大陆东南亚(中南半岛)的主要森林植被类型介绍（英文）
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摘要
大陆东南亚(中南半岛)的植被研究情况鲜为人知,至今仍无系统研究资料。该文依据数次对该地区的野外考察和资料收集,介绍了东南亚植被的研究情况和文献资料以及对该地区主要森林植被的分类和各主要植被类型的特征。大陆东南亚地区在植被分类上包括七个主要的陆生及湿地的森林植被类型:针叶林、针阔混交林、热带山地常绿阔叶林、热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带季风林(季雨林)、干旱刺灌丛/萨王纳植被。其中,针叶林植被型包括温性针叶林和热性针叶林二个植被亚型;针阔混交林包括温性针阔混交林和暖温性针阔混交林二个亚型;热带雨林植被型包括热带低地常绿雨林、热带季节性雨林(热带低地半常绿雨林)、热带山地雨林及泥炭沼泽森林四个植被亚型。该文还对大陆东南亚地区植被研究历史、植被分类系统、类型特征及植物区系组成进行了讨论。
The vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia is less known to science. This article introduces the studies up to now on the vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia( Indochina peninsula),and describes the main fo-rest vegetation types based on fragmentary information and field visits. Seven main terraneous and wet land forest vegetation types,including coniferous forest,coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest,tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest,tropical rain forest,tropical seasonal moist forest,tropical monsoon forest,and dry thorny thickets/woodland( savanna),are recognized. Of them,the coniferous forest includes two subtypes: temperate coniferous forest and tropical coniferous forest;the coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest includes also two subtypes: warm temperate and temperate coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests; and the tropical rain forest includes four main vegetation subtypes: tropical lowland evergreen rain forest,tropical seasonal rain forest( tropical lowland semi-evergreen rain forest),tropical montane rain forest,and peat swamp forest. The study history of the vegetation in the region,its classification,physiognomic characteristics,and dominant species composition,are also concisely introduced.
The vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia is less known to science. This article introduces the studies up to now on the vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia( Indochina peninsula),and describes the main fo-rest vegetation types based on fragmentary information and field visits. Seven main terraneous and wet land forest vegetation types,including coniferous forest,coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest,tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest,tropical rain forest,tropical seasonal moist forest,tropical monsoon forest,and dry thorny thickets/woodland( savanna),are recognized. Of them,the coniferous forest includes two subtypes: temperate coniferous forest and tropical coniferous forest;the coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest includes also two subtypes: warm temperate and temperate coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests; and the tropical rain forest includes four main vegetation subtypes: tropical lowland evergreen rain forest,tropical seasonal rain forest( tropical lowland semi-evergreen rain forest),tropical montane rain forest,and peat swamp forest. The study history of the vegetation in the region,its classification,physiognomic characteristics,and dominant species composition,are also concisely introduced.
引文
ASHTONP,2014.On the forests of tropical Asia[M].London:The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew:1-670.
ASHTON P,2003.Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains revisited[J].Perspect Plant Ecol,6:87-104.
AYE YY,PAMPASIT S,UMPONSTIRA C,et al.,2014.Floristic composition,diversity and stand structure of tropical forests in Popa Mountain Park[J].J Environ Prot,5:1588-1602.
BEARD JS,1944.Climax vegetation in tropical America[J].Ecology,25:127-158.
BEARD JS,1955.The classification of tropical American vegetation types[J].Ecology,36:359-412.
BLASCO F,BELLAN MF,AIZPURU M,1996.A vegetation map of tropical continental Asia at scale 1∶5 million[J].JVeg Sci,7:623-634.
CHAMPION HG,1936.A preliminary survey of the forest types of India and Burma[J].Indian For Records(New Series),Silviculture 1,1:1-286.
CREDNER TAW,1935.Siam das Land der Thai[M].Stuttgart.
DY PHON P,1970.La vegetation du sud-ouest du Cambodge[J].Ann Fac SciPhnom Penh:121.
