鄱阳湖平原浅层地下水有机污染物含量特征与健康风险评价
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摘要
为掌握鄱阳湖平原地下水的有机物污染状况,采样并分析了该区地下水中14种挥发性有机物(VOCs)与10种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)的含量,利用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险评价。结果表明:鄱阳湖平原地下水的这些有机物的检出率为3. 03%～27. 27%,其中14种VOCs的检出率为6. 06%～15. 15%,10种SVOCs的检出率为3. 03%～27. 27%,部分区域地下水受有机物污染,主要污染物为1,1,2-三氯乙烷、苯并(a)芘和萘;使用内梅罗多项指标的综合污染指数评价污染程度,区域有机物污染特征分为无污染、轻度污染、中度污染以及严重污染四个等级,污染源主要来自杀虫剂、石油化工企业和垃圾填埋场;有机的致癌物质通过饮用途径产生的健康风险远大于非致癌物质的健康风险,其中三氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、苯并[a]芘等通过饮水产生的致癌风险水平分别为最小可接受水平10-6的7. 06、1. 06、18. 7、54、1. 64、14. 4、2. 87倍,a-六六六通过饮水途径引起的致癌风险水平甚至高达1. 03×10~(-4),是区域地下水中主要致癌风险物质。研究成果可为鄱阳湖平原地下水水质污染状况研究及治理监管工作提供理论依据,为其他区域地下水有机物的监测和质量控制提供参考和借鉴。
In order to understand the status of organic pollution in groundwater of the Poyang lake plain,14 kinds of volatile organic compounds( VOCs) and 10 kinds of semi-volatile organic compounds( SVOCs) in groundwater samples were analyzed and their health risks were assessed by the health risk assessment model from USEPA. The results showed that organic pollution in groundwater of the Poyang lake plain had become nonnegligible,the main organic pollutants were found to be 1,1,2-trichloroethane,benzo-[a]-pyrene and naphthalene,and detection rates of VOCs and SVOCs were in the ranges of 6. 06%-15. 15% and 3. 03%-27. 27%,respectively.The organic pollution status in groundwater of the Poyang lake plain could be classified into 4 levels,non-pollution,light pollution,moderate pollution and serious pollution,according to the Nemerow's comprehensive pollution index method. Three major sources of organic pollutants were pesticides,petrochemical companies,and garbage landfills in the study area. The risks of carcinogenic chemicals in drinking water were significantly higher than those of non-carcinogenic chemicals,and carcinogenic risks of trichloroethylene,1,1-dichloroethane,1,2-dichloroethane,1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane,1,2-dichloropropane,1,1,2-trichloroethane and benzo-[a]-pyrene were 7. 06,1. 06,18. 7,54,1. 64,14. 4,2. 87 times,respectively,of their acceptable levels. The carcinogenic risk index of a-hexachlorocyclohexane,the main substance of carcinogenic risk in groundwater of the study area,in drinking water was as high as 1. 03×10~(-4). This paper provided a theoretical basis in the groundwater pollution study to control and supervise groundwater quality in the Poyang lake plain,and provided references for monitoring and controlling of groundwater organic pollutants in other regions.
In order to understand the status of organic pollution in groundwater of the Poyang lake plain,14 kinds of volatile organic compounds( VOCs) and 10 kinds of semi-volatile organic compounds( SVOCs) in groundwater samples were analyzed and their health risks were assessed by the health risk assessment model from USEPA. The results showed that organic pollution in groundwater of the Poyang lake plain had become nonnegligible,the main organic pollutants were found to be 1,1,2-trichloroethane,benzo-[a]-pyrene and naphthalene,and detection rates of VOCs and SVOCs were in the ranges of 6. 06%-15. 15% and 3. 03%-27. 27%,respectively.The organic pollution status in groundwater of the Poyang lake plain could be classified into 4 levels,non-pollution,light pollution,moderate pollution and serious pollution,according to the Nemerow's comprehensive pollution index method. Three major sources of organic pollutants were pesticides,petrochemical companies,and garbage landfills in the study area. The risks of carcinogenic chemicals in drinking water were significantly higher than those of non-carcinogenic chemicals,and carcinogenic risks of trichloroethylene,1,1-dichloroethane,1,2-dichloroethane,1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane,1,2-dichloropropane,1,1,2-trichloroethane and benzo-[a]-pyrene were 7. 06,1. 06,18. 7,54,1. 64,14. 4,2. 87 times,respectively,of their acceptable levels. The carcinogenic risk index of a-hexachlorocyclohexane,the main substance of carcinogenic risk in groundwater of the study area,in drinking water was as high as 1. 03×10~(-4). This paper provided a theoretical basis in the groundwater pollution study to control and supervise groundwater quality in the Poyang lake plain,and provided references for monitoring and controlling of groundwater organic pollutants in other regions.
