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基于3S的茶园建设与管理研究
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摘要
茶,是中华民族的国饮,也是风靡世界的三大无酒精饮料之一。长沙茶叶生产和加工历史悠久,茶叶栽培至今已有1300多年的历史,茶叶生产基础条件较好,发展较快。百里茶廊是长沙四大优势产业带,是指长沙县东北向,从双江往金井、高桥、春华一带,跨越九个乡镇,蜿延100余里。本文采用野外调查、遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)等方法,研究了长沙县百里茶廊茶园建设和生产管理情况,探明了百里茶廊茶叶产业发展和变化特征,意在向政府提供可靠、准确的茶园建设和生产数据,从而指导人们合理开发和建设茶园,为实现土地和社会经济的可持续发展提供依据。主要的研究结果如下:
     1.通过野外调查和定点观测,建立了土地利用分类系统和茶园遥感影像解译标志,结合遥感和地理信息系统软件对2000年、2005年和2008年的三期遥感影像进行处理和解译,得到了三个时段的长沙百里茶廊茶园建设变化图。结果表明自2000年起,长沙百里茶廊茶园面积呈逐年增加的趋势。与2000年相比,2004年和2008年茶园面积分别增加了2483.5 hm2和5213.8 hm2。
     2.通过对长沙百里茶廊茶园建设情况和当地经济发展以及自然条件的分析,发现自然因素、市场经济因素和政策因素是促进当地茶叶产业快速发展的主要驱动因子。
     3.通过对湘丰茶场的实地调查,采用1:10000的地形图,结合MAPGIS对湘丰茶厂茶园进行矢量化,得到湘丰茶厂茶园分布图。并在MapGIS软件环境下,通过连接图形和属性数据库,建立了湘丰茶厂茶园生产和管理图件,包括茶叶品种、种植年代和施肥情况等。
     4.通过对湘丰茶厂茶树种植品种分析,发现在1958至1989年之间以种植当地群体种茶为主,自2003年来大力发展各种良种茶的种植,包括桃源大叶茶、白毫早、槠叶齐、福大六一、伏云等。
     5.通过对湘丰茶场施肥和管理情况的分析,发现湘丰茶厂的生产模式是有机茶园的建设为主,施肥模式采用稻草覆盖、菜枯深埋,配施化肥的施肥方式。稻草覆盖量年均达到5100kg/hm~2,菜枯施用量年均为2400kg/hm~2,尿素施用量年均为525kg/hm~2。
Tea is the country drink of China, also one of the three non-alcoholic beverages in the world. The production and the processing history of tea are glorious in Changsha, and the tea cultivation had more than 1300 years'history until now, the production base condition is good and the development also quick. Baili tea zone is one of the four big superiority industry belts of Changsha, it is located in the northeast of Changsha County, from Shuangjiang towards to Jinjing, Gaoqiao, Chunhua, spans nine villages or towns, extended over 100 miles. A comprehensive study on the construction and management of Changsha Baili tea zone was conducted with the methods of field investigation, RS and GIS and so on, proved up the characteristics of industry development and change of Baili tea zone. As a result, some reliable and accurate data of construction and management of tea could be made for the government, which can guide people to exploit and construct the tea plantation reasonably, also to provide the foundations to realize land and society sustainable development furthermore. The main results showed as follow:
     (1) Through the field investigation and the point device observation, the system of land use/cover change classification (LUCC) and the tea plantation interpretation marks of LUCC were established, and related the software of remote sensing and the geographic information system to interpret three issue of remote sensing images of 2000,2005 and 2008, then got three issue of construction maps of Baili tea zone. The results showed that from 2000, the area of Baili tea zone increased year by year. Compared with 2000, the tea plantation area of 2004 and 2008 increased 2483.5 hm2 and 5213.8 hm2 separately.
     (2) Based on the analysis of construction situation of Baili tea zone and the development of the local economy as well as natural conditions, it showed that the natural factors, market economy factors and policy factors were the main reasons brought about the change.
     (3) Through the investigation to the Xiangfeng tea plantation factory, used the MapGIS software to vectore the 1:10000 topographic diagrams which covered the Xiangfeng tea plantation factory, and its tea variety distribution map was produced. And under the environment of MapGIS software, through the connection of graph and attribute databases, the Xiangfeng tea plantation factory production and the management graphic document were established, which included the tea variety, age of planting and fertilizations and so on.
     (4) Through the tea variety analysis of Xiangfeng tea plantation factory detected that the local tea was planted as the main variety from 1985 to 1989. But from 2003, the factory planted the good quality species tea vigorously, such as tea of Taoyuan, Baihaozao, Zhuyeqi, Fudaliuyi and Fuyun.
     (5) Through the analysis of fertilization and the management situation, discovered that the primarily production pattern of Xiangfeng tea plantation factory is the organic tea garden, applies fertilizer the pattern to use the rice straw mulch, the oilseed cake buries deeply, and matched the chemical fertilizers for auxiliary. The average application amount of the straw, the oilseed cake and the urea is 5100 kg/ hm2 a,2400 kg/hm2 a and 525 kg/hm2 a separately.
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