CORLETT RT,2005.Vegetation[C].The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
CORLETT RT,2014.Classifying tropical forests[C].Tropical Forestry Handbook.DOI10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_52-1.Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
DAVIS JH,1960.The forests of Burma[M].Florida:University of Mandalay and University of Florida.
GRUBB PJ,LLOYD JR,PENNINGTON TD,et al.,1964.Acomparison of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador.I.The forest structure,physiognomy and floristics[J].J Ecol,51:567-601.
HALL JB,SWAINE MD,1976.Classification and ecology of closed-canopy forest in Ghana[J].J Ecol,64:913-953.
HALL JB,SWAINE MD,1981.Distribution and ecology of vascular plant in a tropical rain forest-Forest vegetation in Ghana[M]//WERGER MJA.Geobotany 1.London:Dr W.Junk Publishers.
HTUN NZ,MIZOUE N,YOSHIDA S,2011.Classifying tropical deciduous vegetation:A comparison of multiple approaches in Popa Mountain Park,Myanmar[J].Int JRemote Sens,32:8935-8948.
MAXWELL JF,ELLIOTT S,2001.Vegetation and vascular flora of Doi Sutep-Pui National Park,Northern Thailand[M].Bangkok:Biodiversity Research and Training Program,Thai Studies in Biodiversity,5:205.
MARTIN MA,1973.Notes on the vegetation of the Cardamon Mountaions,Cambodia[J].Garden’s Bull Singapore,26:213-222.
MCSHEA WJ,DAVIES SJ,BHUMPAKPHAN N,2011.The ecology and conservation of seasonally dry forests in Asia[M].Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press:1-413.
NAKANISHI A,SUNGPALEE W,SRI-NGERNYUANG K,et al.,2016.Large variations in composition and spatial distribution of epiphyte biomass on large trees in a tropical montane forest of northern Thailand[J].Plant Ecol,217:1157-1169.
OGAWA H,YODA K,KIRA T,1961.A preliminary survey on the vegetation of Thailand[J].Nat Life SE Asia(Kyoto),1:21-157.
PHENGKLAI C,NIYOMDHAM C,PREMRASMI C,et al.,1989.Peat swamp forest of Thailand[J].Thai For Bull,18:1-42.
RICHARDS PW,1983.The tree dimensional structure of tropical rain forest[M]//SUTTO SL.Tropical rain forest:Ecology and management.Oxford:Blackwell Science Publish:3-10.
RICHARDS PW,1996.The tropical rain forest:an ecological study[M].2nd ed.London:Cambridge University Press.
ROBBINS RG,1968.The biogeography of tropical rain forest in SE Asia[M]//MISRA R,GOPAL B.Proceedings of the Symposium in Recent Advances in Tropical Ecology.Varansi:International Society for Tropical Ecology,Banaras Hindu University:531-535.
ROLLET B,1972.La vegetation du Cambodge[J].Boiset For Des Trop,144:3-15;145:24-38;146:4-20.
SANTISUK T,1988.An account of the vegetation of northern Thailand[M].Stuttart:Geoecological Research 5,Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH:101.
SCHIMPER AFW,1903.Plant-geography upon a physiological basis[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
SCHMID M,1974.Vegetation du Viet Nam[M].Paris:Memoire OR-STOM,74:243.
SMITINAND T,1966.The vegetation of Dao Chiengdao,a limestone massive in Chiengmai,north Thailand[J].Nat Hist Bull Siam Soc,21(1-2):93-128.
STAMP LD,1925.Vegetation of Burma,from an ecological standpoint[M].Calcutta:Thacker,Spink&Co.
THIN NN,1997.The vegetation of Cucphuong National Park,Vietnam[J].Sida,17:719-759.
VIDAL JE,1960.The forests of Laos[J].Bois Et Forets Des Tropiques:5-21.
VIDAL JE,1972.La vegetation du Laos[M].Vientiane:Vithagna:120.
VIDAL JE,1997.Paysages ve'ge'taux et plantes de la pe'ninsule indochinoise[M].Paris:Editions Karthala:245.
WALTER H,1971.Ecology of tropical and subtropical vegetation[M].Edinburgh:Oliver&Boyd.
WEBB LJ,1959.A physiognomic classification of Australian rain forests[J].J Ecol,47:551-570.
WHITMORE TC,1984.Tropical rain forests of Far East[M].2nd ed.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
WHITMORE TC,1990.An introduction to tropical rain forests[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press.
WU ZY,1987.Vegetation of Yunnan[M].Beijing:Science Press:143-163.[吴征镒,1987.云南植被[M].北京:科学出版社:143-163.]
ZHU H,1997.Ecological and biogeographical studies on the tropical rain forest of south Yunnan,SW China with a special reference to its relation with rain forests of tropical Asia[J].J Biogeogr,24:647-662.
ZHU H,2004.A tropical seasonal rain forest at its altitudinal and latitudinal limits in southern Yunnan,SW China[J].Gardens’Bull Singapore,56:55-72.
ZHU H,2006.Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna,South China[J].For Stud China,8(2):1-58.
ZHU H,2009.Read the nature-geological wonder and vegetation geography of the Three Parallel Rivers Region in Northwest Yunnan[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-155.[朱华,2009.解读自然---云南三江并流地区地质奇观与植被地理[M].北京:科学出版社:1-155.]
ZHU H,2011.Tropical monsoon forest in Yunnan with comparison to the tropical rain forest[J].Acta Phytoecol Sin,35(4):463-470.[朱华,2011.云南热带季雨林及其与热带雨林植被的比较[J].植物生态学报,35(4):463-470.]
ZHU H,2017a.Floristic characteristics and affinities in Lao PDR,with a reference to the biogeography of the Indochina peninsula[J].PLoS ONE,12(6):e0179966.
ZHU H,2017b.The tropical forests of southern China and conservation of biodiversity[J].Bot Rev,83:87-105.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,1998.The structure,species composition and diversity of the limestone vegetation in Xishuangbanna,SW China[J].Gardens’Bull Singapore,50:5-33.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,2004.Plant diversity and physiognomy of a tropical montane rain forest in Mengsong,southern Yunnan,China[J].Acta Phytoecol Sin,28(3):351-360.[朱华,王洪,李保贵,2004.滇南勐宋热带山地雨林的物种多样性与生态学特征[J].植物生态学报,28(3):351-360.]
ZHU H,SHI JP,ZHAO CJ,2005.Species composition,physiognomy and plant diversity of the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern Yunnan[J].Biodivers Conserv,14:2855-2870.
ZHU H,CAO M,HU HB,2006a.Geological history,flora,and vegetation of Xishuangbanna,southern Yunnan,China[J].Biotropica,38:310-31.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,2006b.Species composition and biogeography of tropical montane rain forest in southern Yunnan of China[J].Gardens’Bull Singapore,58:81-132.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,et al.,2015a.Studies on the forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna[J].Plant Sci J,33(5):641-726.[朱华,王洪,李保贵,等,2015a.西双版纳森林植被研究[J].植物科学学报,33(5):641-726]
ZHU H,CHAI Y,ZHOU SS,et al.,2015b.Vegetation,floristic composition and species diversity in a tropical mountain nature reserve in southern Yunnan,SW China with implications to conservation[J].Trop Conserv Sci,8(2):528-546.
ASHTON P,2003.Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains revisited[J].Perspect Plant Ecol,6:87-104.
AYE YY,PAMPASIT S,UMPONSTIRA C,et al.,2014.Floristic composition,diversity and stand structure of tropical forests in Popa Mountain Park[J].J Environ Prot,5:1588-1602.
BEARD JS,1944.Climax vegetation in tropical America[J].Ecology,25:127-158.
BEARD JS,1955.The classification of tropical American vegetation types[J].Ecology,36:359-412.
BLASCO F,BELLAN MF,AIZPURU M,1996.A vegetation map of tropical continental Asia at scale 1∶5 million[J].JVeg Sci,7:623-634.
CHAMPION HG,1936.A preliminary survey of the forest types of India and Burma[J].Indian For Records(New Series),Silviculture 1,1:1-286.
CREDNER TAW,1935.Siam das Land der Thai[M].Stuttgart.
DY PHON P,1970.La vegetation du sud-ouest du Cambodge[J].Ann Fac SciPhnom Penh:121.
CORLETT RT,2005.Vegetation[C].The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
CORLETT RT,2014.Classifying tropical forests[C].Tropical Forestry Handbook.DOI10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_52-1.Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
DAVIS JH,1960.The forests of Burma[M].Florida:University of Mandalay and University of Florida.
GRUBB PJ,LLOYD JR,PENNINGTON TD,et al.,1964.Acomparison of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador.I.The forest structure,physiognomy and floristics[J].J Ecol,51:567-601.
HALL JB,SWAINE MD,1976.Classification and ecology of closed-canopy forest in Ghana[J].J Ecol,64:913-953.
HALL JB,SWAINE MD,1981.Distribution and ecology of vascular plant in a tropical rain forest-Forest vegetation in Ghana[M]//WERGER MJA.Geobotany 1.London:Dr W.Junk Publishers.
HTUN NZ,MIZOUE N,YOSHIDA S,2011.Classifying tropical deciduous vegetation:A comparison of multiple approaches in Popa Mountain Park,Myanmar[J].Int JRemote Sens,32:8935-8948.
MAXWELL JF,ELLIOTT S,2001.Vegetation and vascular flora of Doi Sutep-Pui National Park,Northern Thailand[M].Bangkok:Biodiversity Research and Training Program,Thai Studies in Biodiversity,5:205.
MARTIN MA,1973.Notes on the vegetation of the Cardamon Mountaions,Cambodia[J].Garden’s Bull Singapore,26:213-222.
MCSHEA WJ,DAVIES SJ,BHUMPAKPHAN N,2011.The ecology and conservation of seasonally dry forests in Asia[M].Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press:1-413.
NAKANISHI A,SUNGPALEE W,SRI-NGERNYUANG K,et al.,2016.Large variations in composition and spatial distribution of epiphyte biomass on large trees in a tropical montane forest of northern Thailand[J].Plant Ecol,217:1157-1169.
OGAWA H,YODA K,KIRA T,1961.A preliminary survey on the vegetation of Thailand[J].Nat Life SE Asia(Kyoto),1:21-157.
PHENGKLAI C,NIYOMDHAM C,PREMRASMI C,et al.,1989.Peat swamp forest of Thailand[J].Thai For Bull,18:1-42.
RICHARDS PW,1983.The tree dimensional structure of tropical rain forest[M]//SUTTO SL.Tropical rain forest:Ecology and management.Oxford:Blackwell Science Publish:3-10.
RICHARDS PW,1996.The tropical rain forest:an ecological study[M].2nd ed.London:Cambridge University Press.
ROBBINS RG,1968.The biogeography of tropical rain forest in SE Asia[M]//MISRA R,GOPAL B.Proceedings of the Symposium in Recent Advances in Tropical Ecology.Varansi:International Society for Tropical Ecology,Banaras Hindu University:531-535.
ROLLET B,1972.La vegetation du Cambodge[J].Boiset For Des Trop,144:3-15;145:24-38;146:4-20.
SANTISUK T,1988.An account of the vegetation of northern Thailand[M].Stuttart:Geoecological Research 5,Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH:101.
SCHIMPER AFW,1903.Plant-geography upon a physiological basis[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
SCHMID M,1974.Vegetation du Viet Nam[M].Paris:Memoire OR-STOM,74:243.
SMITINAND T,1966.The vegetation of Dao Chiengdao,a limestone massive in Chiengmai,north Thailand[J].Nat Hist Bull Siam Soc,21(1-2):93-128.
STAMP LD,1925.Vegetation of Burma,from an ecological standpoint[M].Calcutta:Thacker,Spink&Co.
THIN NN,1997.The vegetation of Cucphuong National Park,Vietnam[J].Sida,17:719-759.
VIDAL JE,1960.The forests of Laos[J].Bois Et Forets Des Tropiques:5-21.
VIDAL JE,1972.La vegetation du Laos[M].Vientiane:Vithagna:120.
VIDAL JE,1997.Paysages ve'ge'taux et plantes de la pe'ninsule indochinoise[M].Paris:Editions Karthala:245.
WALTER H,1971.Ecology of tropical and subtropical vegetation[M].Edinburgh:Oliver&Boyd.
WEBB LJ,1959.A physiognomic classification of Australian rain forests[J].J Ecol,47:551-570.
WHITMORE TC,1984.Tropical rain forests of Far East[M].2nd ed.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
WHITMORE TC,1990.An introduction to tropical rain forests[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press.
WU ZY,1987.Vegetation of Yunnan[M].Beijing:Science Press:143-163.[吴征镒,1987.云南植被[M].北京:科学出版社:143-163.]
ZHU H,1997.Ecological and biogeographical studies on the tropical rain forest of south Yunnan,SW China with a special reference to its relation with rain forests of tropical Asia[J].J Biogeogr,24:647-662.
ZHU H,2004.A tropical seasonal rain forest at its altitudinal and latitudinal limits in southern Yunnan,SW China[J].Gardens’Bull Singapore,56:55-72.
ZHU H,2006.Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna,South China[J].For Stud China,8(2):1-58.
ZHU H,2009.Read the nature-geological wonder and vegetation geography of the Three Parallel Rivers Region in Northwest Yunnan[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-155.[朱华,2009.解读自然---云南三江并流地区地质奇观与植被地理[M].北京:科学出版社:1-155.]
ZHU H,2011.Tropical monsoon forest in Yunnan with comparison to the tropical rain forest[J].Acta Phytoecol Sin,35(4):463-470.[朱华,2011.云南热带季雨林及其与热带雨林植被的比较[J].植物生态学报,35(4):463-470.]
ZHU H,2017a.Floristic characteristics and affinities in Lao PDR,with a reference to the biogeography of the Indochina peninsula[J].PLoS ONE,12(6):e0179966.
ZHU H,2017b.The tropical forests of southern China and conservation of biodiversity[J].Bot Rev,83:87-105.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,1998.The structure,species composition and diversity of the limestone vegetation in Xishuangbanna,SW China[J].Gardens’Bull Singapore,50:5-33.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,2004.Plant diversity and physiognomy of a tropical montane rain forest in Mengsong,southern Yunnan,China[J].Acta Phytoecol Sin,28(3):351-360.[朱华,王洪,李保贵,2004.滇南勐宋热带山地雨林的物种多样性与生态学特征[J].植物生态学报,28(3):351-360.]
ZHU H,SHI JP,ZHAO CJ,2005.Species composition,physiognomy and plant diversity of the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern Yunnan[J].Biodivers Conserv,14:2855-2870.
ZHU H,CAO M,HU HB,2006a.Geological history,flora,and vegetation of Xishuangbanna,southern Yunnan,China[J].Biotropica,38:310-31.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,2006b.Species composition and biogeography of tropical montane rain forest in southern Yunnan of China[J].Gardens’Bull Singapore,58:81-132.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,et al.,2015a.Studies on the forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna[J].Plant Sci J,33(5):641-726.[朱华,王洪,李保贵,等,2015a.西双版纳森林植被研究[J].植物科学学报,33(5):641-726]
ZHU H,CHAI Y,ZHOU SS,et al.,2015b.Vegetation,floristic composition and species diversity in a tropical mountain nature reserve in southern Yunnan,SW China with implications to conservation[J].Trop Conserv Sci,8(2):528-546.