云南程海真光层深度的时空分布及其影响因子
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摘要
程海位于云南省丽江市永胜县,是高原封闭型深水湖泊的典型代表.为了揭示程海真光层深度的时空分布及其影响因子,于2016年3月-2017年2月在程海布设9个点位开展逐月调查.结果显示:光合有效辐射漫射衰减系数、真光层深度的年均值分别为1.06±0.25 m-1、4.64±1.27 m;空间变化方面,无论"北、中、南部"还是"西、中、东部",全年、逐月及雨旱季的真光层深度均无显著差异;时间变化方面,5月的真光层深度最高(6.49±1.03 m)、7月的最低(3.63±0.48 m),且全年、雨季、旱季的各月份间差异显著;回归分析发现,浮游植物生物量是程海真光层深度的最主要影响因子,悬浮物浓度次之(主要在雨季),有色可溶性有机物的影响甚微.为进一步识别程海真光层深度的间接影响因子,本文还分析了浮游植物生物量与生态因子的相关性.本研究可为程海的保护和治理积累数据并提供借鉴.
Lake Chenghai is a plateau-enclosed deep lake located in Yongsheng County,Lijiang City,Yunnan Province,China.To understand the temporal-spatial distribution of euphotic depth and its influencing factors,we carried out field investigations including nine sampling sites in the lake from March 2016 to February 2017. The results showed that the mean value of the attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation and the euphotic depth were 1.06±0.25 m-1and 4.64± 1.27 m,respectively.There were no significant difference in the spatial distribution of the euphotic depth in the whole year,months,rainy and dry seasons. Meanwhile,the euphotic depth were significantly different among months( throughout the whole year,as well as in the rainy and dry seasons),and the highest and the lowest monthly value of euphotic depth were 6.49± 1.03 m( May) and 3.63± 0.48 m( July),respectively. Moreover,the phytoplankton biomass was the main regulating factor that controlling the euphotic depth,and the impact of suspended solids on euphotic depth was found in rainy season,few impact of chromophoric dissolved organic matter on euphotic depth was detected. To further test the indirect influencing factors that affecting euphotic depth,the Spearman correlation between the phytoplankton biomass and its ecological factors was also conducted. This study could accumulate the limnological data and provide the reference for the environmental protection of Lake Chenghai.
Lake Chenghai is a plateau-enclosed deep lake located in Yongsheng County,Lijiang City,Yunnan Province,China.To understand the temporal-spatial distribution of euphotic depth and its influencing factors,we carried out field investigations including nine sampling sites in the lake from March 2016 to February 2017. The results showed that the mean value of the attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation and the euphotic depth were 1.06±0.25 m-1and 4.64± 1.27 m,respectively.There were no significant difference in the spatial distribution of the euphotic depth in the whole year,months,rainy and dry seasons. Meanwhile,the euphotic depth were significantly different among months( throughout the whole year,as well as in the rainy and dry seasons),and the highest and the lowest monthly value of euphotic depth were 6.49± 1.03 m( May) and 3.63± 0.48 m( July),respectively. Moreover,the phytoplankton biomass was the main regulating factor that controlling the euphotic depth,and the impact of suspended solids on euphotic depth was found in rainy season,few impact of chromophoric dissolved organic matter on euphotic depth was detected. To further test the indirect influencing factors that affecting euphotic depth,the Spearman correlation between the phytoplankton biomass and its ecological factors was also conducted. This study could accumulate the limnological data and provide the reference for the environmental protection of Lake Chenghai.
引文
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[2] Li YL,Zhang YL,Liu ML. Calculation and retrieval of euphotic depth of Lake Taihu by remote sensing. J Lake Sci,2009,21(2):165-172. DOI:10.18307/2009.0203.[李云亮,张运林,刘明亮.太湖真光层深度的计算及遥感反演.湖泊科学,2009,21(2):165-172.]
[3] Zhang YL. Progress and prospect in lake optics:A review. J Lake Sci,2011,23(4):483-497. DOI:10.18307/2011.0401.[张运林.湖泊光学研究进展及其展望,湖泊科学,2011,23(4):483-497.]
[4] Havens KE. Submerged aquatic vegetation correlations with depth and light attenuating materials in a shallow subtropical lake. Hydrobiologia,2003,493(1/2/3):173-186. DOI:10.1023/A:1025497621547.
[5] Walsby AE. Numerical integration of phytoplankton photosynthesis through time and depth in a water column. New Phytologist,2010,136(2):189-209. DOI:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00736.x.
[6] Zhang YL,Qin BQ,Hu WP et al. Temporal and spatial variation in typical area of Lake Taihu of the euphotic depth and its ecological significance. Science in China Ser. D Earth Sciences,2006,36(3):287-296.[张运林,秦伯强,胡维平等.太湖典型湖区真光层深度的时空变化及其生态意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2006,36(3):287-296.]
[7] Zhou QC,Zhang YL,Zhou YQ et al. Spectral attenuation of ultraviolet and visible radiation and its relationship with chromophoric dissolved organic matter in autumn/winter in Lake Fuxian,China. J Lake Sci,2016,28(6):1316-1327. DOI:10.18307/2016.0617.[周起超,张运林,周永强等.抚仙湖秋、冬季光衰减特征及其与有色可溶性有机物的关系.湖泊科学,2016,28(6):1316-1327.]
[8] Zhou Q,Zhang Y,Li K et al. Seasonal and spatial distributions of euphotic zone and long-term variations in water transparency in a clear oligotrophic Lake Fuxian,China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,72:185-197. DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2018.01.005.
[9] Descy JP,Tarbe AL,Stenuite S et al. Drivers of phytoplankton diversity in Lake Tanganyika. Hydrobiologia,2010,653(1):29-44. DOI:10.1007/s10750-010-0343-3.
[10] Frolov S,Ryan JP,Chavez FP. Predicting euphotic-depth-integrated chlorophyll-a from discrete-depth and satellite-observable chlorophyll-a off central California. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2012,117(C05042):247-253. DOI:10.1029/2011jc007322.
[11] Padisák J,Reynolds CS. Selection of phytoplankton associations in Lake Balaton,Hungary,in response to eutrophication and restoration measures,with special reference to the cyanoprokaryotes. Hydrobiologia,1998,384(1/2/3):41-53.DOI:10.1023/A:1003255529403.
[12] Klausmeier C,Litchman E,Daufresne T et al. Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature,2004,429(6988):171. DOI:10.1038/nature02454.
[13] Zhou Q,Zhang Y,Lin D et al. The relationships of meteorological factors and nutrient levels with phytoplankton biomass in a shallow eutrophic lake dominated by cyanobacteria,Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(15):15616-15626. DOI:10.1007/s11356-016-6748-4.
[14] Qu YM,Cai QH,Shen HL et al. Variation and influencing factors of euphotic depth in Danjiangkou reservoir in different hydrological periods. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(1):53-59. DOI:10. 11870/cjlyzyy-hj201401008.[屈月明,蔡庆华,申恒伦等.丹江口水库不同水文期真光层深度特征及影响因素分析.长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(1):53-59.]
[15] Lange HJD. The attenuation of ultraviolet and visible radiation in Dutch inland waters. Aquatic Ecology,2000,34(3):215-226. DOI:10.1023/A:1009943211779.
[16] Dong YX,Zhao L,Chen YH et al. Succession of nine plateau lakes and regulation of ecological safety in Yunnan Province.Ecological Economy,2015,31(1):184-191.[董云仙,赵磊,陈异晖等.云南九大高原湖泊的演变与生态安全调控.生态经济,2015,31(1):184-191.]
[17] Dong YX,Hong XH,Tan ZW et al. Distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and their relationships with chlorophyll-a in Lake Chenghai on plateau. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(2):333-337.[董云仙,洪雪花,谭志卫等.高原深水湖泊程海氮磷形态分布特征及其与叶绿素a的相关性.生态环境学报,2012,21(2):333-337.]
[18] Dong YX,Hong XH,Hu JQ et al. The N and P chemical speciation and temporal-spatial pattern during a winter bloom event in Lake Chenghai,China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(11):2675-2679.[董云仙,洪雪花,胡锦乾等.程海冬季水华暴发期间氮、磷营养元素的形态与分布.生态环境学报,2010,19(11):2675-2679.]
[19] Chen XK,Liu XB,Peng WQ et al. Estimation of and control strategies for pollution loads from non-point sources in the Chenghai watershed. Environmental Science,2018,39(1):77-88. DOI:10.13227/j. hjkx.201705061.[陈学凯,刘晓波,彭文启等.程海流域非点源污染负荷估算及其控制对策.环境科学,2018,39(1):77-88.]
[20] Dong YX,Zhang XX,Tan ZW et al. Key points and difficulties of water environmental protection and treatment of Chenghai Lake. Environmental Science Survey,2017,36(2):51-59.[董云仙,张晓旭,谭志卫等.程海水环境保护和治理的重点与难点.环境科学导刊,2017,36(2):51-59.]
[21] Zhang Y,Zhang E,Liu M et al. Variation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and possible attenuation depth of ultraviolet radiation in Yunnan Plateau lakes. Limnology,2007,8(3):311-319. DOI:10.1007/s10201-007-0219-z.
[22] Zhang YL,Zhang EL,Liu ML. Spectral absorption properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and particulate matter in Yunnan Plateau lakes. J Lake Sci,2009,21(2):255-263. DOI:10.18307/2009.0215.[张运林,张恩楼,刘明亮.云南高原湖泊有色可溶性有机物和颗粒物光谱吸收特性.湖泊科学,2009,21(2):255-263.]
[23] Zhang Y,Yin Y,Zhang E et al. Spectral attenuation of ultraviolet and visible radiation in lakes in the Yunnan Plateau,and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,China. Photochemical&Photobiological Sciences,2011,10(4):469-482. DOI:10.1039/c0pp00270d.
[24] Hu WY,Ji J,Pan HX. A preliminary study of water quality and salinization in Chenghai Lake. J Lake Sci,1992,4(2):60-66. DOI:10.18307/1992.0208.[胡文英,季江,潘红玺.程海的水质状况及咸化趋势.湖泊科学,1992,4(2):60-66.]
[25] Editorial board of“water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods”,Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China ed. Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods:4th edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.[国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.]
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