上海市典型交通环境空气污染特征
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摘要
基于2018年上海市3种类型的交通环境空气监测站(路边站,港口站和机场站)的在线监测数据,探讨了3种交通站污染物的浓度水平和昼夜分布特征,比较分析了同期上海市环境空气污染物浓度,并揭示了工作日和非工作日对交通环境空气的影响.结果显示,上海市交通环境空气,尤其是港口环境空气中NO_x,NO_2和NO年小时平均浓度显著高于上海市年小时平均浓度;其中NO高出上海市年小时平均浓度比例最高,港口,路边和机场环境空气NO浓度分别为68,36和17μg/m~3,分别高出上海市年小时平均浓度871%,414%和143%;交通环境空气中的O_3平均浓度范围为42～65μg/m~3,均低于上海市平均浓度. NO_x, NO_2, NO, PM_(10), PM_(2.5), CO和BC(黑炭)昼夜浓度主要呈现双峰分布特征,且峰值出现时间与交通活动高峰时间较为吻合;O_3的峰值大多出现在13:00,且机场环境空气浓度中O_3浓度最高,峰值浓度为108μg/m~3.非参数检验结果显示,上海市路边环境空气中SO_2,NO_x,NO_2,NO,PM_(10),PM_(2.5), O_3, CO和BC在周一～周日无明显差异(P>0.05).
Based on the online monitoring data of three types of traffic environment air monitoring stations(roadside station, port station and airport station) in Shanghai in 2018, concentration levels and diurnal-noctural distribution characteristics of pollutants in three traffic stations were discussed. The concentrations of ambient air pollutants in Shanghai during the same period were compared and analyzed, and the effects of week days and weekend were revealed. The results showed that the airborne NO_x, NO_2 and NO of traffic environment air are higher than the average concentrations in Shanghai, and concentrations in the port environment is the highest; The average concentration of NO in the ambient air of ports, roadsides and airports were 68, 36 and 17μg/m~3, respectively, which are higher than the average concentration of Shanghai by 871%, 414% and 143%; The average concentration of O_3 ranged from 42 to 65 μg/m~3, which was lower than the hourly-average concentration in Shanghai. NO_x, NO_2, NO, PM_(10), PM_(2.5), CO and BC(black charcoal) daytime and nighttime concentrations mainly showed bimodal distribution characteristics. Their peak occurrences time coincided with the peak traffic activities; the peak of O_3 mostly occurred at 13:00, and the concentration of O_3 in the airport ambient air concentration was the highest, which was 108μg/m~3. The results of nonparametric tests showed that SO_2, NO_x, NO_2, NO, PM_(10), PM_(2.5), O_3, CO and BC in atmosphere near-road in Shanghai were not significantly different from Monday to Sunday(P>0.05).
Based on the online monitoring data of three types of traffic environment air monitoring stations(roadside station, port station and airport station) in Shanghai in 2018, concentration levels and diurnal-noctural distribution characteristics of pollutants in three traffic stations were discussed. The concentrations of ambient air pollutants in Shanghai during the same period were compared and analyzed, and the effects of week days and weekend were revealed. The results showed that the airborne NO_x, NO_2 and NO of traffic environment air are higher than the average concentrations in Shanghai, and concentrations in the port environment is the highest; The average concentration of NO in the ambient air of ports, roadsides and airports were 68, 36 and 17μg/m~3, respectively, which are higher than the average concentration of Shanghai by 871%, 414% and 143%; The average concentration of O_3 ranged from 42 to 65 μg/m~3, which was lower than the hourly-average concentration in Shanghai. NO_x, NO_2, NO, PM_(10), PM_(2.5), CO and BC(black charcoal) daytime and nighttime concentrations mainly showed bimodal distribution characteristics. Their peak occurrences time coincided with the peak traffic activities; the peak of O_3 mostly occurred at 13:00, and the concentration of O_3 in the airport ambient air concentration was the highest, which was 108μg/m~3. The results of nonparametric tests showed that SO_2, NO_x, NO_2, NO, PM_(10), PM_(2.5), O_3, CO and BC in atmosphere near-road in Shanghai were not significantly different from Monday to Sunday(P>0.05).
引文
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[25] Shen Z X, Han Y M., Cao J J, et al. Characteristics of traffic-related emissions:a case study in roadside ambient air over Xi’an, China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2010,10:292-300.
[26] Wang J S, Chan T L, Ning Z, et al. Roadside measurement and prediction of CO and PM2.5 dispersion from on-road vehicles in Hong Kong[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2006,11(4):242-249.
[2] Chan L Y, Hung W T, Qin Y. Assessment of vehicular emission dispersion models applied in street canyons in Guangzhou, PRC[J].Environment International, 1995,21(1):0-46.
[3] Qin Y, Kot S C. Dispersion of vehicular emission in street canyons,Guangzhou City, South China(P.R.C.)[J]. Atmospheric Environment.part B. urban Atmosphere, 1993,27(3):283-291.
[4] Cacciola R R, Sarva M, Polosa R. Adverse respiratory effects and allergic susceptibility in relation to particulate air pollution:flirting with disaster[J]. Allergy, 2002,57(4):281–6.
[5] Chan L, Kwok W, Chan C. Human exposure to respirable suspended particulate and airborne lead in different roadside microenvironments[J]. Chemosphere, 2000,41(1):93-99.
[6]伏晴艳,张懿华,崔虎雄,等.上海市PM2.5来源解析和防治对策研究[J].中国科技成果, 2016,17(18):20-22.Fu Q Y, Zhang Y H, Cui H X, et al. Source analysis and prevention strategies of PM2.5 in Shanghai[J]. China Science and Technology Achievements, 2016,17(18):20-22.
[7]黄婧,郭新彪.交通相关空气污染的健康影响研究进展[J].中国环境科学, 2014,34(6):1592-1598.Huang J, Guo X B. Research progress on the health effects of traffic-related air pollution[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014,34(6):1592-1598.
[8] Laden F, Neas L M, Dockery D W, et al. Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities[J].Environ Health Perspect, 2000,108(10):941-947.
[9] Janssen N A, Schwartz J, Zanobetti A, et al. Air conditioning and source-specific particles as modifiers of the effect of PM10 on hospital admissions for heart and lung disease[J]. Environ Health Perspect,2002,110(1):43-49.
[10] Briggs D J, Collins S, Elliott P, et al. Mapping urban air pollution using GIS:a regression-based approach[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1997,11(7):699-718.
[11] Wróbel A, Rokita E, Maenhaut W. Transport of traffic-related aerosols in urban areas[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2000,257(2):199-211.
[12] Department for Transport(UK). Sources of Particulate Matter in Urban Areas:TRAMAQ Project UG 250September, 2002.
[13] Economopoulou A A, Economopoulos A P. Air pollution in Athens basin and health risk assessment[J]. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment, 2002,80(3):277-299.
[14] Kulkarni M M, Patil R S. Monitoring of Daily Integrated Exposure of Outdoor Workers to Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Region of India[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1999,56(2):129-146.
[15] Yang K. Spatial and seasonal variation of PM10 mass concentrations in Taiwan[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(21):3403-3411.
[16] Shendell D G, Naeher L P. A pilot study to assess ground-level ambient air concentrations of fine particles and carbon monoxide in urban Guatemala[J]. Environment International, 2002,28(5):375-382.
[17] Afroz R, Hassan M N, Ibrahim N A. Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia[J]. Environmental Research., 2003,92(2):71-77.
[18] Goyal P. Present scenario of air quality in Delhi:a case study of CNG implementation[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003,37(38):5423-5431.
[19] Wang G, Wang H, Yu Y, et al. Chemical characterization of water-soluble components of PM10 and PM2.5 atmospheric aerosols in five locations of Nanjing, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003,37(21):2893-2902.
[20]樊筱筱,蒋靖坤,张强,等.轻型汽油车排放颗粒物数浓度和粒径分布特征[J].环境科学, 2016,37(10):3743-3749.Fan X X, Jiang J K, Zhang Q, et al. Number concentration and size distribution of particles emitted by light-duty gasoline vehicles[J].Environmental Science, 2016,37(10):3743-3749.
[21] Ali M, Athar M. Air pollution due to traffic, air quality monitoring along three sections of National Highway N-5, Pakistan[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007,136(1-3):219-226.
[22] Leong S T, Muttamara S, Laortanakul P. Evaluation of Air Pollution Burden from Contribution of Motorcycle Emission in Bangkok[J].Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001,131(1-4):41-60.
[23] Kimbrough S, Baldauf R W, Hagler G S W, et al. Long-term continuous measurement of near-road air pollution in Las Vegas:seasonal variability in traffic emissions impact on local air quality[J].Air Quality, Atmosphere&Health, 2013,6(1):295-305.
[24] Riediker M, Williams R, Devlin R, et al. Exposure to Particulate Matter, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Other Air Pollutants Inside Patrol Cars[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2003,37(10):2084-2093.
[25] Shen Z X, Han Y M., Cao J J, et al. Characteristics of traffic-related emissions:a case study in roadside ambient air over Xi’an, China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2010,10:292-300.
[26] Wang J S, Chan T L, Ning Z, et al. Roadside measurement and prediction of CO and PM2.5 dispersion from on-road vehicles in Hong Kong[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2006,11(4):242-249.