引文
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[30]刘玉伟，程子权，刘北辰，等．长期接触低浓度萘的健康效应及职业禁忌筛查指标研究[J]．工业卫生与职业病，2009(5):268-270.
[2]李晓燕，高蔚．饮用水中非挥发性有机物的遗传毒性及脂质过氧化作用[J]．中国公共卫生学报，1995,14(1):8-9.
[3]李辰，梁冰，师彦平，等．室内空气中挥发性有机化合物污染及检测方法[D]．兰州:中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所，2005.
[4]李国玲．国内饮水中卤代烃的研究进展[J]．预防医学情报杂志，1998,14(1):25-26.
[5]陈敏，万华，徐爱兰．长江口地区饮用水源地有毒有害污染状况分析与评价[J]．南通大学学报(自然科学版)，2011,10(2):41-47.
[6]余刚，黄俊，张彭义．持久性有机污染物:倍受关注的全球性环境问题[J]．环境保护，2001(4):37-39.
[7]冯秋园，吴桐，万祎，等．持久性有机污染物(POPs)在水生生态系统中的环境行为[J]．北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2017,53(3):588-596.
[8]段化伟，宾萍，刘清君，等．应用基因重组细胞模型研究苯并[a]芘的细胞毒性和遗传损伤效应[J]．中华预防医学杂志，2010,44(4):314-318.
[9] Kumar M,Ramanathan A L,Tripathi R,et al. A study of trace element contamination using multivariate statistical techniques and health risk assessment in groundwater of Chhaprola Industrial Area,Gautam Buddha Nagar,Uttar Pradesh,India[J]. Chemosphere,2017,166:135-145.
[10] Chabukdhara M,Gupta S K,Kotecha Y,et al. Groundwater quality in Ghaziabad district,Uttar Pradesh,India:Multivariate and health risk assessment[J]. Chemosphere,2017,179:167-178.
[11] Majolagbe A O,Adeyi A A,Osibanjo O,et al. Pollution vulnerability and health risk assessment of groundwater around an engineering Landfill in Lagos,Nigeria[J]. Chemistry International,2017,3(1):58-68.
[12]田裘学．健康风险评价的基本内容与方法[J]．甘肃环境研究与监测，1997,10(4):32-36.
[13]曾光明，李新民．水环境健康风险评价模型及其应用[J]．水电能源科学，1997,15(4):28-33.
[14]王宗爽，武婷，段小丽，等．环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J]．环境科学研究，2009(10):1171-1175.
[15]段小丽，王宗爽，王贝贝，等．我国北方某地区居民饮水暴露参数研究[J]．环境科学研究，2010(9):1216-1220.
[16]魏爱雪，赵国栋，刘晓榜，等．京津地区地下水中有机物的研究[J]．环境科学学报，1986,6(3):293-305.
[17]李军．珠江三角洲有机氯农药污染的区域地球化学研究[D]．广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，2005.
[18]郭秀红，陈玺，黄冠星，等．珠江三角洲地区浅层地下水中有机氯农药的污染特征[J]．环境化学，2006,25(6):798-799.
[19]迭庆杞，聂志强，黄启飞，等．珠江三角洲土壤中有机氯农药的分布特征[J]．农业环境科学学报，2014(2):298-304.
[20]窦磊，杨国义．珠江三角洲地区土壤有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价[J]．环境科学，2015,36(8):2954-2963.
[21]万译文，康天放，周忠亮，等．北京官厅水库水体中挥发性有机物健康风险评价[J]．环境科学研究，2009,22(2):150-154.
[22]张奇磊，李燕萍，李春玉．常州饮用水源地挥发性有机物预警监控和健康风险评价研究[J]．环境科学与管理，2016(1):86-89.
[23]曾淼．辽阳市典型农村地下水水源有机物监测及健康风险评估[J]．环境保护与循环经济，2017,37(11):65-68.
[24]曾昭华，丁汉文，多超美，等．江西省鄱阳湖地区地下水环境背景形成的控制因素[J]．水文地质工程地质，1990,17(3):46-48.
[25]许瑛华，朱炳辉，杨业，等．吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中挥发性有机物[J]．卫生研究，2006,35(5):644-646.
[26]孙玉梅，王玉璠，刘菲，等．液液萃取-C18固相膜萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用测定地下水中半挥发性有机物[J]．质谱学报，2006,27(3):140-147.
[27] USEPA. Guidelines for exposure assessment[R]. FRL4129-5. Washington DC:Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,USEPA,1992.
[28] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated risk information system(IRIS),[EB/OL]2014-02-09. http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.html.
[29]何家禧，林炳杰．三氯乙烯引起全身大疱性表皮坏死松解症和肝肾损害二例报告[J]．职业医学，1995,22(1):37-38.
[30]刘玉伟，程子权，刘北辰，等．长期接触低浓度萘的健康效应及职业禁忌筛查指标研究[J]．工业卫生与职业病，2009(5):268-270.
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