非均匀下垫面近地层风动力降尺度研究
|
摘要
全球模式能够较好地表征大尺度环流状况,但由于分辨率较低,难以捕捉到与非均匀下垫面局地强迫有关的中小尺度系统过程。动力降尺度指利用高分辨率有限区域模式来实现全球模式结果和局地强迫之间的非线性相互作用,以获取区域或局地的大气变化信息。目前动力降尺度在地面气温和降水区域气候模拟和气候变化预估方面得到了广泛研究,然而对近地层风的研究还不够深入和完整。本文首先分别从城市群和沿海复杂地形近地层风模拟的角度出发,重点讨论了下垫面动力和热力性质不均一分布对近地层风日变化特征的影响,然后对中国区域地面风速气候变化进行预估。主要研究内容和结论如下：
1.利用较新的MODIS陆面类型资料以及WRF/Noah/UCM耦合模拟系统对珠江三角洲地区2008年近地层风场进行1-km分辨率的模拟,并将模拟结果与风廓线雷达和地面站观测数据进行了比较分析,研究发现：地面风速具有明显的日变化特征,白天大、夜间小；上层风速则表现为白天小、夜间大。模拟风速日变化与观测基本一致,较准确地再现上、下层风速反相变化特征。模拟风速值在1000m以内存在正偏差；在1000m以上存在负偏差。另外,通过将珠三角地区城市改为农田并进行敏感性试验,发现城市化使该地区地表能量收支结构发生了明显的改变,城市化使白天潜热通量减少,地面热通量增加,更多的热量存储于地面中并于夜间释放出来,夜间感热通量变大。相应地,城市化使地面风速白天减小、夜间则增大(冬季除外),夏季夜间地面风速增大尤为显著,约为1m/s。上述结果表明,WRF/Noah/UCM系统对于城市下垫面近地层风速变化具有较好的模拟性能,利用该系统研究城市气候效应对局地环流的影响具有一定的可靠性。
2.海陵岛位于中国南部沿海地区,受东亚季风和海陆风环流的共同影响,岛上分布有多座小山,局地风况较为复杂。首先利用中尺度模式WRF对该地区环流系统进行了模拟,并与测风塔观测数据进行了对比,分析表明经向风模拟值相关系数为0.75-0.85,纬向风模拟值相关系数为0.5-0.75,WRF模式能够较好地再现该地区环流系统的时间变化特征。对于季节平均风场和海陆风的变化与观测基本一致。然而在地形起伏的小范围内(东西约25km,南北约18km),1-km分辨率WRF模拟风场分布趋于均匀。为此,引入边界层诊断模式CALMET对WRF结果进一步进行调整得到100-m分辨率风场精细结构,较为合理的反映出起伏地形对风场分布的影响。上述结果说明WRF/CALMET系统可以较好地刻画沿海复杂地形下小范围内风场精细结构。
3.利用全球模式ECHAM5的结果驱动区域气候模式MM5,分别对中国地区当代(1981-2000年)和未来(2041-2060年)气候进行模拟,并利用地面气象站逐日风速观测资料,检验评估了MM5模拟的当代中国陆域地面(10 m AGL)风速分布及其变化特征；在此基础上,分析了IPCC A1B'情景下中国陆域地面风速未来可能的变化特征。结果表明,MM5能够较好地模拟出平均风速和90th百分位风速的分布状况。A1B情景下,中国陆域大部分地区地面风速减小约0.1m/s；风速增大区主要位于东北地区、环渤海地区及西南地区。未来风速变化表现出明显的季节差异,夏、秋季中国东部地区风速增大,西部风速减小,呈“东增西减”型；冬、春季北部地区风速增大,南部地区风速减小,呈“北增南减”型。另外,分析表明未来极端强风事件发生频数也将减少。以上结果表明,区域气候模式MM5对于中国陆域地面风速具有一定的模拟能力,利用该模式预估中国陆域地面风速气候变化具有一定的可靠性。
The general circulation models could represent the large-scale atmospheric conditions, but the mesoscale and smaller scale processes could not be captured due to coarse resolution. Dynamical downscaling introduces new scales through the non-linear interaction between the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the local forcing in limited-area models. Dynamical downscaling has been extensively used in regional climate modeling and climate change projection of precipitation and temperature, but is not sufficiently disscued in respect of low-levels winds which are essential for wind resource assessment and air quanlity studies. Therefore, this work is focus on the mesoscale low-levels winds obtained by dynamical downscaling. Firstly, discussions are presented based on the downscaled local winds over the urban agglomeration and coastal complex topography, respectively. Then, validation and projection of wind climate in China is studies under IPCC A1B scenario. The main results and conclusions are summarized as follows.
Two 1-year experiments with different land use conditions were performed by WRF/Noah/UCM modeling system over the Pearl River Delta region in Chapter 2. With new MODIS land use data, the urban distribution was well represented in the control experiment (hereafter CTRL). The diurnal variation of wind speed observed by the wind-profiling radar was reproduced in CTRL. The simulated wind speed was overestimated below about 1 km, and underestimated above about 1 km. In addition, a sensitive experiment (hereafter NO-URBAN) with urban land use changed to cropland was performed in order to determine the impact of urbanization on the local circulation. Compared to NO-URBAN, CTRL produced smaller latent heat and larger ground heat fluxes during daytime, later more heat was released from the ground during nighttime, and then transferred to the atmosphere through positive sensible heat fluxes. Correspondingly, the surface wind speed decreased during daytime and increased during nighttime (excluding in winter). The wind speed increased about 1 m/s during nighttime in summer.
In Chapter 3, the results from a hybrid approach that combines a mesoscale meteorological model with a diagnostic model to produce high-resolution wind fields in complex coastal topography are evaluated. The diagnostic wind model (California Meteorological Model, hereafter CALMET) with 100-m horizontal spacing was driven with outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to obtain near-surface winds for the 1-year period from 12 September 2003 to 11 September 2004. Results were compared with wind observations at 7 sites. Correlation coefficients indicate that the WRF-simulated winds were produced reasonably well. The correlation coefficients were ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 for the zonal wind component and from 0.75 to 0.85 for the meridional wind component. The variation of seasonally-averaged wind field and sea-breezes were reproduced. Moreover, combining the CALMET model with WRF significantly improves the spatial variability of the simulated wind fields. It can be concluded that the WRF/CALMET modeling system is capable of providing a detailed near-surface wind field, but the physics in the diagnostic CALMET model need to be further improved.
In Chapter 4, surface wind climate in China in the late 20th century (1981-2000) and in the middle 21st century (2041-2060) was simulated by the regional climate model MM5, based on the multi-model datasets of 20C3M and the IPCC A1B scenario projection provided by ECHAM5, respectively. The simulated present wind climate was evaluated against the daily wind speed observations obtained from surface meteorological stations, and then future change of wind climate features was investigated in respect of climatological distributions and strong wind events. Results show that MM5 can reproduce the climatological patterns of both mean wind speed and 90th percentile wind speed. However, MM5 did not present the stilling trend which is obvious in the observations. Under the A1B scenario, Annual mean wind speed for 2041-2060 will be less than those for 1981-2000 by about 0.1 m/s in most area of China. Greater wind speed appears in northeast China, areas surrounding Bo Sea, and southwest China. Seasonal mean wind speed will increase over the eastern part of China, and decrease over the western part of China in warm seasons (summer and autumn). On the other hand, it will increase over the northern part of China, and decrease over the southern part of China in cold seasons (winter and spring). Moreover, it was found that the strong wind events will decrease under A1B scenario. It can be concluded that MM5 has certain capabilities of simulating surface wind climate in China, and the wind climate change projected based on this model is reliable to some extent.
1.利用较新的MODIS陆面类型资料以及WRF/Noah/UCM耦合模拟系统对珠江三角洲地区2008年近地层风场进行1-km分辨率的模拟,并将模拟结果与风廓线雷达和地面站观测数据进行了比较分析,研究发现：地面风速具有明显的日变化特征,白天大、夜间小；上层风速则表现为白天小、夜间大。模拟风速日变化与观测基本一致,较准确地再现上、下层风速反相变化特征。模拟风速值在1000m以内存在正偏差；在1000m以上存在负偏差。另外,通过将珠三角地区城市改为农田并进行敏感性试验,发现城市化使该地区地表能量收支结构发生了明显的改变,城市化使白天潜热通量减少,地面热通量增加,更多的热量存储于地面中并于夜间释放出来,夜间感热通量变大。相应地,城市化使地面风速白天减小、夜间则增大(冬季除外),夏季夜间地面风速增大尤为显著,约为1m/s。上述结果表明,WRF/Noah/UCM系统对于城市下垫面近地层风速变化具有较好的模拟性能,利用该系统研究城市气候效应对局地环流的影响具有一定的可靠性。
2.海陵岛位于中国南部沿海地区,受东亚季风和海陆风环流的共同影响,岛上分布有多座小山,局地风况较为复杂。首先利用中尺度模式WRF对该地区环流系统进行了模拟,并与测风塔观测数据进行了对比,分析表明经向风模拟值相关系数为0.75-0.85,纬向风模拟值相关系数为0.5-0.75,WRF模式能够较好地再现该地区环流系统的时间变化特征。对于季节平均风场和海陆风的变化与观测基本一致。然而在地形起伏的小范围内(东西约25km,南北约18km),1-km分辨率WRF模拟风场分布趋于均匀。为此,引入边界层诊断模式CALMET对WRF结果进一步进行调整得到100-m分辨率风场精细结构,较为合理的反映出起伏地形对风场分布的影响。上述结果说明WRF/CALMET系统可以较好地刻画沿海复杂地形下小范围内风场精细结构。
3.利用全球模式ECHAM5的结果驱动区域气候模式MM5,分别对中国地区当代(1981-2000年)和未来(2041-2060年)气候进行模拟,并利用地面气象站逐日风速观测资料,检验评估了MM5模拟的当代中国陆域地面(10 m AGL)风速分布及其变化特征；在此基础上,分析了IPCC A1B'情景下中国陆域地面风速未来可能的变化特征。结果表明,MM5能够较好地模拟出平均风速和90th百分位风速的分布状况。A1B情景下,中国陆域大部分地区地面风速减小约0.1m/s；风速增大区主要位于东北地区、环渤海地区及西南地区。未来风速变化表现出明显的季节差异,夏、秋季中国东部地区风速增大,西部风速减小,呈“东增西减”型；冬、春季北部地区风速增大,南部地区风速减小,呈“北增南减”型。另外,分析表明未来极端强风事件发生频数也将减少。以上结果表明,区域气候模式MM5对于中国陆域地面风速具有一定的模拟能力,利用该模式预估中国陆域地面风速气候变化具有一定的可靠性。
The general circulation models could represent the large-scale atmospheric conditions, but the mesoscale and smaller scale processes could not be captured due to coarse resolution. Dynamical downscaling introduces new scales through the non-linear interaction between the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the local forcing in limited-area models. Dynamical downscaling has been extensively used in regional climate modeling and climate change projection of precipitation and temperature, but is not sufficiently disscued in respect of low-levels winds which are essential for wind resource assessment and air quanlity studies. Therefore, this work is focus on the mesoscale low-levels winds obtained by dynamical downscaling. Firstly, discussions are presented based on the downscaled local winds over the urban agglomeration and coastal complex topography, respectively. Then, validation and projection of wind climate in China is studies under IPCC A1B scenario. The main results and conclusions are summarized as follows.
Two 1-year experiments with different land use conditions were performed by WRF/Noah/UCM modeling system over the Pearl River Delta region in Chapter 2. With new MODIS land use data, the urban distribution was well represented in the control experiment (hereafter CTRL). The diurnal variation of wind speed observed by the wind-profiling radar was reproduced in CTRL. The simulated wind speed was overestimated below about 1 km, and underestimated above about 1 km. In addition, a sensitive experiment (hereafter NO-URBAN) with urban land use changed to cropland was performed in order to determine the impact of urbanization on the local circulation. Compared to NO-URBAN, CTRL produced smaller latent heat and larger ground heat fluxes during daytime, later more heat was released from the ground during nighttime, and then transferred to the atmosphere through positive sensible heat fluxes. Correspondingly, the surface wind speed decreased during daytime and increased during nighttime (excluding in winter). The wind speed increased about 1 m/s during nighttime in summer.
In Chapter 3, the results from a hybrid approach that combines a mesoscale meteorological model with a diagnostic model to produce high-resolution wind fields in complex coastal topography are evaluated. The diagnostic wind model (California Meteorological Model, hereafter CALMET) with 100-m horizontal spacing was driven with outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to obtain near-surface winds for the 1-year period from 12 September 2003 to 11 September 2004. Results were compared with wind observations at 7 sites. Correlation coefficients indicate that the WRF-simulated winds were produced reasonably well. The correlation coefficients were ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 for the zonal wind component and from 0.75 to 0.85 for the meridional wind component. The variation of seasonally-averaged wind field and sea-breezes were reproduced. Moreover, combining the CALMET model with WRF significantly improves the spatial variability of the simulated wind fields. It can be concluded that the WRF/CALMET modeling system is capable of providing a detailed near-surface wind field, but the physics in the diagnostic CALMET model need to be further improved.
In Chapter 4, surface wind climate in China in the late 20th century (1981-2000) and in the middle 21st century (2041-2060) was simulated by the regional climate model MM5, based on the multi-model datasets of 20C3M and the IPCC A1B scenario projection provided by ECHAM5, respectively. The simulated present wind climate was evaluated against the daily wind speed observations obtained from surface meteorological stations, and then future change of wind climate features was investigated in respect of climatological distributions and strong wind events. Results show that MM5 can reproduce the climatological patterns of both mean wind speed and 90th percentile wind speed. However, MM5 did not present the stilling trend which is obvious in the observations. Under the A1B scenario, Annual mean wind speed for 2041-2060 will be less than those for 1981-2000 by about 0.1 m/s in most area of China. Greater wind speed appears in northeast China, areas surrounding Bo Sea, and southwest China. Seasonal mean wind speed will increase over the eastern part of China, and decrease over the western part of China in warm seasons (summer and autumn). On the other hand, it will increase over the northern part of China, and decrease over the southern part of China in cold seasons (winter and spring). Moreover, it was found that the strong wind events will decrease under A1B scenario. It can be concluded that MM5 has certain capabilities of simulating surface wind climate in China, and the wind climate change projected based on this model is reliable to some extent.
引文
Abatzoglou, J. T. and T. J. Brown,2011:A comparison of statistical downscaling methods suited for wildfire applications. Int. J. Clim.,2011, doi: 10.1002/joc.2312.
Arritt, R. W.,1987:The effect of water surface temperature on lake breezes and thermal internal boundary layers. Bound-Layer Meteorol,40,101-125.
Avissar. R. and R. A. Pielke,1989:A parameterization of heterogeneous land surfaces for atmospheric numerical models and its impact on regional meteorology. Mon. Wea.Rev.,117,2113-2136.
Barstad, I., A. Sorteberg, F. Flatoy, and M. Deque,2009:Precipitation, temperature and wind in Norway:dynamical downscaling of ERA40. Clim. Dyn.,33, 769-776.
Boe, J., L. Terray, F. Habets, and E. Martin,2007:Statistical and dynamical downscaling of the Seine basin climate for hydro-meteorological studies. Int. J. Clim.,27,1643-1655.
Cairns, M. M., and J. Corey,2003:Mesoscale model simulations of high-wind events in the complex terrain of western Nevada. Wea. Forecasting,18,249-263.
Caldwell, P., H.-N. S. Chin, D. C. Bader, and G. Bala,2009:Evaluation of a WRF dynamical downscaling simulation over California. Clim. Change,95,499-521.
Castro, C. L., R. A. Pielke Sr., and G. Leoncini,2005:Dynamical downscaling: Assessment of value retained and added using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). J. Geophys. Res.,110, D05108, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004721.
Carter, T. R., M. L. Parry, H. Harasawa, and S. Nishioka,1994:IPCC technical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptions. IPPC special report to Working Group II of IPCC. London:University College London and Tsukaba, Japan:Centre for Global Environmental Research.
Challa V. S., J. Indracanti, M. K. Rabarison, C. Patrick, J. M. Baham, J. Young, R. Hughes, M. G. Hardy, S. J. Swanier, and A. Yerramilli,2009:A simulation study of mesoscale coastal circulations in Mississippi Gulf coast. Atmos. Res.,91, 9-25.
Charles, S. P., B. C. Bates, I. N. Smith, and J. P. Hughes,2004:Statistical downscaling of daily precipitation from observed and modeled atmospheric fields. Hydrological Processes,18,1373-1394.
Coppola, E. and F. Giorgi,2010:An assessment of temperature and precipitation change projections over Italy from recent global and regional climate model simulations. Int. J. clim.,30,11-32.
Dailey, P. S. and R. G. Flovell,1999:Numerical simulation of the interaction between the sea breeze front and horizontal convective rolls. Part-Ⅰ:offshore am bient flow. Mon. Wea. Rev,127,858-878.
Darby, L. S.,2005:Cluster analysis of surface winds in Houston, Texas, and the impact of wind patterns on ozone. J. Appl. Meteor.,44,1788-1806.
Dayan, U., B. Lifshitz-Goldreich, and K. Pick,2002:Spatial and structural variation of the atmospheric boundary layer during summer in Israel-Profiler and rawinsonde measurements. J. Appl. Meteor.,41,447-457.
Diez, E., C. Primo, J. A. Carcia-Moya, J. M. Gutierrez, and B. Orfila,2005:Statistical and dynamical downscaling of precipitation over Spain from DEMETER seasonal forecasts. Tellus, A57,409-423.
Deque, M, R. G. Jones, M. Wild, F. Giorgi, J. H. Christensen, D. C. Hassell, P. L Vidale, B. Rockel, D. Jacob, E. Kjellstrom, M. de. Castro, F. Kucharski, and B. van den Hurk,2005:Global high resolution vs. regional climate model climate change scenarios over Europe:Quantifying confidence level from PRUDENCE results, Clim. Dyn.,25,653-670.
Dickinson, R. E., R. M. Errico, F. Giorgi, and G. T. Bates,1989:A regional climate model for the western United States. Clim. Change,15,383-422.
Doran, J. C, W. J. Shaw, and J. M. Hubbe,1995:Boundary layer characteristics over areas of inhomogeneous surface fluxes. J. Appl. Meteorol,34,559-571.
Druyan, L. M., M. Fulakeza, P. Lonergan, and M. Saloum,2001:A regional model study of synoptic features over West Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev.,129,1564-1577.
Fealy, R. and J. Sweeney,2007:Statistical downscaling of precipitation for a selection of sites in Ireland employing a generalized linear modeling approach. Int. J. Clim.,27,2083-2094.
Feddersen, H. and U. Andersen,2005:A method for statistical downscaling of seasonal ensemble predictions. Tellus, A57,398-408.
Fowler, H. J., M. Ekstrom, C. Kilsby, and P. Jones,2005:New estimates of future changes in extreme rainfall across the UK using regional climate model integrations.1. Assessment of control climate. J. Hydrol,300,212-233.
Fowler, H. J., S. Blenkinsop, and C. Tebaldi,2007:Linking climate change modelling to impact studies:Recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling. Int. J. Climatol,27,1547-1578.
Fujibe, F.,2003:Long-term surface wind changes in the Tokyo metropolitan area in the afternoon of sunny days in the warm season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,81, 141-149.
Gao, X., J. S. Pal, and F. Giorgi,2006:Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean region from high resolution double nested RCM simulations. Geophy. Res. Lett.,33, L03706.
Giorgi, F.,1990:Simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. J. Climate,3,941-963.
Grimmond, C. S. B.,2006:Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere. Theor. Appl. Climatol,84,3-22.
Haensler, A., S. Hagemann, and D. Jacob,2010:Dynamical downscaling of EAR40 reanalysis over southern Africa:added value in the simulation of the seasonal rainfall characteristics. Int. J. Clim., doi:10.1002/joc.2242.
Hanssen-Bauer, I., C. Achberger, R. E. Benestad, D. Chen, and E. J.Forland,2005: Statistical downscaling of climate scenarios over Scandinavia:A review. Clim. Res.,29,255-268.
Haylock, M. R., G. C. Cawley, C. Harpham, R. L. Wilby, and C. M. Goodess,2006: Downscaling heavy precipitation over the United Kingdom:a comparison of dynamical and statistical methods and their future scenarios. Int. J. Clim.,26, 1397-1415.
Hewitson, B. C. and R. G. Crane,2006:Consensus between GCM climate change projections with empirical downscaling:precipitation downscaling over South Africa. Int. J. Clim.,26,1315-1337.
Heyen, H., E. Zorita, and H. V. Storch,1996:Statistical downscaling of monthly mean North Atlantic air-pressure to sea level anomalies in the Baltic Sea. Tellus, A48, 312-232.
Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, and D. Xiaosu, 2001:Climate Change 2001:The scientific basis-contribution of working group I to the third assessnent report of the fotergovemm ental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),944 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Huang, J-P. and H-R. Cho,1998:Seasonal modulated intraseasonal oscillations in a GCM simulation. Int. J. Clim.,18,1521-1537.
Ines, A. V. M., J. W. Hansen, and A. W. Robertson,2010:Enhancing the utility of daily GCM rainfall for crop yield prediction. Int. J. Clim., doi:10.1002/joc.2223.
Jamil, M., S. Parsa, and M. Majidi,1995:Wind power statistics and an evaluation of wind energy density. Renew. Energy,6,623-628.
Jiang, Y, Y. Luo, Z. Zhao, Y. Shi, Y. Xu, and J. Zhu,2010:Projections of wind changes for 21st century in China by three regional climate models. Chin. Geogra. Sci.,20,226-235.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, J. Navarro, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and F. Valero,2008:Surface wind regionalization in complex terrain. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,47,308-325.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and J. Navarro,2009:Climatology of wind patterns in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Int. J. Climatol,29,501-525.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, E. Garcia-Bustamante, J. Navarro, J. P. Montavez, J. Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J. Dudhia, and A. Munoz-Roldan,2010: Surface wind regionalization over complex terrain:Evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution WRF simulation. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.,49,268-287.
Kim, J. and J-E. Lee,2003:A multiyear regional climate hindcast for the western United States using the mesoscale atmospheric simulation model. J. Hydrometeorol,4,878-890.
Kjellstrom, E., L. Barring, D. Jacob, R. Jones, G. Lenderink, and C. Schar,2007: Modeling daily temperature extremes:recent climate and future changes over Europe. Climatic Change,81,249-265.
Kumar, A. and S. Prasad,2009:Examining wind quality and wind power prospects on Fiji Islands. Renew. Energy, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.07.021.
Landman, W. A., M-J. Kgatuke, M. Mbedzi, A. Berake, A. Bartman and A. du Piesanie,2009:Performance comparison of some dynamical and empirical downscaling methods for South Africa from a seasonal climate modelling perspective. Int. J. Clim.,29,1535-1549.
Lee D. K. and M. S. Suh,2000:Ten-year East Asian summer monsoon simulation using a regional climate model (RegCM2). J. Geophys. Res.,105,29565-29577.
Leung, L. R. and S. Ghan,1999:Pacific Northwest climate sensitivity simulated by a regional climate model driven by a GCM. Partcat rol sim ulatitions. J. Climate,12,2010-2030.
Leung, L. R., L. O. Mearns, F. Giorgi, and R. L. Wilby,2003:Regional climate research. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,84,89-95.
Liang, X-Z., L. Li, K. E. Kunkel, M. Ting, and J. X. L. Wang,2004:Regional climate model simulation of U.S. precipitation during 1982-2002. Part I:annual cycle. J. Climate,17,3510-3529.
Lo, J. C.F., A. K. H. Lau, F. Chen, J. C. H. Fung, and K. K. M. Leung,2007:Urban modification in a mesoscale model and the effects on the local circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,46,457-476.
Lo, J. C.-F., Z.-L. Yang, and R. A. Pielke Sr.,2008:Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. J. Geophys. Res.,113, D09112, doi:10.1029/2007JD009216.
Ludwig, F. L., J. Horel, C. D. Whiteman,2004:Using EOF analysis to identify important surface winds patterns in mountain valleys. J. Appl. Meteor,43, 969-983.
Lun, I. Y. F. and J. C. Lam,2000:A study of Weibull parameters using long-term wind observations. Renew. Energy,20,145-153.
Mabuchi, K., Y. Sato, and H. Kida,2002:Verification of the climatic features of a regional climate model with BAIM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,80,621-644.
Mahrt, L., J. Sun, D. Vickers, J. I. MacPherson, J. R. Pederson, and R. L. Desjardins, 1994:Observations of fluxes and inland breezes over a heterogeneous surface. J. Atmos. Sci.,51,2165-2178.
Mahrt, L.,2000:Surface heterogeneity and vertical structure of the boundary layer. Bound-Layer Meteor.,96,33-62.
Marengo, J. A., R. Jones, L. M. Alves, and M. C. Valverde,2009:Future change of temperature and precipitation extremes in South American as derived from the PRECIS regional climate modeling system. Int. J. Climatol,29,2241-2255.
Matheson, M. A. and Y. Ashie,2008:The effects of changes of urban surfaces on rainfall phenomenon as determined by a non-hydrostatic mesoscale model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,86,733-751.
Mendes, J. M., K. F. Turkman and J. Corte-Real,2006:A Bayesian hierarchical model for local precipitation by downscaling large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern. Environmetrics,17,721-738.
Miguez-Macho, G., G. L. Stenchikov, and A. Robock,2004:Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain position and geometry in regional climate model simulations. J. Geophys. Res.,109, D13104, doi:10.1029/2003JD004495.
Miguez-Macho, G., G. Stenchikov, and A. Robock,2005:Regional climate simulations over North America:interaction of local processes with improved large-scale flow. J. Climate,18,1227-1246.
Murphy, J.,1999:An evaluation of statistical and dynamical techniques for downscaling local climate. J. Clim.,12,2256-2284.
Murphy, J.,2000:Predictions of climate change over Europe using statistical and dynamical downscaling techniques. Int. J. Clim.,20,489-501.
Najac, J., C. Lac, and L. Terray,2011:Impact of climate change on surface winds in France using a statistical-dynamical downscaling method with mesoscale modelling. Int. J. Clim.,31,415-430.
Pal, J. S., F. Giorgi, and X. Bi,2004:Consistency of recent summer European precipitation trends and extremes with future regional climate projections. Geophy. Res. Lett,31, L13202.
Pan, Z., R. Arritt, W. Gutowski, E. Takle, and F. Otieno,2001:Evaluation of uncertainties in regional climate change simulations. J. Geophys. Res.,106, 17735-17752.
Papanastasiou, D. K. and D. Melas,2009:Climatology and impact on air quality of sea breeze in an urban coastal environment. Int. J. Climatol,29,305-315.
Persaud, S., D. Flynn, and B. Fox,1999:Potential for wind generation on the Guyana coastlands. Renew. Energy,18,175-189.
Pielke, R. A.,1984:Mesoscale meteorological modeling. Academic Press, New York, 612 pp.
Pinto, J. G, C. P. Neuhaus, G. C. Leckebusch, M. Reyers, and M. Kerschgens,2010: Estimation of wind storm impacts over Western Germany under future climate conditions using a statistical-dynamical downscaling approach. Tellus, A62, 188-201.
Pons, M. R., D. San-Martin, S. Herrera, and J. M. Gutierrez,2010:Snow trends in Northern Spain:analysis and simulation with statistical downscaling methods. Int.J. Clim.,30,1795-1806.
Pryor, S. C., R. J. Barthelmie, and E. Kjellstrom,2005:Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe:analyses using a regional climate model. Clim. Dyn.,25,815-835.
Rife, D. L., C. A. Davis, Y. B. Liu, and T. T. Warner,2004:Predictability of low-level winds by mesoscale meteorological models. Mon. Wea. Rev.,132,2533-2569.
Rockel, B. and K. Woth,2007:Extremes of near-surface wind speed over Europe and their future changes as estimated from an ensemble of RCM simulations. Climatic Change,81,267-280.
Salathe, E. P., R. Steed, C. F. Mass, and P. H. Zahn,2008:A high-resolution climate model for the U. S. Pacific Northwest:mesoscale feedbacks and local responses to climate change. J. Climate,21,5708-5726.
Schmidli, J., C. Frei, and P. L. Vidale,2006:Downscaling from GCM precipitation:a benchmark for dynamical and statistical downscaling methods. Int. J. Climatol., 26,679-689.
Schubert, S.,1998:Downscaling local extreme temperature change in south-eastern Australia from the CSIRO Mark2 GCM. Int. J. Clim.,18,1419-1438.
Seth, A. and F. Giorgi,1998:The effects of domain choice on summer precipitation simulation and sensitivity in a regional climate model. J. Clim.,11,2698-2712.
Simpson, J. E.,1994:Sea breeze and local winds. Cambridge University Press,234 pp..
Sun, J., D. Lenschow, L. Mahrt, T. Crawford, K. Davis, S. oncley, J. I. MacPherson, Q. Wang, R. Dobosy, and R. L. Desjardins,1997:Lake-induced atmospheric circulations during BOREAS. J. Geophys. Res.,102,29155-29166.
Sylla, M. B., E. Coppola, L. Mariotti, F. Giorgi, P. M. Ruti, A. Dell'Aquila, and X. Bi, 2009:Multiyear simulation of the African climate using a regional climate model (RegCM3) with the high resolution EAR-interim reanalysis. Clim. Dyn.,35, 231-247.
Thuillier, R. H.,1987:Real-time analysis of local wind patterns for application to nuclear-emergency response. Bull. Am. Meteorol Soc.,68,1111-1115.
Tselioudis, G., C. Douvis, and C. Zerefos,2011:Does dynamical downscaling introduce novel information in climate model simulations of precipitation change over a complex topography region? Int. J. Clim., doi:10.1002/joc.2360.
Wan, H., X-L. Wang, and V. R. Swail,2010:Homogenization and trend analysis of Canadian near-surface wind speeds. J. Climate,23,1209-1225.
Wang, X. L., Val R. Swail, and A. Cox,2010:Dynamical versus statistical downscaling methods for ocean wave heights. Int. J. Clim.,30,317-332.
Wigley, T. M. L., P. D. Jones, K. R. Briffa, and G. Smith,1990:Obtaining sub-grid scale information from coarse resolution general circulation model output. J. Geophys. Res.,95,1943-1953.
Wilby, R. L., T. M. L. Wigley, D. Conway, P. D. Jones, B. C. Hewitson, J. Main, and D. S. Wilks,1998:Statistical downscaling of general circulation model output:a comparison of methods. Water Resour. Res.,34,2995-3008.
von Storch, H., H. Langenberg, and F. Feser,2000:A spectral nudging technique for dynamical downscaling purposes. Mon. Wea. Rev.,128,3664-3673.
Yoshikado, H.,1992:Numerical study of the daytime urban effect and its interaction with the sea breeze. J. Appl. Meteor,31,1146-1164.
Zagar, N., M. Zagar, J. Cedilnik, G. Gregoric, and J. Rakovec,2006:Validation of mesoscale low-level winds obtained by dynamical downscaling of ERA40 over complex terrain. Tellus,58A,445-455.
Zeng, X. M., J. B. Liu, Z. G. Ma, S. Song, C. L. Xi, and H. J. Wang,2010:Study on the effects of land surface heterogeneities in temperature and moisture on annual scale regional climate simulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,27,151-163.
Zhou, T. J. and Z. X. Li,2002:Simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon by using a variable resolution atmospheric GCM. Clim. Dyn.,19,167-180.
Zhou, T. J. and R. C. Yu,2006:Twentieth century surface air temperature over China and the globe simulated by coupled climate models. J. Climate,19,5843-5858.
Zhou, W., H. Yang, and Z. Fang,2006:Wind power potential and characteristics analysis of the Pearl River Delta region, China. Renew. Energy,31,739-753.
Zhu, J. H. and X. Z. Liang,2007:Regional climate model simulation of US precipitation and surface air temperature during 1982-2002:Interannual variation. J. Climate,20,218-232.
Zuranski, J. A. and B. Jaspinka,1996:Directional analysis of extreme wind speeds in Poland. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodynam.,65,13-20.
冯锦明,符淙斌.2007.不同区域气候模式对中国地区温度和降水的长期模拟比较.大气科学,31(5):805-814. Feng, J-M. and C-B. Fu,2007:Inter-comparison of long-term simulations of temperature and precipitation over China by different regional climate models (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 31,805-814.
李庆宝,苗世光,刘学刚等.2010.边界层流场和地形特征对青岛奥帆赛场午后海风影响的研究.气象学报,68(6)：985-997Li, Q-B., S-G. Miao, X-G. Liu, S-P. Zhang, G-P. Sun, and X-C. Liu,2010:On the impacts of boundary-layer flows and the terrain on the afternoon sea-breeze in the Qingdao Olympic sailing venue (in Chinese). Acta Meteorologica Sinica,68,985-997.
李艳,王元.2007.岛屿型复杂地形地貌条件下有效风能分布的甚高分辨率数值模拟.太阳能学报,28(6)：663-669Li, Y. and Y. Wang,2007:Numerical replication for wind energy over island-like complex terrain with very high resolution (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,28,663-669.
李艳,汤剑平,王元,江志红,储惠芸.2009.区域风能资源评价分析的动力降尺度研究.气候与环境研究,14(2)192-200. Li Y, J-P. Tang, Y. Wang, Z-H. Jiang, and H-Y. Chu,2009:Application of dynamical downscaling method for assessment of wind energy resources (in Chinese). Climatic and Environmental Research,14,192-200.
汤剑平,高红霞,李艳等.2009IPCC-A2'情景下我国21世纪风能变化的统计降尺度方法研究.太阳能学报,30(5):655-666. Tang J-P., H-X. Gao, Y. Li, and M-L. Yan,2009:Assessment of wind energy potential in China during the 21st century under the IPCC-A2 scenario (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 30,655-666.
袁春红,薛桁,杨振斌.2004.近海区域风速数值模拟试验分析.太阳能学报,25(6):740-743. Yuan, C., H. Xue, and Z. Yang,2004:A numerical modeling study for offshore wind speed (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,25, 740-743.
曾雪兰,余志,邓院昌,王铁强2008. SRTM数字高程模型在MM5风场模拟中的应用.资源科学,30(5):662-666. Zeng, X-L., Z. Yu, Y-C. Deng, and T-Q. Wang, 2008:Application of SRTM DEM in the numerical simulation of wind fields using MM5 (in Chinese). Resources Science,30,662-666.
Bao, J-W., S. A. Michelson, P. O. G. Persson, I. V. Djalalova, and J. M. Wilczak,2008: Observed and WRF-simulated low-level winds in a high-ozone episode during the Central California Ozone Study. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47,2372-2394.
Bukovsky, M. S. and D. J. Karoly,2009:Precipitation simulations using WRF as a nested regional climate model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.,48,2152-2159.
Chen F., K. Mitchell, J. Schaake, Y. Xue, H-L. Pan, V. Koren, Q. Y. Duan, M. Ek, and A. Betts,1996:Modeling of land-surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. J. Geophys. Res.,101,7251-7268.
Chen F., Z. Janjic, K. Mitchell,1997:Impact of atmospheric surface layer parameterization in the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP mesoscale Eta numerical model. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 185,391-421.
Chen F. and J. Dudhia,2001:Coupling an advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part Ⅰ:mode 1 implementation and sensitivity. Mon. Wea. Rev.,129,569-585.
Chen F., H. Kusaka, R. Bornstein, J. Ching, C. S. B. Grimmond, S. Grossman-Clarke, T. Loridan, K. W. Mamming, A. Martilli, S. Miao, D. Sailor, F. P. Salamanca, H. Taha, M. Tewari, X. Wang, A. A. Wyszogrodzki, and C. Zhang,2011:The integrated WRF/urban modeling system:development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems. Int. J. Climatol., 31,273-288.
Davis, C., W. Wang, S. S. Chen, Y. Chen, K. Corbosiero, M. DeMaria, J. Dudhia, G. Holland, J. Klemp, J. Michalakes, H. Reeves, R. Rotunno, C. Snyder, and Q. Xiao,2008:Prediction of landfalling hurricanes with the advanced hurricane WRF model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,136,1990-2005.
Dayan, U., B. Lifshitz-Goldreich, and K. Pick,2002:Spatial and structural variation of the atmospheric boundary layer during summer in Israel-Profiler and rawinsonde measurements. J. Appl. Meteor,41,447-457.
Dudhia, J.,1989:Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46,3077-3107.
Ek M. B., K. E. Mitchell, Y. Lin, E. Rogers, P. Grunmann, V. Koren, G. Gayno, and J. D. Tarpley,2003:Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Center for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J. Geophys. Res.,108(D22):8851, DOI:10.1029/2002JD003296.
Grimmond, C. S. B.,2006:Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere. Theor. Appl. Climatol,84,3-22.
Guo, X., D. Fu, and J. Wang,2006:Mesoscale convective precipitation system modified by urbanization in Beijing City. Atmos. Res.,82,112-126.
Hong, S-Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia,2006:A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev.,134,2318-2341.
Kain, J. S.,2004:The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update. J. Appl. Meteor.,43,170-181.
Kusaka H., H. Kondo, Y. Kikegawa, F. Kimura,2001:A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:comparison with multi-layer slab models. Bound.-Layer Meteor.,101,329-358.
Kusaka, H., and F. Kimura,2004a:Thermal effects of urban canyon structure on the nocturnal heat island:Numerical experiment using a mesoscale model coupled with an urban canopy model. J. Appl. Meteor,43,1899-1910.
Kusaka H., and F. Kimura,2004b:Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model:impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,82,67-80.
Liu, Y., F. Chen, T. Warner, and J. Basara,2006:Verification of a mesoscale data-assimilation and forecasting system for the Oklahoma city area during the Joint Urban 2003 Field Project. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,45,912-929.
Lo, J. C. F., A. K. H. Lau, F. Chen, J. C. H. Fung, and K. K. M. Leung,2007:Urban modification in a mesoscale model and the effects on the local circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,46,457-476.
Lo, J. C. F., Z. L. Yang, and R. A. Pielke Sr,2008:Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. J. Geophys. Res.,113:D09112. doi:10.1029/2007JD009216.
Masson, V.,2000:A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric models. Bound-Layer Meteor,94,357-397.
Martilli, A., A. Clappier, and M. W. Rotach,2002:An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models. Bound.-Layer Meteor,104,261-304.
Michelson, S. A. and I. V. Djalalova,2010:Evaluation of the summertime low-level winds simulated by MM5 in the Central Valley of California. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.,49,2230-2245.
Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough,1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res.,102,16663-16682.
Oke, T. R.,1995:The heat island of the urban boundary layer:Characteristics, causes and effects. Wind Climate in Cities, J. E. Cermak et al., Eds., NATO ASI Series E, Vol.227, Kluwer Academic,81-107.
Otte, T. L., A. Lacser, S. Dupont, and J. K. S. Ching,2004:Implementation of an urban canopy parameterization in a mesoscale meteorological model. J. Appl. Meteor.,43,1648-1665.
Pan, Z., E. Takle, W. Gutowski, and R. Turner,1999:Long simulation of regional climate as a sequence of short segments. Mon. Wea. Rev.,127,308-321.
Powers, J. G.,2007:Numerical prediction of an Antarctic severe wind event with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,135, 3134-3157.
Qian, J-H., A. Seth, and S. Zebiak,2003:Reinitialized versus continuous simulations for regional climate downscaling. Mon. Wea. Rev.,131,2857-2874.
Ruiz, J. J., C. Saulo, and J. Nogues-Paegle,2010:WRF model sensitivity to choice of parameterization over South America:Validation against surface variables. Mon. Wea. Rev.,138,3342-3355.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Y. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers,2008:A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note TN-475+STR,125pp.
Storm B. A.,2008:Modeling of low-level jets over the Great Plains:Implications for wind energy [D]. Texas Tech University.
Wang, X. M., W. S. Lin, L. M. Yang, R. R. Deng, and H. Lin,2007:A numerical study of influences of urban land-use change on ozone distribution over the Pearl River Delta region, China. Tellus,59B,633-638.
蒙伟光,闫敬华,扈海波.2007.城市化对珠江三角洲强雷暴天气的可能影响.大气科学,31(2)：364-376Meng W-G., J-H. Yan, and H-B. Hu,2007:Possible impact of urbanization o severe thunderstorms over Pearl River Delta (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,31,364-376.
彭珍,胡非.2006.北京城市化进程对边界层风场结构影响的研究.地球物理学报,49(6)：1608-1615Peng Z. and F. Hu,2006:A study of the influence of urbanization of Beijing on the boundary wind structures (in Chinese). Chinese J. Geophys.,49,1608-1615.
徐阳阳,刘树华,胡非等.2009.北京城市化发展对大气边界层特性的影响.大气科学,33(4)：859-867Xu, Y-Y., S-H. Liu, F. Hu, N. Ma, Y. Wang, Y-N. Shi, and H-Y. Jia,2009:Influence of Beijing urbanization on the characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,33,859-867.
Bao, J-W., S. A. Michelson, P. O. G. Persson, I. V. Djalalova, and J. M. Wilczak,2008: Observed and WRF-simulated low-level winds in a high-ozone episode during the Central California Ozone Study. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,47,2372-2394.
Bukovsky, M. S. and D. J. Karoly,2009:Precipitation simulations using WRF as a nested regional climate model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,48,2152-2159.
Chandrasekar, A., C. R. Philbrick, R. Clark, B. Doddridge, and P. Georgopoulos,2003: Evaluating the performance of a computationally efficient MM5/CALMET system for developing wind field inputs to air quality models. Atmos. Environ., 37,3267-3276.
Davis, C., W. Wang, S. S. Chen, Y. Chen, K. Corbosiero, M. DeMaria, J. Dudhia, G. Holland, J. Klemp, J. Michalakes, H. Reeves, R. Rotunno, C. Snyder, and Q. Xiao,2008:Prediction of landfalling hurricanes with the advanced hurricane WRF model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,136,1990-2005.
Dudhia, J.,1989:Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46,3077-3107.
Hong, S-Y., J. Dudhia, and S-H. Chen,2004:A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev.,132,103-120.
Hong, S-Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia,2006:A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev.,134,2318-2341.
Jackson, B., D. Chau, K. Gurer, and A. Kaduwela,2006:Comparison of ozone simulations using MM5 and CALMET/MM5 hybrid meteorological fields for the July/August 2000 CCOS episode. Atmos. Environ.,40,2812-2822.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, J. Navarro, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and F. Valero,2008:Surface wind regionalization in complex terrain. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,47,308-325.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and J. Navarro,2009:Climatology of wind patterns in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Int. J. Climatol,29,501-525.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, E. Garcia-Bustamante, J. Navarro, J. P. Montavez, J. Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J. Dudhia, and A. Munoz-Roldan,2010: Surface wind regionalization over complex terrain:Evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution WRF simulation. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,49,268-287.
Kain, J. S.,2004:The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update. J. Appl. Meteor.,43,170-181.
Klink, K.,2002:Trends and interannual variability of wind speed distributions in Minnesota. J. Climate,15,3311-3317.
Lo, J. C. F., Z. L. Yang, and R. A. Pielke Sr.,2008:Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model,J.Geophys. Res.,113:D09112. doi:10.1029/2007JD009216.
Ludwig, F. L., D. K. Miller, and S. G. Gallaher,2006:Evaluating a hybrid prognostic-diagnostic model that improves wind forecast resolution in complex coastal topography. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,45,155-177.
Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough,1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res.,102,16663-16682.
Pan, Z., E. Takle, W. Gutowski, and R. Turner,1999:Long simulation of regional climate as a sequence of short segments. Mon. Wea. Rev.,127,308-321.
Powers, J. G.,2007:Numerical prediction of an Antarctic severe wind event with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,135, 3134-3157.
Qian, J-H., A. Seth, and S. Zebiak,2003:Reinitialized versus continuous simulations for regional climate downscaling. Mon. Wea. Rev.,131,2857-2874.
Ruiz, J. J., C. Saulo, and J. Nogues-Paegle,2010:WRF model sensitivity to choice of parameterization over South America:Validation against surface variables. Mon. Wea. Rev.,138,3342-3355.
Scire, J. S., F. R. Robe, M. E. Fernau, and R. J. Yamartino,2000:A user's guide for the CALMET meteorological model (version 5). Earth Tech, Inc.,332 pp.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Y. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers,2008:A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note TN-475+STR,125pp.
Taylor, K. E.,2001:Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res.,106,7183-7192.
Wan, H., X-L. Wang, and V. R. Swail,2010:Homogenization and trend analysis of Canadian near-surface wind speeds. J. Climate,23,1209-1225.
Weisser, D.,2003:A wind energy analysis of Grenada:an estimation using the 'Weibull'density function. Renew. Energy,28,1803-1812.
Yim, S. H. L., J. C. H. Fung, A. K. H. Lau, and S. C. Kot,2007:Developing a high-resolution wind map for a complex terrain with a coupled MM5/CALMET system. J. Geophys, Res.,112:D05106. doi:10.1029/2006JD007752.
Yu, R-C, J. Li, and H-M. Chen,2009:Diurnal variation of surface wind over central eastern China, Clim. Dyn.,33,1089-1097.
Zagar, N., M. Zagar, J. Cedilnik, G. Gregoric, and J. Rakovec,2006:Validation of mesoscale low-level winds obtained by dynamical downscaling of ERA40 over complex terrain. Tellus,58A,445-455.
Zhou, W., H-X. Yang, and Z-H. Fang,2006:Wind power potential and characteristic analysis of the Pearl River Delta region, China. Renew. Energy,31,739-753.
龚强,袁国恩,汪宏宇,蔺娜,于华深.2006.辽宁沿海地区风能资源状况及开发潜力初步分析.地理科学,26(4)：483-489Gong Q., G-E. Yuan, H-Y Wang, and H-S. Yu,2006:State and exploitation potentiality of wind energy resources in Liaoning littoral (in Chinese). Scientia Geographica Sinica,26,483-489.
李艳,王元,汤剑平.2007.中国近地层风能资源的时空变化特征.南京大学学报(自然科学版),43(3)：61-72Li Y, Y. Wang, and J-P. Tang,2007:Temporal and spatial variety characteristics in near-surface wind energy in China (in Chinese). Journal of Nanjing University (natural sciences),43,61-72.
李艳,汤剑平,王元,江志红,储惠芸.2009.区域风能资源评价分析的动力降尺度研究.气候与环境研究,14(2)：192-200.Li Y.,J-P. Tang, Y. Wang, Z-H. Jiang, and H-Y. Chu,2009:Application of dynamical downscaling method for assessment of wind energy resources (in Chinese). Climatic and Environmental Research,14,192-200.
薛桁,朱瑞兆,冯守忠,王玉彬.1992.我国北部草原地区近地层平均风特性分析.太阳能学报,13(3)：232-238Xue H., R-Z. Zhu, S-Z. Feng, and Y-B. Wang, 1992:Mean wind characteristics analysis in the atmospheric surface layer of the grasslands area in North China (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,13, 232-238.
薛桁,朱瑞兆,杨振斌.2002.沿海陆上风速衰减规律.太阳能学报,23(2)：207-210. Xue H., R-Z. Zhu, and Z-B. Yang,2002:Study on land wind speed variation in coastal area (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,23,207-210.
Benestad, R. E., I. Hanssen-Bauer, amd D. Chen,2008:Empirical-statistical downscaling. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Bloom, A., V. Kotroni, and K. Lagouvardos,2008:Climate change impact of wind energy availability in the Eastern Mediterranean using the regional climate model PRECIS. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.,8,1249-1257.
Cook, K. H. and E. K. Vizy,2006:Coupled model simulations of the West African monsoon system:20th century simulations and the 21st century predictions. J. Climate,19,3681-3703.
Garreaud, R. D. and M. Falvey,2008:The coastal winds off western subtropical South America in future climate scenarios. Int. J. Climatol,29,543-554.
Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer,1994:A description of the fifth generation Perm State-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-398+STR,138pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Guo, H., Xu M., and Hu Q,2010:Changes in near-surface wind speed in China: 1969-2005. Int. J. Climatol., doi:10.1002/joc.2091.
Jiang, Y., Y. Luo, Z. Zhao, et al.,2010:Projections of wind changes for 21st Century in China by three regional climate models. Chin. Geogra. Sci.,20,226-235.
Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, et al.,1996:The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc.,77, 437-471.
Luo, Y., Z. C. Zhao, Y. Xu, et al.,2005:Projections of climate change over China for the 21st century. Acta Meteor. Sinica,19,401-406.
McVicar, T. R., et al.,2008:Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975-2006:Capture the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output. Geophys. Res. Lett., 111, doi:10.1029/2008GL035627.
Nakic, N., et al.,2000:Special report on emissions scenarios. A special report of working group III of the International Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA:Cambridge University Press,599-611.
Pryor, S. C, R. J. Barthelmie, and E. Kjellstrom,2005:Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe:analyses using a regional climate model. Clim. Dynam.,25,815-835.
Robeson, S. M.,2004:Trends in time-varying percentiles of daily minimum and maximum temperature over North America. Geophys. Res. Lett.,31, L04203, DOI:10.1029/2003GL019019.
Rockel, B. and K. Woth,2007:Extremes of near-surface wind speed over Europe and their future changes as estimated from an ensemble of RCM simulations. Climatic Change,81,267-280.
Roeckner, E., et al.,2003:The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I:Model description. Report No.349, ISSN 0937-1060. Hamburg: Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie.
Vautard, R., et al.,2010:Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness. Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/NGEO979.
江滢,罗勇,赵宗慈.2009.近50年中国风速变化多气候模式模拟检验.气象学报,67(6)：923-934Jiang, Y., Y. Luo, and Z. C. Zhao,2009:Evaluation of wind speeds in China as simulated by global climate models (in Chinese). ActaMeteorol.Sinica,67,923-934.
汤剑平,陈星,赵鸣,等.2008IPCC A2情景下中国区域气候变化的数值模拟.气象学报,66(1)：13-25Tang, J. P., X. Chen, M. Zhao, et al.,2008:Numerical simulation of regional climate change under IPCC A2 scenario in China (in Chinese). Acta Meteor. Sinica,66,13-25.
汤剑平,高红霞,李艳,等.2009IPCC-A2情景下我国21世纪风能变化的统计降尺度方法研究,太阳能学报,30(5)：655-666Tang, J. P., H. X. Gao, Y. Li, et al., 2009:Assessment of wind energy potential in China during the 21st century under the IPCC-A2 scenario (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,30, 655-666.
Bechmann, A. and N. N. S(?)rensen,2011:Hybrid RANS/LES applied to complex terrain. Wind Energy,14,225-237.
Boe, J., L. Terray, F. Habets, and E. Martin,2006:A simple statistical-dynamical downscaling scheme based on weather types and conditional resampling. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006889.
Frey-Buness, A., D. Heimann, and R. Sausen,1995:A statistical-dynamical downscaling procedure for global climate simulations. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,50, 117-131.
Fuentes, U. and D. Heimann,1996:Verification of statistidal-dynamical downscaling in the Alpine region. Clim. Res.,7,151-168.
Fuentes, U. and D. Heimann,2000:An improved statistical-dynamical downscaling scheme and its application to the Alpine precipitation climatology. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,65,119-135.
Heimann,D.,1986:Estimation of regional surface wind field characteristics using a three-layer mesoscal model.Contr.Atm.Phys.,59,518-537.
Jimenez, A., A. Crespo, and E. Migoya,2010:Application of a LES technique to characterized wake deflection of a wind turbine in yaw. Wind Energy,13, 559-572.
Mengelkamp, H-T., H. Kapitza, and U. Pfluger,1997:Statistical-dynamical downscaling of wind climatologies. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodynam.,67,449-457.
Mengelkamp, H-T.,1999:Wind climate simulation over complex terrain and wind turbine energy output estimation. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,63,129-139.
Najac, J., C. Lac, and L. Terray,2011:Impact of climate change on surface winds in France using a statistical-dynamical downscaling method with mesoscale modelling. Int. J. Climatol.,31,415-430.
Wippermann, F. and G. Gross,1981:On the construction of orographically influenced wind roses for a given distribution of large-scale wind. Contr. Atm. Phys.,54, 492-501.
Xuan, J., and A. Robins,1994:The effects of turbulence and complex terrain on dust emissions and depositions from coal stockpiles. Atmos. Environ.,28,1951-1960.
Arritt, R. W.,1987:The effect of water surface temperature on lake breezes and thermal internal boundary layers. Bound-Layer Meteorol,40,101-125.
Avissar. R. and R. A. Pielke,1989:A parameterization of heterogeneous land surfaces for atmospheric numerical models and its impact on regional meteorology. Mon. Wea.Rev.,117,2113-2136.
Barstad, I., A. Sorteberg, F. Flatoy, and M. Deque,2009:Precipitation, temperature and wind in Norway:dynamical downscaling of ERA40. Clim. Dyn.,33, 769-776.
Boe, J., L. Terray, F. Habets, and E. Martin,2007:Statistical and dynamical downscaling of the Seine basin climate for hydro-meteorological studies. Int. J. Clim.,27,1643-1655.
Cairns, M. M., and J. Corey,2003:Mesoscale model simulations of high-wind events in the complex terrain of western Nevada. Wea. Forecasting,18,249-263.
Caldwell, P., H.-N. S. Chin, D. C. Bader, and G. Bala,2009:Evaluation of a WRF dynamical downscaling simulation over California. Clim. Change,95,499-521.
Castro, C. L., R. A. Pielke Sr., and G. Leoncini,2005:Dynamical downscaling: Assessment of value retained and added using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). J. Geophys. Res.,110, D05108, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004721.
Carter, T. R., M. L. Parry, H. Harasawa, and S. Nishioka,1994:IPCC technical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptions. IPPC special report to Working Group II of IPCC. London:University College London and Tsukaba, Japan:Centre for Global Environmental Research.
Challa V. S., J. Indracanti, M. K. Rabarison, C. Patrick, J. M. Baham, J. Young, R. Hughes, M. G. Hardy, S. J. Swanier, and A. Yerramilli,2009:A simulation study of mesoscale coastal circulations in Mississippi Gulf coast. Atmos. Res.,91, 9-25.
Charles, S. P., B. C. Bates, I. N. Smith, and J. P. Hughes,2004:Statistical downscaling of daily precipitation from observed and modeled atmospheric fields. Hydrological Processes,18,1373-1394.
Coppola, E. and F. Giorgi,2010:An assessment of temperature and precipitation change projections over Italy from recent global and regional climate model simulations. Int. J. clim.,30,11-32.
Dailey, P. S. and R. G. Flovell,1999:Numerical simulation of the interaction between the sea breeze front and horizontal convective rolls. Part-Ⅰ:offshore am bient flow. Mon. Wea. Rev,127,858-878.
Darby, L. S.,2005:Cluster analysis of surface winds in Houston, Texas, and the impact of wind patterns on ozone. J. Appl. Meteor.,44,1788-1806.
Dayan, U., B. Lifshitz-Goldreich, and K. Pick,2002:Spatial and structural variation of the atmospheric boundary layer during summer in Israel-Profiler and rawinsonde measurements. J. Appl. Meteor.,41,447-457.
Diez, E., C. Primo, J. A. Carcia-Moya, J. M. Gutierrez, and B. Orfila,2005:Statistical and dynamical downscaling of precipitation over Spain from DEMETER seasonal forecasts. Tellus, A57,409-423.
Deque, M, R. G. Jones, M. Wild, F. Giorgi, J. H. Christensen, D. C. Hassell, P. L Vidale, B. Rockel, D. Jacob, E. Kjellstrom, M. de. Castro, F. Kucharski, and B. van den Hurk,2005:Global high resolution vs. regional climate model climate change scenarios over Europe:Quantifying confidence level from PRUDENCE results, Clim. Dyn.,25,653-670.
Dickinson, R. E., R. M. Errico, F. Giorgi, and G. T. Bates,1989:A regional climate model for the western United States. Clim. Change,15,383-422.
Doran, J. C, W. J. Shaw, and J. M. Hubbe,1995:Boundary layer characteristics over areas of inhomogeneous surface fluxes. J. Appl. Meteorol,34,559-571.
Druyan, L. M., M. Fulakeza, P. Lonergan, and M. Saloum,2001:A regional model study of synoptic features over West Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev.,129,1564-1577.
Fealy, R. and J. Sweeney,2007:Statistical downscaling of precipitation for a selection of sites in Ireland employing a generalized linear modeling approach. Int. J. Clim.,27,2083-2094.
Feddersen, H. and U. Andersen,2005:A method for statistical downscaling of seasonal ensemble predictions. Tellus, A57,398-408.
Fowler, H. J., M. Ekstrom, C. Kilsby, and P. Jones,2005:New estimates of future changes in extreme rainfall across the UK using regional climate model integrations.1. Assessment of control climate. J. Hydrol,300,212-233.
Fowler, H. J., S. Blenkinsop, and C. Tebaldi,2007:Linking climate change modelling to impact studies:Recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling. Int. J. Climatol,27,1547-1578.
Fujibe, F.,2003:Long-term surface wind changes in the Tokyo metropolitan area in the afternoon of sunny days in the warm season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,81, 141-149.
Gao, X., J. S. Pal, and F. Giorgi,2006:Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean region from high resolution double nested RCM simulations. Geophy. Res. Lett.,33, L03706.
Giorgi, F.,1990:Simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. J. Climate,3,941-963.
Grimmond, C. S. B.,2006:Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere. Theor. Appl. Climatol,84,3-22.
Haensler, A., S. Hagemann, and D. Jacob,2010:Dynamical downscaling of EAR40 reanalysis over southern Africa:added value in the simulation of the seasonal rainfall characteristics. Int. J. Clim., doi:10.1002/joc.2242.
Hanssen-Bauer, I., C. Achberger, R. E. Benestad, D. Chen, and E. J.Forland,2005: Statistical downscaling of climate scenarios over Scandinavia:A review. Clim. Res.,29,255-268.
Haylock, M. R., G. C. Cawley, C. Harpham, R. L. Wilby, and C. M. Goodess,2006: Downscaling heavy precipitation over the United Kingdom:a comparison of dynamical and statistical methods and their future scenarios. Int. J. Clim.,26, 1397-1415.
Hewitson, B. C. and R. G. Crane,2006:Consensus between GCM climate change projections with empirical downscaling:precipitation downscaling over South Africa. Int. J. Clim.,26,1315-1337.
Heyen, H., E. Zorita, and H. V. Storch,1996:Statistical downscaling of monthly mean North Atlantic air-pressure to sea level anomalies in the Baltic Sea. Tellus, A48, 312-232.
Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, and D. Xiaosu, 2001:Climate Change 2001:The scientific basis-contribution of working group I to the third assessnent report of the fotergovemm ental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),944 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Huang, J-P. and H-R. Cho,1998:Seasonal modulated intraseasonal oscillations in a GCM simulation. Int. J. Clim.,18,1521-1537.
Ines, A. V. M., J. W. Hansen, and A. W. Robertson,2010:Enhancing the utility of daily GCM rainfall for crop yield prediction. Int. J. Clim., doi:10.1002/joc.2223.
Jamil, M., S. Parsa, and M. Majidi,1995:Wind power statistics and an evaluation of wind energy density. Renew. Energy,6,623-628.
Jiang, Y, Y. Luo, Z. Zhao, Y. Shi, Y. Xu, and J. Zhu,2010:Projections of wind changes for 21st century in China by three regional climate models. Chin. Geogra. Sci.,20,226-235.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, J. Navarro, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and F. Valero,2008:Surface wind regionalization in complex terrain. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,47,308-325.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and J. Navarro,2009:Climatology of wind patterns in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Int. J. Climatol,29,501-525.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, E. Garcia-Bustamante, J. Navarro, J. P. Montavez, J. Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J. Dudhia, and A. Munoz-Roldan,2010: Surface wind regionalization over complex terrain:Evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution WRF simulation. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.,49,268-287.
Kim, J. and J-E. Lee,2003:A multiyear regional climate hindcast for the western United States using the mesoscale atmospheric simulation model. J. Hydrometeorol,4,878-890.
Kjellstrom, E., L. Barring, D. Jacob, R. Jones, G. Lenderink, and C. Schar,2007: Modeling daily temperature extremes:recent climate and future changes over Europe. Climatic Change,81,249-265.
Kumar, A. and S. Prasad,2009:Examining wind quality and wind power prospects on Fiji Islands. Renew. Energy, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.07.021.
Landman, W. A., M-J. Kgatuke, M. Mbedzi, A. Berake, A. Bartman and A. du Piesanie,2009:Performance comparison of some dynamical and empirical downscaling methods for South Africa from a seasonal climate modelling perspective. Int. J. Clim.,29,1535-1549.
Lee D. K. and M. S. Suh,2000:Ten-year East Asian summer monsoon simulation using a regional climate model (RegCM2). J. Geophys. Res.,105,29565-29577.
Leung, L. R. and S. Ghan,1999:Pacific Northwest climate sensitivity simulated by a regional climate model driven by a GCM. Partcat rol sim ulatitions. J. Climate,12,2010-2030.
Leung, L. R., L. O. Mearns, F. Giorgi, and R. L. Wilby,2003:Regional climate research. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,84,89-95.
Liang, X-Z., L. Li, K. E. Kunkel, M. Ting, and J. X. L. Wang,2004:Regional climate model simulation of U.S. precipitation during 1982-2002. Part I:annual cycle. J. Climate,17,3510-3529.
Lo, J. C.F., A. K. H. Lau, F. Chen, J. C. H. Fung, and K. K. M. Leung,2007:Urban modification in a mesoscale model and the effects on the local circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,46,457-476.
Lo, J. C.-F., Z.-L. Yang, and R. A. Pielke Sr.,2008:Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. J. Geophys. Res.,113, D09112, doi:10.1029/2007JD009216.
Ludwig, F. L., J. Horel, C. D. Whiteman,2004:Using EOF analysis to identify important surface winds patterns in mountain valleys. J. Appl. Meteor,43, 969-983.
Lun, I. Y. F. and J. C. Lam,2000:A study of Weibull parameters using long-term wind observations. Renew. Energy,20,145-153.
Mabuchi, K., Y. Sato, and H. Kida,2002:Verification of the climatic features of a regional climate model with BAIM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,80,621-644.
Mahrt, L., J. Sun, D. Vickers, J. I. MacPherson, J. R. Pederson, and R. L. Desjardins, 1994:Observations of fluxes and inland breezes over a heterogeneous surface. J. Atmos. Sci.,51,2165-2178.
Mahrt, L.,2000:Surface heterogeneity and vertical structure of the boundary layer. Bound-Layer Meteor.,96,33-62.
Marengo, J. A., R. Jones, L. M. Alves, and M. C. Valverde,2009:Future change of temperature and precipitation extremes in South American as derived from the PRECIS regional climate modeling system. Int. J. Climatol,29,2241-2255.
Matheson, M. A. and Y. Ashie,2008:The effects of changes of urban surfaces on rainfall phenomenon as determined by a non-hydrostatic mesoscale model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,86,733-751.
Mendes, J. M., K. F. Turkman and J. Corte-Real,2006:A Bayesian hierarchical model for local precipitation by downscaling large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern. Environmetrics,17,721-738.
Miguez-Macho, G., G. L. Stenchikov, and A. Robock,2004:Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain position and geometry in regional climate model simulations. J. Geophys. Res.,109, D13104, doi:10.1029/2003JD004495.
Miguez-Macho, G., G. Stenchikov, and A. Robock,2005:Regional climate simulations over North America:interaction of local processes with improved large-scale flow. J. Climate,18,1227-1246.
Murphy, J.,1999:An evaluation of statistical and dynamical techniques for downscaling local climate. J. Clim.,12,2256-2284.
Murphy, J.,2000:Predictions of climate change over Europe using statistical and dynamical downscaling techniques. Int. J. Clim.,20,489-501.
Najac, J., C. Lac, and L. Terray,2011:Impact of climate change on surface winds in France using a statistical-dynamical downscaling method with mesoscale modelling. Int. J. Clim.,31,415-430.
Pal, J. S., F. Giorgi, and X. Bi,2004:Consistency of recent summer European precipitation trends and extremes with future regional climate projections. Geophy. Res. Lett,31, L13202.
Pan, Z., R. Arritt, W. Gutowski, E. Takle, and F. Otieno,2001:Evaluation of uncertainties in regional climate change simulations. J. Geophys. Res.,106, 17735-17752.
Papanastasiou, D. K. and D. Melas,2009:Climatology and impact on air quality of sea breeze in an urban coastal environment. Int. J. Climatol,29,305-315.
Persaud, S., D. Flynn, and B. Fox,1999:Potential for wind generation on the Guyana coastlands. Renew. Energy,18,175-189.
Pielke, R. A.,1984:Mesoscale meteorological modeling. Academic Press, New York, 612 pp.
Pinto, J. G, C. P. Neuhaus, G. C. Leckebusch, M. Reyers, and M. Kerschgens,2010: Estimation of wind storm impacts over Western Germany under future climate conditions using a statistical-dynamical downscaling approach. Tellus, A62, 188-201.
Pons, M. R., D. San-Martin, S. Herrera, and J. M. Gutierrez,2010:Snow trends in Northern Spain:analysis and simulation with statistical downscaling methods. Int.J. Clim.,30,1795-1806.
Pryor, S. C., R. J. Barthelmie, and E. Kjellstrom,2005:Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe:analyses using a regional climate model. Clim. Dyn.,25,815-835.
Rife, D. L., C. A. Davis, Y. B. Liu, and T. T. Warner,2004:Predictability of low-level winds by mesoscale meteorological models. Mon. Wea. Rev.,132,2533-2569.
Rockel, B. and K. Woth,2007:Extremes of near-surface wind speed over Europe and their future changes as estimated from an ensemble of RCM simulations. Climatic Change,81,267-280.
Salathe, E. P., R. Steed, C. F. Mass, and P. H. Zahn,2008:A high-resolution climate model for the U. S. Pacific Northwest:mesoscale feedbacks and local responses to climate change. J. Climate,21,5708-5726.
Schmidli, J., C. Frei, and P. L. Vidale,2006:Downscaling from GCM precipitation:a benchmark for dynamical and statistical downscaling methods. Int. J. Climatol., 26,679-689.
Schubert, S.,1998:Downscaling local extreme temperature change in south-eastern Australia from the CSIRO Mark2 GCM. Int. J. Clim.,18,1419-1438.
Seth, A. and F. Giorgi,1998:The effects of domain choice on summer precipitation simulation and sensitivity in a regional climate model. J. Clim.,11,2698-2712.
Simpson, J. E.,1994:Sea breeze and local winds. Cambridge University Press,234 pp..
Sun, J., D. Lenschow, L. Mahrt, T. Crawford, K. Davis, S. oncley, J. I. MacPherson, Q. Wang, R. Dobosy, and R. L. Desjardins,1997:Lake-induced atmospheric circulations during BOREAS. J. Geophys. Res.,102,29155-29166.
Sylla, M. B., E. Coppola, L. Mariotti, F. Giorgi, P. M. Ruti, A. Dell'Aquila, and X. Bi, 2009:Multiyear simulation of the African climate using a regional climate model (RegCM3) with the high resolution EAR-interim reanalysis. Clim. Dyn.,35, 231-247.
Thuillier, R. H.,1987:Real-time analysis of local wind patterns for application to nuclear-emergency response. Bull. Am. Meteorol Soc.,68,1111-1115.
Tselioudis, G., C. Douvis, and C. Zerefos,2011:Does dynamical downscaling introduce novel information in climate model simulations of precipitation change over a complex topography region? Int. J. Clim., doi:10.1002/joc.2360.
Wan, H., X-L. Wang, and V. R. Swail,2010:Homogenization and trend analysis of Canadian near-surface wind speeds. J. Climate,23,1209-1225.
Wang, X. L., Val R. Swail, and A. Cox,2010:Dynamical versus statistical downscaling methods for ocean wave heights. Int. J. Clim.,30,317-332.
Wigley, T. M. L., P. D. Jones, K. R. Briffa, and G. Smith,1990:Obtaining sub-grid scale information from coarse resolution general circulation model output. J. Geophys. Res.,95,1943-1953.
Wilby, R. L., T. M. L. Wigley, D. Conway, P. D. Jones, B. C. Hewitson, J. Main, and D. S. Wilks,1998:Statistical downscaling of general circulation model output:a comparison of methods. Water Resour. Res.,34,2995-3008.
von Storch, H., H. Langenberg, and F. Feser,2000:A spectral nudging technique for dynamical downscaling purposes. Mon. Wea. Rev.,128,3664-3673.
Yoshikado, H.,1992:Numerical study of the daytime urban effect and its interaction with the sea breeze. J. Appl. Meteor,31,1146-1164.
Zagar, N., M. Zagar, J. Cedilnik, G. Gregoric, and J. Rakovec,2006:Validation of mesoscale low-level winds obtained by dynamical downscaling of ERA40 over complex terrain. Tellus,58A,445-455.
Zeng, X. M., J. B. Liu, Z. G. Ma, S. Song, C. L. Xi, and H. J. Wang,2010:Study on the effects of land surface heterogeneities in temperature and moisture on annual scale regional climate simulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,27,151-163.
Zhou, T. J. and Z. X. Li,2002:Simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon by using a variable resolution atmospheric GCM. Clim. Dyn.,19,167-180.
Zhou, T. J. and R. C. Yu,2006:Twentieth century surface air temperature over China and the globe simulated by coupled climate models. J. Climate,19,5843-5858.
Zhou, W., H. Yang, and Z. Fang,2006:Wind power potential and characteristics analysis of the Pearl River Delta region, China. Renew. Energy,31,739-753.
Zhu, J. H. and X. Z. Liang,2007:Regional climate model simulation of US precipitation and surface air temperature during 1982-2002:Interannual variation. J. Climate,20,218-232.
Zuranski, J. A. and B. Jaspinka,1996:Directional analysis of extreme wind speeds in Poland. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodynam.,65,13-20.
冯锦明,符淙斌.2007.不同区域气候模式对中国地区温度和降水的长期模拟比较.大气科学,31(5):805-814. Feng, J-M. and C-B. Fu,2007:Inter-comparison of long-term simulations of temperature and precipitation over China by different regional climate models (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 31,805-814.
李庆宝,苗世光,刘学刚等.2010.边界层流场和地形特征对青岛奥帆赛场午后海风影响的研究.气象学报,68(6)：985-997Li, Q-B., S-G. Miao, X-G. Liu, S-P. Zhang, G-P. Sun, and X-C. Liu,2010:On the impacts of boundary-layer flows and the terrain on the afternoon sea-breeze in the Qingdao Olympic sailing venue (in Chinese). Acta Meteorologica Sinica,68,985-997.
李艳,王元.2007.岛屿型复杂地形地貌条件下有效风能分布的甚高分辨率数值模拟.太阳能学报,28(6)：663-669Li, Y. and Y. Wang,2007:Numerical replication for wind energy over island-like complex terrain with very high resolution (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,28,663-669.
李艳,汤剑平,王元,江志红,储惠芸.2009.区域风能资源评价分析的动力降尺度研究.气候与环境研究,14(2)192-200. Li Y, J-P. Tang, Y. Wang, Z-H. Jiang, and H-Y. Chu,2009:Application of dynamical downscaling method for assessment of wind energy resources (in Chinese). Climatic and Environmental Research,14,192-200.
汤剑平,高红霞,李艳等.2009IPCC-A2'情景下我国21世纪风能变化的统计降尺度方法研究.太阳能学报,30(5):655-666. Tang J-P., H-X. Gao, Y. Li, and M-L. Yan,2009:Assessment of wind energy potential in China during the 21st century under the IPCC-A2 scenario (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 30,655-666.
袁春红,薛桁,杨振斌.2004.近海区域风速数值模拟试验分析.太阳能学报,25(6):740-743. Yuan, C., H. Xue, and Z. Yang,2004:A numerical modeling study for offshore wind speed (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,25, 740-743.
曾雪兰,余志,邓院昌,王铁强2008. SRTM数字高程模型在MM5风场模拟中的应用.资源科学,30(5):662-666. Zeng, X-L., Z. Yu, Y-C. Deng, and T-Q. Wang, 2008:Application of SRTM DEM in the numerical simulation of wind fields using MM5 (in Chinese). Resources Science,30,662-666.
Bao, J-W., S. A. Michelson, P. O. G. Persson, I. V. Djalalova, and J. M. Wilczak,2008: Observed and WRF-simulated low-level winds in a high-ozone episode during the Central California Ozone Study. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47,2372-2394.
Bukovsky, M. S. and D. J. Karoly,2009:Precipitation simulations using WRF as a nested regional climate model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.,48,2152-2159.
Chen F., K. Mitchell, J. Schaake, Y. Xue, H-L. Pan, V. Koren, Q. Y. Duan, M. Ek, and A. Betts,1996:Modeling of land-surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. J. Geophys. Res.,101,7251-7268.
Chen F., Z. Janjic, K. Mitchell,1997:Impact of atmospheric surface layer parameterization in the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP mesoscale Eta numerical model. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 185,391-421.
Chen F. and J. Dudhia,2001:Coupling an advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part Ⅰ:mode 1 implementation and sensitivity. Mon. Wea. Rev.,129,569-585.
Chen F., H. Kusaka, R. Bornstein, J. Ching, C. S. B. Grimmond, S. Grossman-Clarke, T. Loridan, K. W. Mamming, A. Martilli, S. Miao, D. Sailor, F. P. Salamanca, H. Taha, M. Tewari, X. Wang, A. A. Wyszogrodzki, and C. Zhang,2011:The integrated WRF/urban modeling system:development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems. Int. J. Climatol., 31,273-288.
Davis, C., W. Wang, S. S. Chen, Y. Chen, K. Corbosiero, M. DeMaria, J. Dudhia, G. Holland, J. Klemp, J. Michalakes, H. Reeves, R. Rotunno, C. Snyder, and Q. Xiao,2008:Prediction of landfalling hurricanes with the advanced hurricane WRF model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,136,1990-2005.
Dayan, U., B. Lifshitz-Goldreich, and K. Pick,2002:Spatial and structural variation of the atmospheric boundary layer during summer in Israel-Profiler and rawinsonde measurements. J. Appl. Meteor,41,447-457.
Dudhia, J.,1989:Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46,3077-3107.
Ek M. B., K. E. Mitchell, Y. Lin, E. Rogers, P. Grunmann, V. Koren, G. Gayno, and J. D. Tarpley,2003:Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Center for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J. Geophys. Res.,108(D22):8851, DOI:10.1029/2002JD003296.
Grimmond, C. S. B.,2006:Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere. Theor. Appl. Climatol,84,3-22.
Guo, X., D. Fu, and J. Wang,2006:Mesoscale convective precipitation system modified by urbanization in Beijing City. Atmos. Res.,82,112-126.
Hong, S-Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia,2006:A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev.,134,2318-2341.
Kain, J. S.,2004:The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update. J. Appl. Meteor.,43,170-181.
Kusaka H., H. Kondo, Y. Kikegawa, F. Kimura,2001:A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:comparison with multi-layer slab models. Bound.-Layer Meteor.,101,329-358.
Kusaka, H., and F. Kimura,2004a:Thermal effects of urban canyon structure on the nocturnal heat island:Numerical experiment using a mesoscale model coupled with an urban canopy model. J. Appl. Meteor,43,1899-1910.
Kusaka H., and F. Kimura,2004b:Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model:impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,82,67-80.
Liu, Y., F. Chen, T. Warner, and J. Basara,2006:Verification of a mesoscale data-assimilation and forecasting system for the Oklahoma city area during the Joint Urban 2003 Field Project. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,45,912-929.
Lo, J. C. F., A. K. H. Lau, F. Chen, J. C. H. Fung, and K. K. M. Leung,2007:Urban modification in a mesoscale model and the effects on the local circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,46,457-476.
Lo, J. C. F., Z. L. Yang, and R. A. Pielke Sr,2008:Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. J. Geophys. Res.,113:D09112. doi:10.1029/2007JD009216.
Masson, V.,2000:A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric models. Bound-Layer Meteor,94,357-397.
Martilli, A., A. Clappier, and M. W. Rotach,2002:An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models. Bound.-Layer Meteor,104,261-304.
Michelson, S. A. and I. V. Djalalova,2010:Evaluation of the summertime low-level winds simulated by MM5 in the Central Valley of California. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.,49,2230-2245.
Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough,1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res.,102,16663-16682.
Oke, T. R.,1995:The heat island of the urban boundary layer:Characteristics, causes and effects. Wind Climate in Cities, J. E. Cermak et al., Eds., NATO ASI Series E, Vol.227, Kluwer Academic,81-107.
Otte, T. L., A. Lacser, S. Dupont, and J. K. S. Ching,2004:Implementation of an urban canopy parameterization in a mesoscale meteorological model. J. Appl. Meteor.,43,1648-1665.
Pan, Z., E. Takle, W. Gutowski, and R. Turner,1999:Long simulation of regional climate as a sequence of short segments. Mon. Wea. Rev.,127,308-321.
Powers, J. G.,2007:Numerical prediction of an Antarctic severe wind event with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,135, 3134-3157.
Qian, J-H., A. Seth, and S. Zebiak,2003:Reinitialized versus continuous simulations for regional climate downscaling. Mon. Wea. Rev.,131,2857-2874.
Ruiz, J. J., C. Saulo, and J. Nogues-Paegle,2010:WRF model sensitivity to choice of parameterization over South America:Validation against surface variables. Mon. Wea. Rev.,138,3342-3355.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Y. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers,2008:A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note TN-475+STR,125pp.
Storm B. A.,2008:Modeling of low-level jets over the Great Plains:Implications for wind energy [D]. Texas Tech University.
Wang, X. M., W. S. Lin, L. M. Yang, R. R. Deng, and H. Lin,2007:A numerical study of influences of urban land-use change on ozone distribution over the Pearl River Delta region, China. Tellus,59B,633-638.
蒙伟光,闫敬华,扈海波.2007.城市化对珠江三角洲强雷暴天气的可能影响.大气科学,31(2)：364-376Meng W-G., J-H. Yan, and H-B. Hu,2007:Possible impact of urbanization o severe thunderstorms over Pearl River Delta (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,31,364-376.
彭珍,胡非.2006.北京城市化进程对边界层风场结构影响的研究.地球物理学报,49(6)：1608-1615Peng Z. and F. Hu,2006:A study of the influence of urbanization of Beijing on the boundary wind structures (in Chinese). Chinese J. Geophys.,49,1608-1615.
徐阳阳,刘树华,胡非等.2009.北京城市化发展对大气边界层特性的影响.大气科学,33(4)：859-867Xu, Y-Y., S-H. Liu, F. Hu, N. Ma, Y. Wang, Y-N. Shi, and H-Y. Jia,2009:Influence of Beijing urbanization on the characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,33,859-867.
Bao, J-W., S. A. Michelson, P. O. G. Persson, I. V. Djalalova, and J. M. Wilczak,2008: Observed and WRF-simulated low-level winds in a high-ozone episode during the Central California Ozone Study. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,47,2372-2394.
Bukovsky, M. S. and D. J. Karoly,2009:Precipitation simulations using WRF as a nested regional climate model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,48,2152-2159.
Chandrasekar, A., C. R. Philbrick, R. Clark, B. Doddridge, and P. Georgopoulos,2003: Evaluating the performance of a computationally efficient MM5/CALMET system for developing wind field inputs to air quality models. Atmos. Environ., 37,3267-3276.
Davis, C., W. Wang, S. S. Chen, Y. Chen, K. Corbosiero, M. DeMaria, J. Dudhia, G. Holland, J. Klemp, J. Michalakes, H. Reeves, R. Rotunno, C. Snyder, and Q. Xiao,2008:Prediction of landfalling hurricanes with the advanced hurricane WRF model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,136,1990-2005.
Dudhia, J.,1989:Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46,3077-3107.
Hong, S-Y., J. Dudhia, and S-H. Chen,2004:A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev.,132,103-120.
Hong, S-Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia,2006:A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev.,134,2318-2341.
Jackson, B., D. Chau, K. Gurer, and A. Kaduwela,2006:Comparison of ozone simulations using MM5 and CALMET/MM5 hybrid meteorological fields for the July/August 2000 CCOS episode. Atmos. Environ.,40,2812-2822.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, J. Navarro, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and F. Valero,2008:Surface wind regionalization in complex terrain. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,47,308-325.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, J. P. Montavez, E. Garcia-Bustamante, and J. Navarro,2009:Climatology of wind patterns in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Int. J. Climatol,29,501-525.
Jimenez, P. A., J. F. Gonzalez-Rouco, E. Garcia-Bustamante, J. Navarro, J. P. Montavez, J. Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J. Dudhia, and A. Munoz-Roldan,2010: Surface wind regionalization over complex terrain:Evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution WRF simulation. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,49,268-287.
Kain, J. S.,2004:The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update. J. Appl. Meteor.,43,170-181.
Klink, K.,2002:Trends and interannual variability of wind speed distributions in Minnesota. J. Climate,15,3311-3317.
Lo, J. C. F., Z. L. Yang, and R. A. Pielke Sr.,2008:Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model,J.Geophys. Res.,113:D09112. doi:10.1029/2007JD009216.
Ludwig, F. L., D. K. Miller, and S. G. Gallaher,2006:Evaluating a hybrid prognostic-diagnostic model that improves wind forecast resolution in complex coastal topography. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol,45,155-177.
Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough,1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res.,102,16663-16682.
Pan, Z., E. Takle, W. Gutowski, and R. Turner,1999:Long simulation of regional climate as a sequence of short segments. Mon. Wea. Rev.,127,308-321.
Powers, J. G.,2007:Numerical prediction of an Antarctic severe wind event with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Mon. Wea. Rev.,135, 3134-3157.
Qian, J-H., A. Seth, and S. Zebiak,2003:Reinitialized versus continuous simulations for regional climate downscaling. Mon. Wea. Rev.,131,2857-2874.
Ruiz, J. J., C. Saulo, and J. Nogues-Paegle,2010:WRF model sensitivity to choice of parameterization over South America:Validation against surface variables. Mon. Wea. Rev.,138,3342-3355.
Scire, J. S., F. R. Robe, M. E. Fernau, and R. J. Yamartino,2000:A user's guide for the CALMET meteorological model (version 5). Earth Tech, Inc.,332 pp.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Y. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers,2008:A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note TN-475+STR,125pp.
Taylor, K. E.,2001:Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res.,106,7183-7192.
Wan, H., X-L. Wang, and V. R. Swail,2010:Homogenization and trend analysis of Canadian near-surface wind speeds. J. Climate,23,1209-1225.
Weisser, D.,2003:A wind energy analysis of Grenada:an estimation using the 'Weibull'density function. Renew. Energy,28,1803-1812.
Yim, S. H. L., J. C. H. Fung, A. K. H. Lau, and S. C. Kot,2007:Developing a high-resolution wind map for a complex terrain with a coupled MM5/CALMET system. J. Geophys, Res.,112:D05106. doi:10.1029/2006JD007752.
Yu, R-C, J. Li, and H-M. Chen,2009:Diurnal variation of surface wind over central eastern China, Clim. Dyn.,33,1089-1097.
Zagar, N., M. Zagar, J. Cedilnik, G. Gregoric, and J. Rakovec,2006:Validation of mesoscale low-level winds obtained by dynamical downscaling of ERA40 over complex terrain. Tellus,58A,445-455.
Zhou, W., H-X. Yang, and Z-H. Fang,2006:Wind power potential and characteristic analysis of the Pearl River Delta region, China. Renew. Energy,31,739-753.
龚强,袁国恩,汪宏宇,蔺娜,于华深.2006.辽宁沿海地区风能资源状况及开发潜力初步分析.地理科学,26(4)：483-489Gong Q., G-E. Yuan, H-Y Wang, and H-S. Yu,2006:State and exploitation potentiality of wind energy resources in Liaoning littoral (in Chinese). Scientia Geographica Sinica,26,483-489.
李艳,王元,汤剑平.2007.中国近地层风能资源的时空变化特征.南京大学学报(自然科学版),43(3)：61-72Li Y, Y. Wang, and J-P. Tang,2007:Temporal and spatial variety characteristics in near-surface wind energy in China (in Chinese). Journal of Nanjing University (natural sciences),43,61-72.
李艳,汤剑平,王元,江志红,储惠芸.2009.区域风能资源评价分析的动力降尺度研究.气候与环境研究,14(2)：192-200.Li Y.,J-P. Tang, Y. Wang, Z-H. Jiang, and H-Y. Chu,2009:Application of dynamical downscaling method for assessment of wind energy resources (in Chinese). Climatic and Environmental Research,14,192-200.
薛桁,朱瑞兆,冯守忠,王玉彬.1992.我国北部草原地区近地层平均风特性分析.太阳能学报,13(3)：232-238Xue H., R-Z. Zhu, S-Z. Feng, and Y-B. Wang, 1992:Mean wind characteristics analysis in the atmospheric surface layer of the grasslands area in North China (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,13, 232-238.
薛桁,朱瑞兆,杨振斌.2002.沿海陆上风速衰减规律.太阳能学报,23(2)：207-210. Xue H., R-Z. Zhu, and Z-B. Yang,2002:Study on land wind speed variation in coastal area (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,23,207-210.
Benestad, R. E., I. Hanssen-Bauer, amd D. Chen,2008:Empirical-statistical downscaling. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Bloom, A., V. Kotroni, and K. Lagouvardos,2008:Climate change impact of wind energy availability in the Eastern Mediterranean using the regional climate model PRECIS. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.,8,1249-1257.
Cook, K. H. and E. K. Vizy,2006:Coupled model simulations of the West African monsoon system:20th century simulations and the 21st century predictions. J. Climate,19,3681-3703.
Garreaud, R. D. and M. Falvey,2008:The coastal winds off western subtropical South America in future climate scenarios. Int. J. Climatol,29,543-554.
Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer,1994:A description of the fifth generation Perm State-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-398+STR,138pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Guo, H., Xu M., and Hu Q,2010:Changes in near-surface wind speed in China: 1969-2005. Int. J. Climatol., doi:10.1002/joc.2091.
Jiang, Y., Y. Luo, Z. Zhao, et al.,2010:Projections of wind changes for 21st Century in China by three regional climate models. Chin. Geogra. Sci.,20,226-235.
Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, et al.,1996:The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc.,77, 437-471.
Luo, Y., Z. C. Zhao, Y. Xu, et al.,2005:Projections of climate change over China for the 21st century. Acta Meteor. Sinica,19,401-406.
McVicar, T. R., et al.,2008:Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975-2006:Capture the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output. Geophys. Res. Lett., 111, doi:10.1029/2008GL035627.
Nakic, N., et al.,2000:Special report on emissions scenarios. A special report of working group III of the International Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA:Cambridge University Press,599-611.
Pryor, S. C, R. J. Barthelmie, and E. Kjellstrom,2005:Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe:analyses using a regional climate model. Clim. Dynam.,25,815-835.
Robeson, S. M.,2004:Trends in time-varying percentiles of daily minimum and maximum temperature over North America. Geophys. Res. Lett.,31, L04203, DOI:10.1029/2003GL019019.
Rockel, B. and K. Woth,2007:Extremes of near-surface wind speed over Europe and their future changes as estimated from an ensemble of RCM simulations. Climatic Change,81,267-280.
Roeckner, E., et al.,2003:The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I:Model description. Report No.349, ISSN 0937-1060. Hamburg: Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie.
Vautard, R., et al.,2010:Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness. Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/NGEO979.
江滢,罗勇,赵宗慈.2009.近50年中国风速变化多气候模式模拟检验.气象学报,67(6)：923-934Jiang, Y., Y. Luo, and Z. C. Zhao,2009:Evaluation of wind speeds in China as simulated by global climate models (in Chinese). ActaMeteorol.Sinica,67,923-934.
汤剑平,陈星,赵鸣,等.2008IPCC A2情景下中国区域气候变化的数值模拟.气象学报,66(1)：13-25Tang, J. P., X. Chen, M. Zhao, et al.,2008:Numerical simulation of regional climate change under IPCC A2 scenario in China (in Chinese). Acta Meteor. Sinica,66,13-25.
汤剑平,高红霞,李艳,等.2009IPCC-A2情景下我国21世纪风能变化的统计降尺度方法研究,太阳能学报,30(5)：655-666Tang, J. P., H. X. Gao, Y. Li, et al., 2009:Assessment of wind energy potential in China during the 21st century under the IPCC-A2 scenario (in Chinese). Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,30, 655-666.
Bechmann, A. and N. N. S(?)rensen,2011:Hybrid RANS/LES applied to complex terrain. Wind Energy,14,225-237.
Boe, J., L. Terray, F. Habets, and E. Martin,2006:A simple statistical-dynamical downscaling scheme based on weather types and conditional resampling. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006889.
Frey-Buness, A., D. Heimann, and R. Sausen,1995:A statistical-dynamical downscaling procedure for global climate simulations. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,50, 117-131.
Fuentes, U. and D. Heimann,1996:Verification of statistidal-dynamical downscaling in the Alpine region. Clim. Res.,7,151-168.
Fuentes, U. and D. Heimann,2000:An improved statistical-dynamical downscaling scheme and its application to the Alpine precipitation climatology. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,65,119-135.
Heimann,D.,1986:Estimation of regional surface wind field characteristics using a three-layer mesoscal model.Contr.Atm.Phys.,59,518-537.
Jimenez, A., A. Crespo, and E. Migoya,2010:Application of a LES technique to characterized wake deflection of a wind turbine in yaw. Wind Energy,13, 559-572.
Mengelkamp, H-T., H. Kapitza, and U. Pfluger,1997:Statistical-dynamical downscaling of wind climatologies. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodynam.,67,449-457.
Mengelkamp, H-T.,1999:Wind climate simulation over complex terrain and wind turbine energy output estimation. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,63,129-139.
Najac, J., C. Lac, and L. Terray,2011:Impact of climate change on surface winds in France using a statistical-dynamical downscaling method with mesoscale modelling. Int. J. Climatol.,31,415-430.
Wippermann, F. and G. Gross,1981:On the construction of orographically influenced wind roses for a given distribution of large-scale wind. Contr. Atm. Phys.,54, 492-501.
Xuan, J., and A. Robins,1994:The effects of turbulence and complex terrain on dust emissions and depositions from coal stockpiles. Atmos. Environ.,28,1951-1960.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |