江苏水源地型水库异味物质发生风险及影响因素
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摘要
为认知水源地型水库异味发生风险及其规律,本研究于异味风险高危期(夏季),对江苏17个省级水源地型水库开展了水质、浮游生物和异味物质状况调查.结果表明,本次调查的17个水库普遍存在富营养化程度偏高(如藻类生物量偏大和水体透明度偏低)的问题,约三分之一的水库出现部分水层异味物质2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)浓度超标,MIB平均浓度为(13. 7±20. 7) ng·L-1,表明江苏省水库型水源地普遍存在MIB风险;多个水库检出土臭素(GSM),但其浓度均没有超过10ng·L-1的饮用水标准浓度(最大浓度为4. 6 ng·L-1);同步水质调查及统计分析表明,MIB浓度和水体叶绿素a浓度、水体透明度、悬浮颗粒物浓度、富营养化指数等重要水质指标及浮游植物生物量(特别是蓝藻生物量)相关性显著(P <0. 05),其中MIB与叶绿素a、富营养化指数呈极显著的相关关系(P <0. 01).因此,水源地型水库的异味物质风险与水库的富营养化密切相关;实施营养盐外源输入削减、提高流域植被覆盖度、科学调控渔业养殖规模等水体富营养化控制措施是水库异味物质控制的关键.
In order to recognize the risk of odorous compounds and its driving mechanisms in water source reservoirs,the water quality,plankton,and odorous compounds of 17 provincial water source reservoirs in Jiangsu Province were investigated during a high-risk period of odorous compounds. A high eutrophication status,such as high algal biomass and low transparency,were widely observed in our study reservoirs. In addition,2-methylisoborneol( MIB) exceeded the standard in some water layers of one-third of the reservoirs,of which the average concentration was( 13. 7 ± 20. 7) ng·L-1. Geosmin( GSM) was also detected in several reservoirs,although the maximum concentration of 4. 6 ng·L-1 did not exceed the drinking water quality standard. With respect to the relationships between odorous compounds and environmental conditions,significant correlation( P < 0. 05) was noted between the MIB concentration and eutrophication indicators,including chlorophyll-a,Secchi depth,suspended solids,and comprehensive nutrition state index( TLI),particularly for chlorophyll-a and TLI( P < 0. 01). These results indicate that the risk of odorous compounds in water source reservoirs depend largely on the eutrophic status. Therefore,nutrient reduction,improvement in vegetation coverage of the reservoir basin,reasonable fishing practices are considered as effective strategies to avoid the risk of the odorous compounds in reservoirs.
In order to recognize the risk of odorous compounds and its driving mechanisms in water source reservoirs,the water quality,plankton,and odorous compounds of 17 provincial water source reservoirs in Jiangsu Province were investigated during a high-risk period of odorous compounds. A high eutrophication status,such as high algal biomass and low transparency,were widely observed in our study reservoirs. In addition,2-methylisoborneol( MIB) exceeded the standard in some water layers of one-third of the reservoirs,of which the average concentration was( 13. 7 ± 20. 7) ng·L-1. Geosmin( GSM) was also detected in several reservoirs,although the maximum concentration of 4. 6 ng·L-1 did not exceed the drinking water quality standard. With respect to the relationships between odorous compounds and environmental conditions,significant correlation( P < 0. 05) was noted between the MIB concentration and eutrophication indicators,including chlorophyll-a,Secchi depth,suspended solids,and comprehensive nutrition state index( TLI),particularly for chlorophyll-a and TLI( P < 0. 01). These results indicate that the risk of odorous compounds in water source reservoirs depend largely on the eutrophic status. Therefore,nutrient reduction,improvement in vegetation coverage of the reservoir basin,reasonable fishing practices are considered as effective strategies to avoid the risk of the odorous compounds in reservoirs.
引文
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[16]任杰,周涛,朱广伟,等.苏南水库硅藻群落结构特征及其控制因素[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1742-1753.Ren J, Zhou T, Zhu G W, et al. Community structure characteristics of diatom in reservoirs located in the South of Jiangsu Province, China and its control factors[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1742-1753.
[17] Zhu G W,Cui Y,Han X X,et al. Response of phytoplankton to nutrient reduction in Shahe Reservoir,Taihu catchment,China[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2015,30(1):41-58.
[18]崔扬,朱广伟,李慧赟,等.天目湖沙河水库水质时空分布特征及其与浮游植物群落的关系[J].水生态学杂志,2014,35(3):10-18.Cui Y, Zhu G W, Li H Y, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of water quality in Shahe Reservoir within Tianmuhu Reservoir and its relationship with phytoplankton community[J]. Journal of Hydroecology,2014,35(3):10-18.
[19]章宗涉,黄祥飞.淡水浮游生物研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
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[21]王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5):47-49.Wang M C, Liu X Q, Zhang J H. Evaluate method and classification standard on lake eutrophication[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2002,18(5):47-49.
[22] Su M,Yu J W,Zhang J Z,et al. MIB-producing cyanobacteria(Planktothrix sp.)in a drinking water reservoir:distribution and odor producing potential[J]. Water Research,2015,68:444-453.
[23] Deng X W, Liang G D, Chen J, et al. Simultaneous determination of eight common odors in natural water body using automatic purge and trap coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2011,1218(24):3791-3798.
[24] Zaitlin B,Watson S B. Actinomycetes in relation to taste and odour in drinking water:myths,tenets and truths[J]. Water Research,2006,40(9):1741-1753.
[25] Smith V H, Sieber-Denlinger J, Denoyelles F Jr, et al.Managing Taste and odor problems in a eutrophic drinking water reservoir[J]. Lake and Reservoir Management,2002,18(4):319-323.
[26] Uwins H K,Teasdale P,Stratton H. A case study investigating the occurrence of Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol(MIB)in the surface waters of the Hinze Dam,Gold Coast,Australia[J].Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5):231-238.
[27]周洋,代嫣然,钟非,等.合肥塘西河异味物质及异味影响因子研究[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(2):312-318.Zhou Y,Dai Y R,Zhong F,et al. Odor compounds and the related impact factors in Tangxi River,Hefei[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(2):312-318.
[28] Li L,Wan N,Gan N Q,et al. Annual dynamics and origins of the odorous compounds in the pilot experimental area of Lake Dianchi,China[J]. Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5):43-50.
[29] Winston B,Hausmann S,Scott J T,et al. The influence of rainfall on taste and odor production in a south-central USA reservoir[J]. Freshwater Science,2014,33(3):755-764.
[30]李文宇.北京密云水库水源涵养林对水质的影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2004.
[31]李恒鹏,朱广伟,陈伟民,等.中国东南丘陵山区水质良好水库现状与天目湖保护实践[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(6):775-784.Li H P,Zhu G W,Chen W M,et al. Current situation of good water quality reservoirs in hilly region of south-east China:protection practices of Tianmuhu Reservoir[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2013,25(6):775-784.
[32]刘建康,谢平.揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之谜[J].长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(3):312-319.Liu J K,Xie P. Unraveling the enigma of the disappearance of water bloom from the East lake(Lake Donghu)of Wuhan[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,1999,8(3):312-319.
[33]刘建康,谢平.用鲢鳙直接控制微囊藻水华的围隔试验和湖泊实践[J].生态科学,2003,22(3):193-198.Liu J K,Xie P. Direct control of microcystis bloom through the use of planktivorous carp-closure experiments and lake fishery practice[J]. Ecologic Science,2003,22(3):193-198.
[34]张运林,陈伟民,杨顶田,等.天目湖水环境与渔业生产及旅游发展的关系[J].生态科学,2003,22(3):271-274.Zhang Y L,Chen W M,Yang D T,et al. Relation of water environment of Tianmuhu Lake and fishery and tourism[J].Ecologic Science,2003,22(3):271-274.
[35]朱广伟,陈伟民,李恒鹏,等.天目湖沙河水库水质对流域开发与保护的响应[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(6):809-817.Zhu G W,Chen W M,Li H P,et al. Response of water quality to the catchment development and protection in Tianmuhu Reservoir,China[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2013,25(6):809-817.
[2]李崇巍,胡婕,王飒,等.流域“源-汇”景观格局变化及其对磷污染负荷的影响———以天津于桥水库流域为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(8):2430-2438.Li C W,Hu J,Wang S,et al. The source-sink landscape pattern change and its effect on phosphorus pollution in Yuqiao watershed[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(8):2430-2438.
[3]韩博平.中国水库生态学研究的回顾与展望[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(2):151-160.Han B P. Reservoir ecology and limnology in China:a retrospective comment[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(2):151-160.
[4] Yang J,Yu X Q,Liu L M,et al. Algae community and trophic state of subtropical reservoirs in southeast Fujian,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2012,19(5):1432-1442.
[5]蔡庆华,胡征宇.三峡水库富营养化问题与对策研究[J].水生生物学报,2006,30(1):7-11.
[6]赵孟绪,韩博平.汤溪水库蓝藻水华发生的影响因子分析[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1554-1560.Zhao M X,Han B P. Analysis of factors affecting cyanobacteria bloom in a tropical reservoir(Tangxi Reservoir,China)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(7):1554-1560.
[7] 2017年《中国生态环境状况公报》(摘录二)[J].环境保护,2018,46(12):67-74.
[8] Kehoe M J,Chun K P,Baulch H M. Who smells? Forecasting taste and odor in a drinking water reservoir[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(18):10984-10992.
[9] Holtan H. The lake mjsa story[J]. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Beiheft,1979,13:242-258.
[10] Persson P E. Off-flavours in aquatic ecosystems-an introduction[J]. Water Science and Technology,1983,15(6-7):1-11.
[11]邓绪伟,陶敏,张路,等.洞庭湖水体异味物质及其与藻类和水质的关系[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(1):16-21.Deng X W,Tao M,Zhang L,et al. Relationships between odors and algae and water quality in Dongting Lake[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(1):16-21.
[12]李维唯,郭康宁,刘莉文,等.若干水华相关藻类对太湖水体异味物质贡献的初步研究[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(4):916-924.Li W W,Guo K N,Liu L W,et al. Relationship of odor compounds to some algal strains associated with bloom in Lake Taihu[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(4):916-924.
[13]胡宇飞,余得昭,过龙根,等.武汉东湖水体异味物质及其与水环境因子相互关系[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(1):87-94.Hu Y F,Yu D Z,Guo L G,et al. Relationships of water taste and odor compounds and their related environmental factors in Lake Donghu,Wuhan[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(1):87-94.
[14] Olsen B K,Chislock M F,Wilson A E. Eutrophication mediates a common off-flavor compound,2-methylisoborneol,in a drinking water reservoir[J]. Water Research,2016,92:228-234.
[15]万成炎,吴晓辉,朱爱民,等.江苏省大中型水库水质的理化特性及其渔业评价[J].水利渔业,2003,23(1):43-45,62.
[16]任杰,周涛,朱广伟,等.苏南水库硅藻群落结构特征及其控制因素[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1742-1753.Ren J, Zhou T, Zhu G W, et al. Community structure characteristics of diatom in reservoirs located in the South of Jiangsu Province, China and its control factors[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1742-1753.
[17] Zhu G W,Cui Y,Han X X,et al. Response of phytoplankton to nutrient reduction in Shahe Reservoir,Taihu catchment,China[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2015,30(1):41-58.
[18]崔扬,朱广伟,李慧赟,等.天目湖沙河水库水质时空分布特征及其与浮游植物群落的关系[J].水生态学杂志,2014,35(3):10-18.Cui Y, Zhu G W, Li H Y, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of water quality in Shahe Reservoir within Tianmuhu Reservoir and its relationship with phytoplankton community[J]. Journal of Hydroecology,2014,35(3):10-18.
[19]章宗涉,黄祥飞.淡水浮游生物研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[20]李勇,张晓健,陈超.水中嗅味评价与致嗅物质检测技术研究进展[J].中国给水排水,2008,24(16):1-6.Li Y,Zhang X J,Chen C. Research progress in evaluation of tastes and odors compounds in water and their detection technology[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2008,24(16):1-6.
[21]王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5):47-49.Wang M C, Liu X Q, Zhang J H. Evaluate method and classification standard on lake eutrophication[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2002,18(5):47-49.
[22] Su M,Yu J W,Zhang J Z,et al. MIB-producing cyanobacteria(Planktothrix sp.)in a drinking water reservoir:distribution and odor producing potential[J]. Water Research,2015,68:444-453.
[23] Deng X W, Liang G D, Chen J, et al. Simultaneous determination of eight common odors in natural water body using automatic purge and trap coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2011,1218(24):3791-3798.
[24] Zaitlin B,Watson S B. Actinomycetes in relation to taste and odour in drinking water:myths,tenets and truths[J]. Water Research,2006,40(9):1741-1753.
[25] Smith V H, Sieber-Denlinger J, Denoyelles F Jr, et al.Managing Taste and odor problems in a eutrophic drinking water reservoir[J]. Lake and Reservoir Management,2002,18(4):319-323.
[26] Uwins H K,Teasdale P,Stratton H. A case study investigating the occurrence of Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol(MIB)in the surface waters of the Hinze Dam,Gold Coast,Australia[J].Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5):231-238.
[27]周洋,代嫣然,钟非,等.合肥塘西河异味物质及异味影响因子研究[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(2):312-318.Zhou Y,Dai Y R,Zhong F,et al. Odor compounds and the related impact factors in Tangxi River,Hefei[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(2):312-318.
[28] Li L,Wan N,Gan N Q,et al. Annual dynamics and origins of the odorous compounds in the pilot experimental area of Lake Dianchi,China[J]. Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5):43-50.
[29] Winston B,Hausmann S,Scott J T,et al. The influence of rainfall on taste and odor production in a south-central USA reservoir[J]. Freshwater Science,2014,33(3):755-764.
[30]李文宇.北京密云水库水源涵养林对水质的影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2004.
[31]李恒鹏,朱广伟,陈伟民,等.中国东南丘陵山区水质良好水库现状与天目湖保护实践[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(6):775-784.Li H P,Zhu G W,Chen W M,et al. Current situation of good water quality reservoirs in hilly region of south-east China:protection practices of Tianmuhu Reservoir[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2013,25(6):775-784.
[32]刘建康,谢平.揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之谜[J].长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(3):312-319.Liu J K,Xie P. Unraveling the enigma of the disappearance of water bloom from the East lake(Lake Donghu)of Wuhan[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,1999,8(3):312-319.
[33]刘建康,谢平.用鲢鳙直接控制微囊藻水华的围隔试验和湖泊实践[J].生态科学,2003,22(3):193-198.Liu J K,Xie P. Direct control of microcystis bloom through the use of planktivorous carp-closure experiments and lake fishery practice[J]. Ecologic Science,2003,22(3):193-198.
[34]张运林,陈伟民,杨顶田,等.天目湖水环境与渔业生产及旅游发展的关系[J].生态科学,2003,22(3):271-274.Zhang Y L,Chen W M,Yang D T,et al. Relation of water environment of Tianmuhu Lake and fishery and tourism[J].Ecologic Science,2003,22(3):271-274.
[35]朱广伟,陈伟民,李恒鹏,等.天目湖沙河水库水质对流域开发与保护的响应[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(6):809-817.Zhu G W,Chen W M,Li H P,et al. Response of water quality to the catchment development and protection in Tianmuhu Reservoir,China[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2013,25(6):809-817.