul 3;98(14):8036-41.
172.Roner MR, Lin PN, Nepluev I, Kong LJ, Joklik WK. Identification of signals required for the insertion of heterologous genome segments into the reovirus genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 19;92(26): 12362-6.
173.Roner MR, Nepliouev I, Sherry B, Joklik WK. Construction and characterization of a reovirus double temperature-sensitive mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):6826-30.
174.Roner MR, Sutphin LA, Joklik WK. Reovirus RNA is infectious. Virology. 1990 Dec;179(2):845-52.
175.S.Hoshi, Nakamura T, Nunoya T, et al. Induction of protective immunity in chickens orally immunized with inactivated infectious bursal disease virus.Vaccine. 1995,13:245～252
176.Salvato MS, Shimomaye EM.The completed sequence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reveals a unique RNA structure and a gene for a zinc finger protein. Virology 1989 Nov; 173(1): 1-10
177.Schnell MJ, Mebatsion T, Conzelmann KK. Infectious rabies viruses from cloned cDNA. EMBO J. 1994 Sep 15;13(18):4195-203.
178.Shakya S, Joshi R K, Gupta N, et al. Organ culture of chicken bursa as a model to study the pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus isolates. Avian Dis. 1999, 43:167～171
179.Sheppard M, Werner W, Tsatas D, et al. Fowl adenovirus recombinant oxpressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus induce protective immunity against bursal disease. Arch Virol. 1998, 142:915～930
180.Shi PY, Tilgner M, Lo MK, Kent KA, Bernard KA. Infectious cDNA clone of the epidemic west nile virus from New York City. J Virol. 2002 Jun;76(12):5847-56.
181.Shwed PS, Dobos P, Cameron LA, Vakharia VN, Duncan R. Birnavirus VP1 proteins form a distinct subgroup of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lacking a GDD motif.Virology. 2002 May 10;296(2):241-50.
182.Smerdou C, Liljestrom P. Two-helper RNA system for production of recombinant Semliki forest virus particles. J Virol. 1999 Feb;73(2):1092-8.
183.Snyder D B, Vakharia V N, Mengel-Whereat SA, et al. Active cross-protection induced by a recombinant baculovirus expressing chimeric infectious bursal disease virus structural proteins. Avian Dis.1994,38:701～707
184.Stewart AC, Gravitt PE, Cheng S, Wheeler CM.Generation of entire human papillomavirus genomes by long PCR: frequency of errors produced during amplification. Genome Res, 1995 Aug;5(1):79-88
185.Strauss JH, Strauss EG. Viral RNA replication. With a little help from the host. Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):802-4.
186.Sumiyoshi H, Hoke CH, Trent DW. Infectious Japanese encephalitis virus RNA can be synthesized from in vitro-ligated cDNA templates. J Virol. 1992 Sep;66(9):5425-31.
187.Szewczyk B, Laver WG, Summers DF. Purification, thioredoxin renaturation, and reconstituted activity of the three subunits of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85:7907-7911.
188.Taniguchi T, Palmieri M, Weissmann C. QB DNA-containing hybrid plasmids giving rise to QB phage formation in the bacterial host. Nature. 1978 Jul 20;274(5668):223-8.
189.Tellier R, Bukh J, Emerson SU, Miller RH, Purcell RH. Long PCR and its application to hepatitis viruses: amplification of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C virus genomes. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Dec;34(12):3085-91.
190.Tellier R, Bukh J, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Amplification of the full-length hepatitis A virus genome by long reverse transcription-PCR and transcription of infectious RNA directly from the amplicon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 30;93(9):4370-3.
191.Thiel V, Herold J, Schelle B, Siddell SG. Infectious RNA transcribed in vitro from a cDNA copy of the human coronavirus genome cloned in vaccinia virus. J Gen Virol. 2001 Jun;82(Pt 6):1273-81.
192.Thiel V, Herold J, Siddell SG. Long distance RT-PCRs of human coronavirus 229E RNA. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;440:269-73.
193.Thiel V, Rashtchian A, Herold J, Schuster DM, Guan N, Siddell SG. Effective amplification of 20-kb DNA by reverse transcription PCR. Anal Biochem. 1997 Oct 1;252(1):62-70.
194.Tsukamoto K, Kojima C, Komori Y, et al. Protection of chickens against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus and MDV with a recombinant MDV expressing infectious bursal disease virus VP2.Virology. 1999, 257:352～362
195.Vakharia V N, Snyder D B, He J, et al. Infectious bursal disease virus structural proteins expressed in a baculovirs recombinant confer protection in chickens. J Gen Virol. 1993, 74:1201～1206
196.Vakharia V N, Snyder D B, Lutticken D, et al. Active and passive protection against variant and classic infectious bursal disease virus strains induced by baculovirus-expressed structural proteins. Vaccine. 1994, 12:452～456Wiebe Van der sluis. 1998年世界禽病最新动态．预防兽医学进展，1999,1:33-35
197.van Dinten LC, den Boon JA, Wassenaar AL, Spaan W J, Snijder EJ. An infectious arterivirus cDNA clone: identification of a replicase point mutation that abolishes discontinuous mRNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 4;94(3):991-6.
198.Varnavski AN, Young PR, Khromykh AA. Stable high-level expression of heterologous genes in vitro and in vivo by noncytopathic DNA-based Kunjin virus replicon vectors. J Virol. 2000 May;74(9):4394-403.
199.Volchkov, V. E., Volchkova, V. A., Muhlberger, E., Kolesnikova, L. V., Weik, M., Dolnik, O. & Klenk, H.D. (2001). Recovery of infectious Ebola virus from complementary DNA: RNA editing of the GP gene and viral cytotoxicity. Science 291, 1965-1969.
200.Wagner E, Engelhardt OG, Gruber S, Haller O, Kochs G. Rescue of recombinant Thogoto virus from cloned cDNA. J Virol 2001; 75:9282-9286.
201.Weber S, Fichtner D, Mettenleiter T C, et al. Expression of VP5 of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strain VR299 is initiated at the second in-frame start codon. J Gen Virol, 2001, 82:805-812.
202.Whelan, S. P., Ball, L. A., Barr, J. N. & Wertz, G. T. (1995). Efficient recovery of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus entirely from cDNA clones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92,8388-8392.
