基于VRML的虚拟现实中三维建模技术的研究
摘要
三维建模技术是虚拟现实中最重要的技术领域，也是虚拟现实技术中的关键技术之一。本文作为华中科技大学图像信息处理与智能控制教育部实验室的开放基金课题“数字城市的信息获取与可视化关键技术研究”的子项目，从三维建模、数据库连接、网络连接三个方面进行了研究开发，作者的主要工作如下：
第一，作者通过阅读大量国内外文献资料和参加培训学习等方式对虚拟现实技术进行了深入了解，并将所得总结在文中。
第二，对各种三维建模技术进行分析比较，由于VRML与网络连接方便，并具有动态和交互性，选用VRML进行三维建模，建成三维漫游子模块，并对模型的纹理贴图、多分辨率层次模型等具体问题进行了研究。
第三，对各种数据库连接方法进行了比较研究，提出了用ASP中的ADO来连接数据库，在Access中建立了用户信息和查询数据库，并使用该方法完成了VRML与数据库的连接。
第四，利用ASP建立了一个虚拟漫游的网站，并通过Web发布，通过VRML中的script节点，实现了VRML与ASP之间的通信。将各子模块进行系统集成，使网站具有三维漫游及注册用户查询功能，对网站上的虚拟现实介绍内容及整体效果进行完善。
最后，为了课题的更进一步的深入研究，作者对现阶段的研究工作作了总结，并对今后的工作进行了展望。
本文的研究工作在虚拟城市及其它虚拟现实领域具有一定的理论和实用价值，同时也为开放基金课题“数字城市的信息获取与可视化关键技术研究”的后续开发和研究打下了坚实的基础。
3D modeling is the most important part and one of the pivotal technologies of virtual reality (VR). This paper makes research on 3D modeling, database connection and web connection, as a sub project of the project named "Research of information acquisition and video in digital city". The author's main works are given as follows:
Firstly, the author has read a lot of materials and information about the VR. In addition, she attended a training class to know more about VR. And she summarizes the learning in the paper.
Secondly, the paper compares all sorts of 3D modeling technology and selects the VRML to model because it is easy to connect the Internet and has animation nodes and sensor nodes. Then it builds the 3D navigation part using the VRML. The texture and LOD are studied in the paper.
Thirdly, the paper discusses the connection method of the database and puts forward using the ADO of ASP. Then it sets up the users information database and querying database using the Access. And the paper realizes the connection of VRML and database by ADO.
Fourthly, the paper builds a web station by ASP and realizes the communication of VRML and ASP through the script node. Then it integrates all the parts on the web station and debugs them. The web station has the function of 3D automatic navigation and querying.
Finally, the paper summarizes the past research and prospects the future work for the further study of the project.
The research has theoretic and practical value in the digital city and VR field. At the same time it makes solid basis for the development and study of the "Research of information acquisition and video in digital city".
第一，作者通过阅读大量国内外文献资料和参加培训学习等方式对虚拟现实技术进行了深入了解，并将所得总结在文中。
第二，对各种三维建模技术进行分析比较，由于VRML与网络连接方便，并具有动态和交互性，选用VRML进行三维建模，建成三维漫游子模块，并对模型的纹理贴图、多分辨率层次模型等具体问题进行了研究。
第三，对各种数据库连接方法进行了比较研究，提出了用ASP中的ADO来连接数据库，在Access中建立了用户信息和查询数据库，并使用该方法完成了VRML与数据库的连接。
第四，利用ASP建立了一个虚拟漫游的网站，并通过Web发布，通过VRML中的script节点，实现了VRML与ASP之间的通信。将各子模块进行系统集成，使网站具有三维漫游及注册用户查询功能，对网站上的虚拟现实介绍内容及整体效果进行完善。
最后，为了课题的更进一步的深入研究，作者对现阶段的研究工作作了总结，并对今后的工作进行了展望。
本文的研究工作在虚拟城市及其它虚拟现实领域具有一定的理论和实用价值，同时也为开放基金课题“数字城市的信息获取与可视化关键技术研究”的后续开发和研究打下了坚实的基础。
3D modeling is the most important part and one of the pivotal technologies of virtual reality (VR). This paper makes research on 3D modeling, database connection and web connection, as a sub project of the project named "Research of information acquisition and video in digital city". The author's main works are given as follows:
Firstly, the author has read a lot of materials and information about the VR. In addition, she attended a training class to know more about VR. And she summarizes the learning in the paper.
Secondly, the paper compares all sorts of 3D modeling technology and selects the VRML to model because it is easy to connect the Internet and has animation nodes and sensor nodes. Then it builds the 3D navigation part using the VRML. The texture and LOD are studied in the paper.
Thirdly, the paper discusses the connection method of the database and puts forward using the ADO of ASP. Then it sets up the users information database and querying database using the Access. And the paper realizes the connection of VRML and database by ADO.
Fourthly, the paper builds a web station by ASP and realizes the communication of VRML and ASP through the script node. Then it integrates all the parts on the web station and debugs them. The web station has the function of 3D automatic navigation and querying.
Finally, the paper summarizes the past research and prospects the future work for the further study of the project.
The research has theoretic and practical value in the digital city and VR field. At the same time it makes solid basis for the development and study of the "Research of information acquisition and video in digital city".
引文
[1] Masatoshi Arikawa, Akira Amano, Kaori Maeda, Yasuaki Nakamura, Kaduo Hiraki and Mutsuhiro Terauchi. Dynamic LoD for QoS Management in the Next Generation VRML. Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS '96) .
[2] Marti, J. Viewing ICES files through VRML. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Visualization '97 Conference.
[3] Vladimir Geroimenko and Mike Phillips. Multi-User VRML Environment for Teaching VRML: Immersive Collaborative Learning. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Visualization.
[4] John Counsell and Nada Brkljac. A Role for VRML as a Multimedia Backbone in Interpreting Cultural Heritage Sites. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Visualization.
[5] Mamoru Endo, Takami Yasuda and Shigeki Yokoi. An Application Oriented Humanoid Animation System Based on VRML. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems: Workshops (ICPADS'00 Workshops).
[6] Flavio Rossi and Michela Spagnuolo. Web-Based Modeling Techniques Providing Interactive Views of Geographical Data with VRML. Proceedings of the 10th. International Workshop on Database & Expert Systems Applications.
[7] Werner Geyer and Martin Mauve. Integrating Support for Collaboration-unaware VRML Models into Cooperative Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems Volume I.
[8] A. Heinonen, S. Pulkkinen and I. Rakkolainen. An Information Database for VRML Cities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualization (IV2000) .
[9] Hiroshi Maruyama, Keijiro Araki. VRML Program Slicing. Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Software Engineering Conference.
[10] Nada Brkljac and John Counsell. Usability of Associated GIS and VRML Urban Models. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on
Information Visualization.
[11] D.R. Nadeau, Tutorial: Building virtual worlds with VRML, IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, vol. 19, pp. 18--29, March/April 1999.
[12] Mendez, R.M.; Tellez, R.Q. Distributed Virtual Worlds for Collaborative Work Based on Java RMI and VRML. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Groupware (CRIWG'00).
[13] Ricardo Augusto da Luz Reis, Leandro Soares Indrusiak. VRML and Microelectronics Education. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education.
[14] Toru Ishida, Jun-ichi Akahani, Kaoru Hiramatsu, Katherine Isbister, Stefan Lisowski, Hideyuki Nakanishi, Masayuki Okamoto,Yssuhiko Miyazaki,Ken Tsutsuguchi. Digital City Kyoto:Towards a Social Information Infrgstructure[J].Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 1652;23-25.
[15] M. Reddy, Y. Leclerc, L. Iverson, and N. Bletter, TerraVision Ⅱ: Visualizing massive terrain databases in VRML, IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, vol. 19, pp. 30--38, March/April 1999.
[16] A.G. Bruzzone and G. Berrino, Modeling of urban services by VRML & Java, in Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Web-Based Modeling & Simulation, (San Francisco, CA), pp. 34--38, January 1999.
[17] The Web3D Consortium, Incorporated, The Virtual Reality Modeling Language, http://www.web3d.org/Specifications/VRML97/index.html, 1998.
[18] D. Brutzman, The Virtual Reality Modeling Language and Java, Communications of the ACM, vol. 41, pp. 57--64, June 1998.
[19] Ayman H. Mahmoud, Andrew Clayden and Catherine Higgins. A Comparative Study of Environmental Cognition in a Real Environment and its VRML Simulation (Virtual Reality Modeling Language). Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Visualization.
[20] 张杰．VRML2.0交互式三维图形编程．汕头大学出版社，1999．1
[21] 刘中宏，洪锦魁．精通JavaScript．科学出版社，2001．2
[22] 张旆，杜可亮，刘见灼，贾占峰．WWW上的虎拟现实技术——VRML语言．电子工业出版社，1998．8
[23] 何敏，吕崇德．虚拟现实模型语言在WEB仿真中的应用．系统仿真学报．2001．3
[24]杨克俭，刘舒燕，陈定方．虚拟现实与城市规划．系统仿真学报，2000．5
[25]王全科，刘岳．VRML在三维动态交互地图可视化中的实践．中国图象图形学报，2001．3
[26]吕汝元，戴树岭．VRML及其在分布式多拥护虚拟环境中的应用．系统仿真学报，2000．3
[27]王力，冯武，龚杰民．VRML在仿真可视化系统中的应用．计算机仿真，2001．5
[28]郭葆锋．拙政园虚拟巡游系统．计算机应用研究，2001
[29]周书民，汤彬，孙亚民．用VRML实现校园虚拟游览．系统仿真学报，2001．11
[30]王晓东，毛卫良，盛焕烨．三维数字城市与参与设计的结合．系统仿真学报，2002．11
[31]张慧，张明敏，潘志庚．分布式VRML场景的实时浏览和交互观察．系统仿真学报，2002．3
[32]涂超，颜辉武．虚拟城市开发技术探讨．现代计算机，2000．12
[33]王硕，周昕宇．VRML与外界数据交互的技术实现．计算机系统应用，2000．2
[34]罗冠．利用3D Studio Max为VRML建立虚拟现实世界．电子技术，1999．5
[35]邹沐昌，代玉仁．用VRML实现虚拟燕大校园的浏览设计．燕山大学学报，2001．10
[36]钱曾波，常歌．虚拟城市景观建模技术研究．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[37]朱庆，李霞飞，张叶挺．基于WEB的CCGIS浏览器插件的设计与实现．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[38]常歌，钱曾波．城区建筑物三维景观模型建立．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[39]朱庆，李德仁，龚健雅，熊汉江．数码城市GIS的设计与实现．武汉大学学报(信息科学版)，2001．1
[40]熊汉江，龚健雅，朱庆．数码城市空间数据模型与可视化研究．武汉大学学报(信息科学版)，2001．5
[41]李德仁，朱庆，李霞飞，数码城市：概念、技术支撑和典型应用．武汉大学学报(信息科学版)，2000．4
[42]顾朝林，段学军，于涛方，孙毅中，陈启宁．论数字城市关键技术研究．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[43]叶仰明，刘振宇，叶炜．数字城市的若干关键技术问题．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[44]袁平，程承旗．数字化网上城市——GeoMedia WebMap的解决方案．数串城市的理论与实践，2001
[45]季忠，焦学键，王洪新．基于VRML的虚拟工厂及远程实习系统．中国远程教育，2000．12
[46]王德新，魏东，黄有群．在VRML文件中实现对数据库信息的访问．沈阳工业大学学报，2002．10
[47]高春晓，刘玉树．碰撞检测技术综述．计算机工程与应用，2002．5
[48]张国宣，韦穗．虚拟现实中的LOD技术．微机发展，2001．1
[49]杨克俭，刘舒燕，陈定方．虚拟现实中的建模方法．武汉工业大学学报，2001．6
[50]冯开平，左宗义．基于Web的虚拟现实漫游系统中的交互技术．工程图学学报，2001．3
[51]齐永强，熊家军，龙中．JDBC连接数据库．重庆邮电大学学报，1999．3
[52]王炜等．JavaScript编程指南．电子工业出版社，1999．6
[53]飞思科技产品研发中心．网页编程组合教程HTML+JavaScript+ASP．电子工业出版社，2001．1
[54]李香敏．网站开发新动力用ASP轻松开发Web网站，北京希望电子出版社，2000．12
[55]廖信彦．Active Server Pages应用大全——ASP与数据库的整合．清华大学出版社，2000．4
[56]吕锋，刘文亮．VRML在电子商务系统中的应用．武汉理工大学学报，2003．2
[2] Marti, J. Viewing ICES files through VRML. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Visualization '97 Conference.
[3] Vladimir Geroimenko and Mike Phillips. Multi-User VRML Environment for Teaching VRML: Immersive Collaborative Learning. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Visualization.
[4] John Counsell and Nada Brkljac. A Role for VRML as a Multimedia Backbone in Interpreting Cultural Heritage Sites. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Visualization.
[5] Mamoru Endo, Takami Yasuda and Shigeki Yokoi. An Application Oriented Humanoid Animation System Based on VRML. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems: Workshops (ICPADS'00 Workshops).
[6] Flavio Rossi and Michela Spagnuolo. Web-Based Modeling Techniques Providing Interactive Views of Geographical Data with VRML. Proceedings of the 10th. International Workshop on Database & Expert Systems Applications.
[7] Werner Geyer and Martin Mauve. Integrating Support for Collaboration-unaware VRML Models into Cooperative Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems Volume I.
[8] A. Heinonen, S. Pulkkinen and I. Rakkolainen. An Information Database for VRML Cities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualization (IV2000) .
[9] Hiroshi Maruyama, Keijiro Araki. VRML Program Slicing. Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Software Engineering Conference.
[10] Nada Brkljac and John Counsell. Usability of Associated GIS and VRML Urban Models. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on
Information Visualization.
[11] D.R. Nadeau, Tutorial: Building virtual worlds with VRML, IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, vol. 19, pp. 18--29, March/April 1999.
[12] Mendez, R.M.; Tellez, R.Q. Distributed Virtual Worlds for Collaborative Work Based on Java RMI and VRML. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Groupware (CRIWG'00).
[13] Ricardo Augusto da Luz Reis, Leandro Soares Indrusiak. VRML and Microelectronics Education. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education.
[14] Toru Ishida, Jun-ichi Akahani, Kaoru Hiramatsu, Katherine Isbister, Stefan Lisowski, Hideyuki Nakanishi, Masayuki Okamoto,Yssuhiko Miyazaki,Ken Tsutsuguchi. Digital City Kyoto:Towards a Social Information Infrgstructure[J].Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 1652;23-25.
[15] M. Reddy, Y. Leclerc, L. Iverson, and N. Bletter, TerraVision Ⅱ: Visualizing massive terrain databases in VRML, IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, vol. 19, pp. 30--38, March/April 1999.
[16] A.G. Bruzzone and G. Berrino, Modeling of urban services by VRML & Java, in Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Web-Based Modeling & Simulation, (San Francisco, CA), pp. 34--38, January 1999.
[17] The Web3D Consortium, Incorporated, The Virtual Reality Modeling Language, http://www.web3d.org/Specifications/VRML97/index.html, 1998.
[18] D. Brutzman, The Virtual Reality Modeling Language and Java, Communications of the ACM, vol. 41, pp. 57--64, June 1998.
[19] Ayman H. Mahmoud, Andrew Clayden and Catherine Higgins. A Comparative Study of Environmental Cognition in a Real Environment and its VRML Simulation (Virtual Reality Modeling Language). Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Visualization.
[20] 张杰．VRML2.0交互式三维图形编程．汕头大学出版社，1999．1
[21] 刘中宏，洪锦魁．精通JavaScript．科学出版社，2001．2
[22] 张旆，杜可亮，刘见灼，贾占峰．WWW上的虎拟现实技术——VRML语言．电子工业出版社，1998．8
[23] 何敏，吕崇德．虚拟现实模型语言在WEB仿真中的应用．系统仿真学报．2001．3
[24]杨克俭，刘舒燕，陈定方．虚拟现实与城市规划．系统仿真学报，2000．5
[25]王全科，刘岳．VRML在三维动态交互地图可视化中的实践．中国图象图形学报，2001．3
[26]吕汝元，戴树岭．VRML及其在分布式多拥护虚拟环境中的应用．系统仿真学报，2000．3
[27]王力，冯武，龚杰民．VRML在仿真可视化系统中的应用．计算机仿真，2001．5
[28]郭葆锋．拙政园虚拟巡游系统．计算机应用研究，2001
[29]周书民，汤彬，孙亚民．用VRML实现校园虚拟游览．系统仿真学报，2001．11
[30]王晓东，毛卫良，盛焕烨．三维数字城市与参与设计的结合．系统仿真学报，2002．11
[31]张慧，张明敏，潘志庚．分布式VRML场景的实时浏览和交互观察．系统仿真学报，2002．3
[32]涂超，颜辉武．虚拟城市开发技术探讨．现代计算机，2000．12
[33]王硕，周昕宇．VRML与外界数据交互的技术实现．计算机系统应用，2000．2
[34]罗冠．利用3D Studio Max为VRML建立虚拟现实世界．电子技术，1999．5
[35]邹沐昌，代玉仁．用VRML实现虚拟燕大校园的浏览设计．燕山大学学报，2001．10
[36]钱曾波，常歌．虚拟城市景观建模技术研究．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[37]朱庆，李霞飞，张叶挺．基于WEB的CCGIS浏览器插件的设计与实现．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[38]常歌，钱曾波．城区建筑物三维景观模型建立．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[39]朱庆，李德仁，龚健雅，熊汉江．数码城市GIS的设计与实现．武汉大学学报(信息科学版)，2001．1
[40]熊汉江，龚健雅，朱庆．数码城市空间数据模型与可视化研究．武汉大学学报(信息科学版)，2001．5
[41]李德仁，朱庆，李霞飞，数码城市：概念、技术支撑和典型应用．武汉大学学报(信息科学版)，2000．4
[42]顾朝林，段学军，于涛方，孙毅中，陈启宁．论数字城市关键技术研究．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[43]叶仰明，刘振宇，叶炜．数字城市的若干关键技术问题．数字城市的理论与实践，2001
[44]袁平，程承旗．数字化网上城市——GeoMedia WebMap的解决方案．数串城市的理论与实践，2001
[45]季忠，焦学键，王洪新．基于VRML的虚拟工厂及远程实习系统．中国远程教育，2000．12
[46]王德新，魏东，黄有群．在VRML文件中实现对数据库信息的访问．沈阳工业大学学报，2002．10
[47]高春晓，刘玉树．碰撞检测技术综述．计算机工程与应用，2002．5
[48]张国宣，韦穗．虚拟现实中的LOD技术．微机发展，2001．1
[49]杨克俭，刘舒燕，陈定方．虚拟现实中的建模方法．武汉工业大学学报，2001．6
[50]冯开平，左宗义．基于Web的虚拟现实漫游系统中的交互技术．工程图学学报，2001．3
[51]齐永强，熊家军，龙中．JDBC连接数据库．重庆邮电大学学报，1999．3
[52]王炜等．JavaScript编程指南．电子工业出版社，1999．6
[53]飞思科技产品研发中心．网页编程组合教程HTML+JavaScript+ASP．电子工业出版社，2001．1
[54]李香敏．网站开发新动力用ASP轻松开发Web网站，北京希望电子出版社，2000．12
[55]廖信彦．Active Server Pages应用大全——ASP与数据库的整合．清华大学出版社，2000．4
[56]吕锋，刘文亮．VRML在电子商务系统中的应用．武汉理工大学学报，2003．2