203.Worobey M, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Robertson DL.Questioning the evidence for genetic recombination in the 1918 "Spanish flu" virus. Science 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):211
204.Xiong C, Levis R, Shen P, Schlesinger S, Rice CM, Huang HV. Sindbis virus: an efficient, broad host range vector for gene expression in animal cells. Science. 1989 Mar 3;243(4895):1188-91.
205.Yamaguchi T, Ogawa M, Inoshima Y, et al. Identification of sequence changes responsible for the attenuation of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virology. 1996,223:219～223
206.Yamshchikov VF, Wengler G, Perelygin AA, Brinton MA, Compans RW. An infectious clone of the West Nile flavivirus. Virology. 2001 Mar 15;281 (2):294-304.
207.Yamshchikov VF, Mishin V, Cominelli F. A new strategy in design of (+)RNA virus infectious clones enabing their stable propagation in E.coli. Virology.2001,281,272-280
208.Yanagi M, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, Bukh J. Transcripts from a single full-length cDNA clone of hepatitis C virus are infectious when directly transfected into the liver of a chimpanzee. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Aug 5;94(16):8738-43.
209.Yao K, Vakharia VN. Generation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from cloned cDNA. J Virol. 1998 Nov;72(11):8913-20.
210.Yao,K, Goodwin M A, Vakharia V N. Generation of a mutant infectious bursal disease virus that does not cause bursal lesions. J Virol. 1998,72:2647～2654
211.Yap CC, Ishii K, Aoki Y, Aizaki H, Tani H, Shimizu H, Ueno Y, Miyamura T, Matsuura Y. A hybrid baculovirus-T7 RNA polymerase system for recovery of an infectious virus from cDNA. Virology. 1997 May 12;231 (2):192-200.
212.Yehuda H, Pitcovski J, Michael A, et al. Viral Protein 1 Sequence analysis of three infectious bursal disease virus strains: A very virulent virus, its attenuated form, and an attenuated vaccine.Avian Dis.1999, 43:55～64
213.Yount B, Curtis KM, Baric RS. Strategy for systematic assembly of large RNA and DNA genomes:transmissible gastroenteritis virus model. J Virol. 2000 Nov;74(22): 10600-11.
214.Yount B, Denison MR, Weiss SR, Baric RS. Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious cDNA of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59.J Virol. 2002 Nov;76(21): 11065-7.
215.Zobel A, Neumann G, Hobom G. RNA polymerase Ⅰ catalysed transcription of insert viral cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Aug 11;21(16):3607-14.
216．李建荣，传染性法氏囊病病毒基因免疫的研究．2001，浙江大学博士学位论文．
217．宋坤华，传染性法氏囊病病毒HZ96株VP2cDNA结构分析及在家蚕细胞中表达的研究．1999，浙江大学硕士学位论文．
218．田少敏，钱建飞，邵国青等．高免疫原性的高压力失活病毒．生物化学与生物物理学报．1999，31：334～336
219．叶伟成，传染性法氏囊病病毒血清型分析及弱毒株的培养．1998，浙江农业大学硕士学位论文．
2.Ahlquist P, Janda M. cDNA cloning and in vitro transcription of the complete brome mosaic virus genome. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2876-82.
3.Akin A, Wu C C, Lin T L.A comparison of two RNA isolation methods for double-stranded RNA of infectious bursal disease virus.J Virol Methods, 1998, 74:179-184
4.Akin A, Wu C C, Lin T L. Amplification and cloning of infectious bursal disease virus genomic RNA segments by long and accurate PCR. J Virol Methods, 1999, 82:55-61
5.Almazan F, Gonzalez JM, Penzes Z, Izeta A, Calvo E, Plana-Duran J, Enjuanes L. Engineering the largest RNA virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5516-21.
6.Antonucci TK, Wen P, Rutter WJ. Eukaryotic promoters drive gene expression in Escherichia coll. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 25;264(30):17656-9.
7.Azad A A, Barrett S A, Fahey K J. The characterization and molecular cloning of double-stranded RNA genome of an Australian strain of infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 1985,143:35-44
8.Azad A A, Jagadish M N, Brown M N, et al. Deletion mapping and expression in E. Coli of the large genomic segment of a birnavirus. Virology. 1987,161:145～152
9.Azad A A, Mckem N M, Macreadie I G, et al. Physiochemical and immunological characterization of recombinant host-protective antigen of infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine. 1991,9:715～722
10.Ball LA. Cellular expression of a functional nodavirus RNA replicon from vaccinia virus vectors. J Virol.1992 Apr;66(4):2335-45.
11.Ball LA. Replication of the genomic RNA of a positive-strand RNA animal virus from negative-sense transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12443-7.
12.Balny C, 阮康成. An emerging field in bioscience: High hydrostatic pressure study. 生物化学与生物物理学报．1999,31:619～624
13.Barnes WM. PCR amplification of up to 35-kb DNA with high fidelity and high yield from lambda bacteriophage templates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 15;91(6):2216-20.
14.Basler CF, Reid AH, Dybing JK, et al. From the cover: Sequence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nonstructural gene (NS) segment and characterization of recombinant viruses bearing the 1918 NS genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 ;98:2746-2751.
15.Bayliss CD, Peters R W, Cook J K A, et al. Recombinsnt fowlpos virus that expvesses the VP2 antige of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus. Arch Virol. 1991,120:193～205
16.Berglund P, Fleeton MN, Smerdou C, Liljestrom P. Immunization with recombinant Semliki Forest virus induces protection against influenza challenge in mice. Vaccine. 1999 Feb 5;17(5):497-507.
17.Berglund P, Smerdou C, Fleeton MN, Tubulekas I, Liljestrom P. Enhancing immune responses using suicidal DNA vaccines.Nat Biotechnol. 1998 Jun;16(6):562-5.
18.Boot H J, Ter Huurne A A H M, Peeters B P H.Generation of full-length cDNA of the two genomic dsRNA segments of infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol Methods, 2000, 84:49-58
19.Bottcher, N. A. Kiselev, V. Y. Stelmashchuk, et al. Three-Dimensional structure of infectious bursal disease virus determined by electron cryomicroscopy.J Virol. 1997, 71:325～330
20.Boyce FM, Bucher NL. Baculovirus-mediated gene transfer into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2348-52.
21.Boyer JC, Bebenek K, Kunkel TA. Unequal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase error rates with RNA and DNA templates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6919-23.
22.Boyer JC, Haenni AL. Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. Virology, 1994 Feb; 198(2):415-26.
23.Bridgen, A. & Elliott, R. M. (1996). Rescue of a segmented negative-strand RNA virus entirely from cloned complementary DNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93, 15400-15404.
24.Britton P, Green P, Kottier S, Mawditt KL, Penzes Z, Cavanagh D, Skinner MA. Expression of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in avian and mammalian cells by a recombinant fowlpox virus. J Gen Virol. 1996 May;77 ( Pt 5):963-7.
25.Brown M D, Skinner M A. Coding sequences of both genome segments of a European 'very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Res, 1996, 40:1-15
26.Cao Y C, Yeung W S, Law Y Z, et al, Molecular characterization of seven Chinese isolates of infectious bursal disease virus: classical, very virulent and variant strains. Avian Dis. 1998,42:340～351
27.Casais R, Thiel V, Siddell SG, Cavanagh D, Britton P. Reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. J Virol. 2001 Dec;75(24): 12359-69.
28.Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1016-8.
29.Cheng S, Chang SY, Gravitt P, Respess R. Long PCR. Nature 1994 Jun 23;369(6482):684-5
30.Cheng S, Fockler C, Barnes WM, Higuchi R. Effective amplification of long targets from cloned inserts and human genomic DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 7;91(12):5695-9.
31.Cheng S, Higuchi R, Stoneking M.Complete mitochondriai genome amplification. Nat Genet 1994 Jul;7(3):350-1
32.Cho MK, Magnus D, Caplan AL, McGee D. Ethical considerations in synthesizing a minimal genome.Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2087, 2089-90.
33.Chomczynski P. A reagent for the single-step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. Biotechniques. 1993 Sep; 15(3):532-4, 536-7.
34.Chumakov KM. PCR engineering of viral quasispecies: a new method to preserve and manipulate genetic diversity of RNA virus populations. J Virol 1996 Oct;70(10):7331-4
35.Chung HK, Kordyban S, Cameron L, et al. Nucleotide,Protein Sequence analysis of the bicistronic Drosophila X virus genome segment A and its encoded polypeptides. Virology, 1996, 225:359-368.
36.Cornu TI, de la Torre JC. RING finger Z protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) inhibits transcription and RNA replication of an LCMV S-segment minigenome. J Virol.2001 Oct;75(19):9415-26.
37.Cornu TI, de la Torre JC. Characterization of the arenavirus RING finger Z protein regions required for Z-mediated inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. J Virol. 2002 Jul;76(13):6678-88.
38.Cress DE, Kiefer MC, Owens RA. Construction of infectious potato spindle tuber viroid cDNA clones.Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Oct 11;11(19):6821-35.
39.Darteil R, Bublot M, Laplace E, et al. Herpesvirus of Turkey recombinant viruses expressing infectious bursal disease virus VP2 immunogen induce protection against an infectious bursal disease virus virulent challenge in chickens. Virology. 1995.211:481～490
40.Das T, Mathur M, Gupta AK, Janssen GM, Banerjee AK. RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus specifically associates with translation elongation factor-1 alphabetagamma for its activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 17;95(4):1449-54.
41.Dasmahapatra B, Dasgupta R, Saunders K, Selling B, Gallagher T, Kaesberg P. R. Infectious RNA derived by transcription from cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNA of an insect virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jan;83(1):63-6.
42.Dawson WO, Lewandowski DJ, Hilf ME, Bubrick P, Raffo AJ, Shaw JJ, Grantham GL, Desjardins PR.A tobacco mosaic virus-hybrid expresses and loses an added gene. Virology. 1989 Sep;172(1):285-92.
43.de Haan CA, Masters PS, Shen X, Weiss S, Rottier PJ. The group-specific murine coronavirus genes are not essential, but their deletion, by reverse genetics, is attenuating in the natural host. Virology. 2002 Apr 25 ;296(1): 177-89.
44.de la Luna S, Martin J, Portela A, Ortin J. Influenza virus naked RNA can be expressed upon transfection into cells co-expressing the three subunits of the polymerase and the nucleoprotein from simian virus 40 recombinant viruses. J Gen Virol 1993,74:535-539.
45.Diez J, Ishikawa M, Kaido M, Ahlquist P. Identification and characterization of a host protein required for efficient template selection in viral RNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Apr 11;97(8):3913-8.
46.Dubensky TW Jr, Driver DA, Polo JM, Belli BA, Latham EM, Ibanez CE, Chada S, Brumm D, Banks TA,Mento S J, Jolly DJ, Chang SM. Sindbis virus DNA-based expression vectors: utility for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. J Virol, 1996,70(1):508-519
47.Durbin AP, Hall SL, Siew JW, Whitehead SS,Collins PL, Murphy BR. Recovery of infectious human parainfluenza virus type 3 from cDNA. Virology 1997; 235:323-332.
48.Dybing J K&Jackwood D J. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of baculovirus expressed infectious bursal disease virus proteins. Avian Dis. 1998, 42:80～91
49.Dybing J K&Jackwood D J. Expression of MD infectious bursal disease virus Proteins in baculovirus. Avian Dis. 1997, 41:617～626
50.Emerson SU, Zhang M, Meng X J, Nguyen H, St Claire M, Govindarajan S, Huang YK, Purcell RH. Recombinant hepatitis E virus genomes infectious for primates: importance of capping and discovery of a cis-reactive element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 18;98(26):15270-5.
51.Enami M, Luytjes W, Krystal M, Palese P. Introduction of site-specific mutations into the genome of influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:3802-3805.
52.Enami M, Sharma G, Benham C, Palese P. An influenza virus containing nine different RNA segments. Virology. 1991 Nov;185(1):291-8.
53.Eterradossi N, Arnauld C, Toquin D,et al. Critical amino acid changes in VP2 variable domain are associated with typical and atypical antigenicity in very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol. 1998,143:1627～1636
54.Fernandez-Arias A, Martinez S&Rodriguez J F. The major antigenic protein of infectious bursal disease virus, VP2, is an apoptotic inducer. J Virol, 1997, 71:8014～8018
55.Fernandez-Arias A, Risco C, Martinez S, et al. Expression of ORF Al of infectious bursal disease virus vesults in the formation of virus-like particles. J Gen Virol. 1998,79:1047～1054
56.Fleeton MN, Liljestrom P, Sheahan B J, Atkins GJ. Recombinant Semliki Forest virus particles expressing louping ill virus antigens induce a better protective response than plasmid-based DNA vaccines or an inactivated whole particle vaccine. J Gert Virol. 2000 Mar;81(Pt3):749-58.
57.Flick R, Elgh F, Pettersson RF. Mutational Analysis of the Uukuniemi Virus (Bunyaviridae Family)Promoter Reveals Two Elements of Functional Importance.J Virol 2002 Nov 1 ;76(21):10849-10860.
58.Flick, R. & Pettersson, R. F. (2001). Reverse genetics system for Uukuniemi virus (Bunyaviridae): RNA polymerase I-catalyzed expression of chimeric viral RNAs. Journal of Virology 75, 1643-1655.
59.Fodor E, Devenish L, Engelhardt OG, Palese P, Brownlee GG, Garcia-Sastre A. Rescue of influenza A virus from recombinant DNA. J Virol 1999;73:9679-9682.
60.Foecking MK, Hofstetter H. Powerful and versatile enhancer-promoter unit for mammalian expression vectors.
61.Forns X, Bukh J, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. How Escherichia coli can bias the results of molecular cloning: preferential selection of defective genomes of hepatitis C virus during the cloning procedure.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13909-14.
62.French R, Ahlquist P. Characterization and engineering of sequences controlling in vivo synthesis of brome mosaic virus subgenomic RNA.J Virol. 1988 Jul;62(7):2411-20.
63.Frolov I, Agapov E, Hoffman TA Jr, Pragai BM, Lippa M, Schlesinger S, Rice CM. Selection of RNA replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells. J Virol. 1999 May;73(5):3854-65.
64.Frolov I, Frolova E, Schlesinger S. Sindbis virus replicons and Sindbis virus: assembly of chimeras and of particles deficient in virus RNA.J Virol. 1997 Apr;71 (4):2819-29.
65.Fuerst TR, Niles EG, Studier FW, Moss B. Eukaryotic transient-expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(21):8122-6.
66.Gabriele Neumann and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. Generation of influenza A virus from cloned cDNAs—historical perspective and outlook for the new millenium. Rev. Med. Virol, 2002; 12:13-30.
67.Garcin D, Pelet T, Calain P, Roux L, Curran J, Kolakofsky D. A highly recombinogenic system for the recovery of infectious Sendai paramyxovirus from cDNA: generation of a novel copy-back nondefective interfering virus. EMBO J. 1995 Dec 15;14(24):6087-94.
68.Goff SP, Berg P. Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells. Cell. 1976 Dec;9(4 PT 2):695-705.
69.Gritsun TS, Gould EA. Infectious transcripts of tick-borne encephalitis virus, generated in days by RT-PCR. Gene. 1986;45(1):101-5.
70.Gunther S, Li BC, Miska S, Kruger DH, Meisel H, Will H. A novel method for efficient amplification of whole hepatitis B virus genomes permits rapid functional analysis and reveals deletion mutants in immunosuppressed patients. J Virol. 1995 Sep;69(9):5437-44.
71.Hahn CS, Hahn YS, Braciale TJ, Rice CM. Infectious Sindbis virus transient expression vectors for studying antigen processing and presentation.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 1;89(7):2679-83.
72.Hatta M, Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y. Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong HSN1 influenza A viruses. Science 2001 ;293:1840-1842.
73.Heine H G&Boyle D B. Infectious bursal disease virus structure protein VP2 expression by a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection against disease in chickens.Arch Virol. 1993,131:277～292
74.Heine H G, Hyatt A D, Boyle D B. Modification of infectious bursal disease virus antigen VP2 for cell surface location fails to enhance immunogenicity. Virus Res. 1994,32:313～328
75.Herold J, Thiel V, Siddell SG. A strategy for the generation of infectious RNAs and autonomously replicating RNAs based on the HCV 229E genome. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;440:265-8.
76.Hewson R. RNA viruses: emerging vectors for vaccination and gene therapy. Mol Med Today. 2000 Jan;6(1):28-35.
77.Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Hobom G, Webster RG, Kawaoka Y. "Ambisense" approach for the generation of influenza A virus: vRNA and mRNA synthesis from one template.Virology. 2000 Feb 15;267(2):310-7.
78.Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Hobom G, Webster RG. A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):6108-13.
79.Hoffmann E, Webster RG. Unidirectional RNA polymerase Ⅰ-polymerase Ⅱ transcription system for the generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids. J Gert Virol 2000; 81:2843-2847.
80.Hofmann C, Sandig V, Jennings G, Rudolph M, Schlag P, Strauss M. Efficient gene transfer into human hepatocytes by baculovirus vectors.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Oct 24;92(22): 10099-103.
81.Honda A, Mukaigawa J, Yokoiyama A, et al. Purification and molecular structure of RNA polymerase from influenza virus A/PR8. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1990; 107:624-628.
82.Honda A, Ueda K, Nagata K, Ishihama A.ldentification of the RNA polymerase-binding site on genome RNA of influenza virus. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1987; 102:1241-1249.
83.Hu YC, Bentley WE, Edwards GH, et al. Chimeric infectious bursal disease virus-lick particles expressed in insect cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1999,63:721～729
84.Huang TS, Palese P, Krystal M. Determination of influenza virus proteins required for genome replication.J Virol 1990; 64:5669-5673.
85.Hutchison CA, Peterson SN, Gill SR, Cline RT, White O, Fraser CM, Smith HO, Venter JC. Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome. Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2165-9.
86.Iijima Y, Ohno K, Ikeda H, Sawai K, Levin B, Meruelo D. Cell-specific targeting of a thymidine kinase/ganciclovir gene therapy system using a recombinant Sindbis virus vector. Int J Cancer. 1999 Jan 5;80(1):110-8.
87.Ishikawa M, Janda M, Krol MA, Ahlquist P, In vivo DNA expression of functional brome mosaic virus RNA replicons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 1997 Oct;71(10):7781-90.
88.Izeta A, Smerdou C, Alonso S, Penzes Z, Mendez A, Plana-Duran J, Enjuanes L. Replication and packaging of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus-derived synthetic minigenomes. J Virol. 1999 Feb;73(2):1535-45.
89.Jackwood D J, Jackwood R J, Sommer S E. Identification and comparison of point mutations associated in classic and variant infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Res. 1997,49:131～137
90.Jagadish M N, Vaugham P R, Irving R A, et al. Expression and charaterization of infectious bursal disease virus polyprotein in yeast.Gene. 1990,95:179～186
91.Janda M, Ahlquist P. RNA-dependent replication, transcription, and persistence of brome mosaic virus RNA replicons in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1993 Mar 26;72(6):961-70.
92.John T. Patton, Eugenio Spencer. Genome Replication and Packaging of Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses. Virology, Vol. 277, No. 2, Nov 2000, pp. 217-225
93.Johnson KL, Ball LA. Replication of flock house virus RNAs from primary transcripts made in cells by RNA polymerase Ⅱ. J Virol. 1997 Apr;71(4):3323-7.
94.Joklik WK, Roner MR.What reassorts when reovirus genome segments reassort? J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 3;270(9):4181-4.
95.Jonsson JJ, Converse A, McIvor RS. An enhancer in the first intron of the human purine nucleoside phosphorylase-encoding gene. Gene. 1994 Mar 25 ;140(2): 187-93.
96.Kapoor M, Zhang L, Mohan PM, Padmanabhan R. Synthesis and characterization of an infectious dengue virus type-2 RNA genome (New Guinea C strain). Gene. 1995 Sep 11 ;162(2): 175-80.
97.Karo A, Sakai Y, Shioda T, Kondo T, Nakanishi M, Nagai Y. Initiation of Sendai virus multiplication from transfected cDNA or RNA with negative or positive sense. Genes Cells 1996; 1: 569-579.
98.Kean KM, Wychowski C, Kopecka H, Girard M. Highly infectious plasmids carrying poliovirus cDNA are capable of replication in transfected simian cells. J Virol. 1986 Aug;59(2):490-3.
99.Khromykh AA, Westaway EG. Completion of Kunjin virus RNA sequence and recovery of an infectious RNA transcribed from stably cloned full-length cDNA. J Virol. 1994 Jul;68(7):4580-8.
100.Kibenge F S B, Qian, B., Nagy, E., et al. Formation of virus-like particles when the polyprotein gene (segment A) of infectious bursal disease virus is expressed in insect cells. Can J Vet Res. 1999,63:49～55
101.Klenerman P, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. A non-retroviral RNA virus persists in DNA form. Nature.1997 Nov 20;390(6657):298-301.
102.Kobayashi M, Tuchiya K, Nagata K, Ishihama A. Reconstitution of influenza virus RNA polymerase from three subunits expressed using recombinant baculovirus system. Virus Res 1992; 22:235-245.
103.Kolykhalov AA, Agapov EV, Blight KJ, Mihalik K, Feinstone SM, Rice CM. Transmission of hepatitis C by intrahepatic inoculation with transcribed RNA. Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):570-4.
104.Kuo L, Godeke G J, Raamsman M J, Masters PS, Rottier PJ. Retargeting of coronavirus by substitution of the spike glycoprotein ectodomain: crossing the host cell species barrier. J Virol. 2000 Feb; 74(3): 1393-406.
105.Lai CJ, Zhao BT, Hori H, Bray M. Infectious RNA transcribed from stably cloned full-length cDNA of dengue type 4 virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 15;88(12):5139-43.
106.Lai MM. The making of infectious viral RNA: No size limit in sight. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5025-7.
107.Lawson, N. D., Stiliman, E. A., Whitt, M. A. & Rose, J. K. (1995). Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses from DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92, 4477-4481.
108.Lee KJ, Novella IS, Teng MN, OIdstone MB, de La Torre JC. NP and L proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are sufficient for efficient transcription and replication of LCMV genomic RNA analogs. J Virol. 2000 Apr;74(8):3470-7.
109.Lee K J, Perez M, Pinschewer DD, de la Torre JC.Identification of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) proteins required to rescue LCMV RNA analogs into LCMV-like particles. J Virol 2002 Jun;76(12):6393-7
110.Leong J C, Brown D, Dobos P, et al. Family Birnaviridae. van Regenmortel M H V, Fauquet C M,Bishop D H L, et al. Virus Taxonomy: Seventh Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, San Diego: Academy Press,2000. 481-490
111.Li S, Xu M, Coelingh K. Electroporation of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes for rescue of the nucleoprotein and matrix genes. Virus Res 1995; 37:153-161.
112.Lindberg AM,Polacek C,Johansson S. Amplification and cloning of complete enterovirus genomes by long distance PCR. J Virol Methods, 1997,65:191-199.
113.Lindenbach BD, Sgro JY, Ahlquist P. Long-distance base pairing in flock house virus RNA1 regulates subgenomic RNA3 synthesis and RNA2 replication. J Virol. 2002 Apr;76(8):3905-19.
114.Lopez, N., Muller, R., Prehaud, C. & Bouloy, M. (1995). The L protein of Rift Valley fever virus can rescue viral ribonucleoproteins and transcribe synthetic genome-like RNA molecules. Journal of Virology 69, 3972-3979.
115.Lopez-Moya JJ, Garcia JA.Construction of a stable and highly infectious intron-containing cDNA clone of plum pox potyvirus and its use to infect plants by particle bombardment. Virus Res. 2000 Jul;68(2):99-107.
116.Luytjes W, Krystal M, Enami M, Pavin JD, Palese P. Amplification, expression, and packaging of foreign gene by influenza virus. Cell 1989; 59:1107-1113.
117.Macreadie I G&Azad A A. Internal initiation and frameshifing in infectious bursal disease virus sequence expression in E.coli.Virology. 1991,184:773～776
118.Mahardika G N K&Becht H. Mapping of cross reacting and serotype-specific epitopes on the VP3 structural protein of the infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol .1995,140:765～774
119.Martinez JM, Breidenbach HH, Cawthon R.Long RT-PCR of the entire 8.5-kb NF1 open reading frame and mutation detection on agarose gels. Genome Res 1996 Jan;6(1):58-66
120.Martinez-Salas E, Ramos R, Lafuente E, et al. Functional interactions in internal translation initiation directed by viral and cellular IRES elements. J Gen Virol. 2001,82:973-984.
121.Masters PS, Koetzner CA, Kerr CA, Heo Y. Optimization of targeted RNA recombination and mapping of a novel nucleocapsid gene mutation in the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus. J Virol. 1994 Jan;68(1):328-37.
122.Mendez A, Smerdou C, Izeta A, Gebauer F, Enjuanes L. Molecular characterization of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus defective interfering genomes: packaging and heterogeneity. Virology. 1996 Mar 15;217(2):495-507.
123.Miller WA, Koev G. Synthesis of subgenomic RNAs by positive-strand RNA viruses. Virology. 2000 Jul 20;273(1):1-8.
124.Mindich L. Reverse genetics of dsRNA bacteriophage phi 6. Adv Virus Res. 1999;53:341-53.
125.Mishin VP, Cominelli F, Yamshchikov VF. A 'minimal' approach in design of flavivirus infectious DNA.Virus Res. 2001 Dec 4;81(1-2):113-23.
126.Mizutani S, Colonno RJ. In vitro synthesis of an infectious RNA from cDNA clones of human rhinovirus type 14. J Virol. 1985 Nov;56(2):628-32.
127.Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2876-82.
128.Molla A, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Cell-free, de novo synthesis of poliovirus. Science. 1991 Dec 13 ;254(5038):1647-51.
129.Moss B, Elroy-Stein O, Mizukami T, Alexander WA, Fuerst TR. Product review. New mammalian expression vectors. Nature. 1990 Nov 1;348(6296):91-2.
130.Muhlberger, E., Lotfering, B., Klenk, H. D. & Becket, S. (1998). Three of the four nucleocapsid proteins of Marburg virus, NP, VP35, and L, are sufficient to mediate replication and transcription of Marburg virus-specific monocistronic minigenomes.Journal of Virology 72, 8756-8764.
131.Muller H, Becht H. Biosynthesis of virus-specific proteins in cells infected with infectious bursal disease virus and their significance as structural elements for infectious virus and incomplete particles. J Virol,1982,44:384-392.
132.Muller H, Nitschke R. The two segments of infectious bursal disease virus genome are circularized by a 90000-Da protein. Virology, 1987, 159:174-177
133.Muller H, Nitschke R. The two segments of infectious bursal disease virus genome are circularized by a 90000-Da protein. Virology, 1987, 159:174-177
134.Muller H, Schnitzler D, Bernstein H, et al. Infectious bursal disease of pourtry: antigenic structure of the virus and control. Vet Microbiol. 1992, 33:175～183
135.Mundt E, Muller H. Complete nucleotide sequences of 5 -and 3 -noncoding regions of both genome segments of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus.Virology, 1995, 209:10-18
136.Mundt E, Muller H. Complete nucleotide sequences of 5 -and 3 -noncoding regions of both genome segments of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 1995, 209:10-18
137.Mundt&Vakharia V N. Synthetic transcripts of double-stranded Birnavirus genome are infectious.PNAS. USA. 1996, 93:11131～11136
138.Mundt, Beyer J, Muller H, et al. Identification of a novel viral protein in infectious bursal disease virus-infected cells. J Gen Virol. 1995,76:437～443
139.Mundt, Kollner B, Kretzschmar D. VP5 of infectious bursal disease virus is not essential for viral replication in cell culture. J Virol. 1997,71:5647～5651
140.Mundt. Tissue culture infectivity of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus is de terminde by distinct amino acids in VP2. J Gen Virol. 1999, 80:2067～2076
141.Nakielny S, Dreyfuss G. Transport of proteins and RNAs in and out of the nucleus. Cell. 1999 Dec 23;99(7):677-90.
142.Neumann G, Hobom G. Mutational analysis of influenza virus promoter elements in vivo. J Gen Virol.1995 Jul;76 (Pt 7):1709-17.
143.Neumann G, Watanabe T, Ito H, Watanabe S, Goto H, Gao P, Hughes M, Perez DR, Donis R, Hoffmann E,Hobom G, Kawaoka Y. Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 3;96(16):9345-50.
144.Neumann G, Zobel A, Hobom G. RNA polymerase I-mediated expression of influenza viral RNA molecules. Virology. 1994 Jul;202(1):477-9.
145.Neumann, G., Feldmann, H., Watanabe, S., Lukashevich, I. & Kawaoka, Y. (2002). Reverse genetics demonstrates that proteolytic processing of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is not essential for replication in cell culture. Journal of Virology 76, 406-410.
146.Nibert ML, Margraf RL, Coombs KM. Nonrandom segregation of parental alleles in reovirus reassortants.J Virol. 1996 Oct;70(10):7295-300.
147.Ohno K, Sawai K, Iijima Y, Levin B, Meruelo D. Cell-specific targeting of Sindbis virus vectors displaying IgG-binding domains of protein A. Nat Biotechnol. 1997 Aug;15(8):763-7.
148.Olsen BS, Johansen IE. R. Nucleotide sequence and infectious cDNA clone of the L1 isolate of Pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus. Arch Virol. 2001; 146(1 ): 15-25.
149.Oppling V, Muller H, Becht H, et al. Heterogeneity of the antigenic site responsible for the induction of neutrolizing antibodies in infectious bursal disease virus.Arch Virol.1991,119:211～223
150.Panda SK, Ansari IH, Durgapal H, Agrawal S, Jameel S. The in vitro-synthesized RNA from a cDNA clone of hepatitis E virus is infectious. J Virol. 2000 Mar;74(5):2430-7.
151.Pitcovski J , Levi. B Z, Maray T, et al. Failure of viral protein 3 of infectious bursal disease virus produced in prokearyotic and Eukaryotic expression systems to protect chickens against the disease.Avian Dis. 1999, 43:8-15
152.Pitcovski J, Di-Castro D, Shaaltiel Y, et al. Insect cell derived VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus confers protection against the disease in chickens. Avian Dis. 1996, 40:753-761
153.Polo JM, Belli BA, Driver DA, Frolov I, Sherrill S, Hariharan MJ, Townsend K, Perri S, Mento SJ, Jolly DJ, Chang SM, Schlesinger S, Dubensky TW Jr. Stable alphavirus packaging cell lines for Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus-derived vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 13;96(8):4598-603.
154.Polo S, Ketner G, Levis R, Falgout B. R. Infectious RNA transcripts from full-length dengue virus type 2 cDNA clones made in yeast. J Virol. 1997 Jul;71(7):5366-74.
155.Prehaud C, Lopez N, Blok MJ, Obry V, Bouloy M. Analysis of the 3' terminal sequence recognized by the Riff Valley fever virus transcription complex in its ambisense S segment. Virology. 1997 Jan 6;227(1): 189-97.
156.Price BD, Ahlquist P, Ball LA. DNA-directed expression of an animal virus RNA for replication-dependent colony formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1610-6.
157.Price BD, Ahlquist P, Ball LA. DNA-directed expression of an animal virus RNA for replication-dependent colony formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1610-6.
158.Price BD, Roeder M, Ahlquist P. DNA-Directed expression of functional flock house virus RNA1 derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterologous gene expression, and selective effects on subgenomic mRNA synthesis. J Virol. 2000 Dec;74(24): 11724-33.
159.Price BD, Rueckert RR, Ahlouist P. Complete replication of an animal virus and maintenance of expression vectors derived from it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9465-70.
160.Pushko P, Parker M, Ludwig GV, Davis NL, Johnston RE, Smith JF. Replicon-helper systems from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: expression of heterologous genes in vitro and immunization against heterologous pathogens in vivo. Virology. 1997 Dec 22;239(2):389-401.
161.Qian B, Kibenge F S B. Observations on polymerase chain reaction amplification of infectious bursal disease virus dsRNA. J Virol Methods, 1994, 47:237-242
162.Racaniello VR, Baltimore D. Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells.Science. 1981 Nov 20;214(4523):916-9.
163.Radecke F, Spielhofer P, Schneider H, Kaelin K, Huber M, Dotsch C, Christiansen G, Billeter MA.Rescue of measles viruses from cloned DNA.EMBO J. 1995 Dec 1 ;14(23):5773-84.
164.Raju R, Huang HV. Analysis of Sindbis virus promoter recognition in vivo, using novel vectors with two subgenomic mRNA promoters. J Virol. 1991 May;65(5):2501-10.
165.Recovery of virtually full-length HIV-1 provirus of diverse subtypes from primary virus cultures using the polymerase chain reaction. Virology. 1995 Oct 20;213(1):80-6.
166.Reddy S K&Silim A. Comparison of neutralizing antigens of recent isolates on infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol. 1991,117:287～296
167.Reid AH, Fanning TG, Janczewski TA, McCall S, Taubenberger JK.Characterization of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus matrix gene segment. J Virol 2002 Nov;76(21): 10717-23
168.Rice CM, Grakoui A, Galler R, Chambers TJ. Transcription of infectious yellow fever RNA from full-length cDNA templates produced by in vitro ligation. New Biol. 1989 Dec;1(3):285-96.
169.Rice CM, Levis R, Strauss JH, Huang HV. Production of infectious RNA transcripts from Sindbis virus cDNA clones: mapping of lethal mutations, rescue of a temperature-sensitive marker, and in vitro mutagenesis to generate defined mutants. J Virol. 1987 Dec;61(12):3809-19.
170.Roberts A, Rose JK. Recovery of negative-strand RNA viruses from plasmid DNAs: a positive approach revitalizes a negative field.Virology. 1998 Jul 20;247(1): 1-6.
171.Roner MR, Joklik WK. Reovirus reverse genetics: Incorporation of the CAT gene into the reovirus genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jul 3;98(14):8036-41.
172.Roner MR, Lin PN, Nepluev I, Kong LJ, Joklik WK. Identification of signals required for the insertion of heterologous genome segments into the reovirus genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 19;92(26): 12362-6.
173.Roner MR, Nepliouev I, Sherry B, Joklik WK. Construction and characterization of a reovirus double temperature-sensitive mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):6826-30.
174.Roner MR, Sutphin LA, Joklik WK. Reovirus RNA is infectious. Virology. 1990 Dec;179(2):845-52.
175.S.Hoshi, Nakamura T, Nunoya T, et al. Induction of protective immunity in chickens orally immunized with inactivated infectious bursal disease virus.Vaccine. 1995,13:245～252
176.Salvato MS, Shimomaye EM.The completed sequence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reveals a unique RNA structure and a gene for a zinc finger protein. Virology 1989 Nov; 173(1): 1-10
177.Schnell MJ, Mebatsion T, Conzelmann KK. Infectious rabies viruses from cloned cDNA. EMBO J. 1994 Sep 15;13(18):4195-203.
178.Shakya S, Joshi R K, Gupta N, et al. Organ culture of chicken bursa as a model to study the pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus isolates. Avian Dis. 1999, 43:167～171
179.Sheppard M, Werner W, Tsatas D, et al. Fowl adenovirus recombinant oxpressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus induce protective immunity against bursal disease. Arch Virol. 1998, 142:915～930
180.Shi PY, Tilgner M, Lo MK, Kent KA, Bernard KA. Infectious cDNA clone of the epidemic west nile virus from New York City. J Virol. 2002 Jun;76(12):5847-56.
181.Shwed PS, Dobos P, Cameron LA, Vakharia VN, Duncan R. Birnavirus VP1 proteins form a distinct subgroup of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lacking a GDD motif.Virology. 2002 May 10;296(2):241-50.
182.Smerdou C, Liljestrom P. Two-helper RNA system for production of recombinant Semliki forest virus particles. J Virol. 1999 Feb;73(2):1092-8.
183.Snyder D B, Vakharia V N, Mengel-Whereat SA, et al. Active cross-protection induced by a recombinant baculovirus expressing chimeric infectious bursal disease virus structural proteins. Avian Dis.1994,38:701～707
184.Stewart AC, Gravitt PE, Cheng S, Wheeler CM.Generation of entire human papillomavirus genomes by long PCR: frequency of errors produced during amplification. Genome Res, 1995 Aug;5(1):79-88
185.Strauss JH, Strauss EG. Viral RNA replication. With a little help from the host. Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):802-4.
186.Sumiyoshi H, Hoke CH, Trent DW. Infectious Japanese encephalitis virus RNA can be synthesized from in vitro-ligated cDNA templates. J Virol. 1992 Sep;66(9):5425-31.
187.Szewczyk B, Laver WG, Summers DF. Purification, thioredoxin renaturation, and reconstituted activity of the three subunits of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85:7907-7911.
188.Taniguchi T, Palmieri M, Weissmann C. QB DNA-containing hybrid plasmids giving rise to QB phage formation in the bacterial host. Nature. 1978 Jul 20;274(5668):223-8.
189.Tellier R, Bukh J, Emerson SU, Miller RH, Purcell RH. Long PCR and its application to hepatitis viruses: amplification of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C virus genomes. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Dec;34(12):3085-91.
190.Tellier R, Bukh J, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Amplification of the full-length hepatitis A virus genome by long reverse transcription-PCR and transcription of infectious RNA directly from the amplicon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 30;93(9):4370-3.
191.Thiel V, Herold J, Schelle B, Siddell SG. Infectious RNA transcribed in vitro from a cDNA copy of the human coronavirus genome cloned in vaccinia virus. J Gen Virol. 2001 Jun;82(Pt 6):1273-81.
192.Thiel V, Herold J, Siddell SG. Long distance RT-PCRs of human coronavirus 229E RNA. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;440:269-73.
193.Thiel V, Rashtchian A, Herold J, Schuster DM, Guan N, Siddell SG. Effective amplification of 20-kb DNA by reverse transcription PCR. Anal Biochem. 1997 Oct 1;252(1):62-70.
194.Tsukamoto K, Kojima C, Komori Y, et al. Protection of chickens against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus and MDV with a recombinant MDV expressing infectious bursal disease virus VP2.Virology. 1999, 257:352～362
195.Vakharia V N, Snyder D B, He J, et al. Infectious bursal disease virus structural proteins expressed in a baculovirs recombinant confer protection in chickens. J Gen Virol. 1993, 74:1201～1206
196.Vakharia V N, Snyder D B, Lutticken D, et al. Active and passive protection against variant and classic infectious bursal disease virus strains induced by baculovirus-expressed structural proteins. Vaccine. 1994, 12:452～456Wiebe Van der sluis. 1998年世界禽病最新动态．预防兽医学进展，1999,1:33-35
197.van Dinten LC, den Boon JA, Wassenaar AL, Spaan W J, Snijder EJ. An infectious arterivirus cDNA clone: identification of a replicase point mutation that abolishes discontinuous mRNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 4;94(3):991-6.
198.Varnavski AN, Young PR, Khromykh AA. Stable high-level expression of heterologous genes in vitro and in vivo by noncytopathic DNA-based Kunjin virus replicon vectors. J Virol. 2000 May;74(9):4394-403.
199.Volchkov, V. E., Volchkova, V. A., Muhlberger, E., Kolesnikova, L. V., Weik, M., Dolnik, O. & Klenk, H.D. (2001). Recovery of infectious Ebola virus from complementary DNA: RNA editing of the GP gene and viral cytotoxicity. Science 291, 1965-1969.
200.Wagner E, Engelhardt OG, Gruber S, Haller O, Kochs G. Rescue of recombinant Thogoto virus from cloned cDNA. J Virol 2001; 75:9282-9286.
201.Weber S, Fichtner D, Mettenleiter T C, et al. Expression of VP5 of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strain VR299 is initiated at the second in-frame start codon. J Gen Virol, 2001, 82:805-812.
202.Whelan, S. P., Ball, L. A., Barr, J. N. & Wertz, G. T. (1995). Efficient recovery of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus entirely from cDNA clones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92,8388-8392.
203.Worobey M, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Robertson DL.Questioning the evidence for genetic recombination in the 1918 "Spanish flu" virus. Science 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):211
204.Xiong C, Levis R, Shen P, Schlesinger S, Rice CM, Huang HV. Sindbis virus: an efficient, broad host range vector for gene expression in animal cells. Science. 1989 Mar 3;243(4895):1188-91.
205.Yamaguchi T, Ogawa M, Inoshima Y, et al. Identification of sequence changes responsible for the attenuation of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virology. 1996,223:219～223
206.Yamshchikov VF, Wengler G, Perelygin AA, Brinton MA, Compans RW. An infectious clone of the West Nile flavivirus. Virology. 2001 Mar 15;281 (2):294-304.
207.Yamshchikov VF, Mishin V, Cominelli F. A new strategy in design of (+)RNA virus infectious clones enabing their stable propagation in E.coli. Virology.2001,281,272-280
208.Yanagi M, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, Bukh J. Transcripts from a single full-length cDNA clone of hepatitis C virus are infectious when directly transfected into the liver of a chimpanzee. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Aug 5;94(16):8738-43.
209.Yao K, Vakharia VN. Generation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from cloned cDNA. J Virol. 1998 Nov;72(11):8913-20.
210.Yao,K, Goodwin M A, Vakharia V N. Generation of a mutant infectious bursal disease virus that does not cause bursal lesions. J Virol. 1998,72:2647～2654
211.Yap CC, Ishii K, Aoki Y, Aizaki H, Tani H, Shimizu H, Ueno Y, Miyamura T, Matsuura Y. A hybrid baculovirus-T7 RNA polymerase system for recovery of an infectious virus from cDNA. Virology. 1997 May 12;231 (2):192-200.
212.Yehuda H, Pitcovski J, Michael A, et al. Viral Protein 1 Sequence analysis of three infectious bursal disease virus strains: A very virulent virus, its attenuated form, and an attenuated vaccine.Avian Dis.1999, 43:55～64
213.Yount B, Curtis KM, Baric RS. Strategy for systematic assembly of large RNA and DNA genomes:transmissible gastroenteritis virus model. J Virol. 2000 Nov;74(22): 10600-11.
214.Yount B, Denison MR, Weiss SR, Baric RS. Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious cDNA of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59.J Virol. 2002 Nov;76(21): 11065-7.
215.Zobel A, Neumann G, Hobom G. RNA polymerase Ⅰ catalysed transcription of insert viral cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Aug 11;21(16):3607-14.
216．李建荣，传染性法氏囊病病毒基因免疫的研究．2001，浙江大学博士学位论文．
217．宋坤华，传染性法氏囊病病毒HZ96株VP2cDNA结构分析及在家蚕细胞中表达的研究．1999，浙江大学硕士学位论文．
218．田少敏，钱建飞，邵国青等．高免疫原性的高压力失活病毒．生物化学与生物物理学报．1999，31：334～336
219．叶伟成，传染性法氏囊病病毒血清型分析及弱毒株的培养．1998，浙江农业大学硕士学位论文．
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |