钝化剂种类和粒径对复合污染土壤镉铅有效态的影响
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摘要
为探讨钝化剂种类和粒径对重金属污染土壤的钝化效果,采用室内培养的方法,通过添加三个粒径(60～100、100～200、>200目)下的四种不同钝化剂(自制无机型钝化剂、石灰+生物质炭、硅藻土、磷矿粉),研究钝化剂种类和粒径对重金属复合污染土壤中有效态Cd、Pb的影响。钝化60 d之后的结果表明,自制无机型钝化剂、生物质炭+熟石灰和磷矿粉均在>200目粒径下对土壤有效态Cd的钝化效果最好,较对照分别减少了9.54%、13.93%和11.08%;其中,硅藻土在100～200目的粒径下效果最佳,有效态Cd含量与对照相比降低了22.35%。自制无机型钝化剂、石灰+生物质炭、硅藻土和磷矿粉对土壤有效态Pb的钝化效果都在>200目的粒径下最好,有效态Pb含量与对照相比分别减少了17.81%、18.70%、11.54%和22.19%,其中磷矿粉的钝化效果最佳。研究表明,自制无机型钝化剂、石灰+生物质炭和磷矿粉都是粒径越小钝化土壤重金属Cd、Pb效果越好,可能是由于较小粒径更有利于Cd和Pb由活性态向非活性态转化,硅藻土对Cd、Pb的钝化效果在三个粒径处理间差异不显著。
In order to study the effect of different types and particle size of passivators on the repair of heavy metal pollution in soils, three particle sizes(60～100, 100～200, >200 mesh)with four different passivating agents(self-made inorganic passivating agent, lime+biochar,diatomaceous earth, phosphate rock powder)were added through laboratory cultivation experiments to study the effect of the type and size of passivation agents on the effective Cd and Pb in heavy metal complex contaminated soil. The results after 60 days passivation showed that self-made inorganic passivation agent, biochar+lime and phosphate rock powder had the best passivation effect on soil available Cd at >200 mesh particle size, which reduced by 9.54%, 13.93% and 11.08%, respectively, compared with the control; Diatomite had the best effect at a particle size of 100～200 mesh, and the effective Cd content reduced by 22.35% compared with the control. The passivation effect of self-made inorganic passivation agent, lime+biochar, diatomaceous earth and phosphate rock powder on soil available Pb is best under the particle size of >200 mesh, which reduced by 17.81%, 18.7%, 11.54% and 22.19%, compared with the control, the phosphate rock pow?der passivation had the best passivation effect. It indicated that the self-made inorganic passivation agent, lime+biochar and phosphate rock powder had the better effect of Cd and Pb on the passivated soil heavy metals at the smaller particle size. There is not significantly different among the three particle size treatments of diatomaceous earth.
In order to study the effect of different types and particle size of passivators on the repair of heavy metal pollution in soils, three particle sizes(60～100, 100～200, >200 mesh)with four different passivating agents(self-made inorganic passivating agent, lime+biochar,diatomaceous earth, phosphate rock powder)were added through laboratory cultivation experiments to study the effect of the type and size of passivation agents on the effective Cd and Pb in heavy metal complex contaminated soil. The results after 60 days passivation showed that self-made inorganic passivation agent, biochar+lime and phosphate rock powder had the best passivation effect on soil available Cd at >200 mesh particle size, which reduced by 9.54%, 13.93% and 11.08%, respectively, compared with the control; Diatomite had the best effect at a particle size of 100～200 mesh, and the effective Cd content reduced by 22.35% compared with the control. The passivation effect of self-made inorganic passivation agent, lime+biochar, diatomaceous earth and phosphate rock powder on soil available Pb is best under the particle size of >200 mesh, which reduced by 17.81%, 18.7%, 11.54% and 22.19%, compared with the control, the phosphate rock pow?der passivation had the best passivation effect. It indicated that the self-made inorganic passivation agent, lime+biochar and phosphate rock powder had the better effect of Cd and Pb on the passivated soil heavy metals at the smaller particle size. There is not significantly different among the three particle size treatments of diatomaceous earth.
引文
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[7]Cui H,Zhou J,Zhao Q,et al.Fractions of Cu,Cd,and enzyme activities in a contaminated soil as affected by applications of micro-and nanohydroxyapatite[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2013,13(4):742-752.
[8]Berber-Mendoza M S,Leyva-Ramos R,Alonso-Davila P,et al.Effect of pH and temperature on the ion-exchange isotherm of Cd(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)on clinoptilolite[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2006,81(6):966-973.
[9]陈志霞,黄益宗,赵中秋,等.不同粒径磷矿粉对玉米吸收积累重金属的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2012,12(6):1-4.CHEN Zhi-xia,HUANG Yi-zong,ZHAO Zhong-qiu,et al.Effects of different size phosphate powder on the uptake of the accumulated heavy metal pollutants by corn[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2012,12(6):1-4.
[10]崔红标,何静,吴求刚,等.不同粒径羟基磷灰石对污染土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(7):1146-1153.CUI Hong-biao,HE Jing,WU Qiu-gang,et al.Effects of availability of Cu,Cd and phosphorus and soil enzyme activities on contaminated soils using hydroxyapatite with different grain sizes[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(7):1146-1153.
[11]Dong A,Ye X X,Li H Y,et al.Micro/nanostructured hydroxyapatite structurally enhances the immobilization for Cu and Cd in contaminated soil[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(8):2030-2040.
[12]Chen S,Zhu Y G,Ma Y B.The effect of grain size of rock phosphate amendment on metal immobilization in contaminated soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,134(1):74-79.
[13]Ure A M.Single extraction schemes for soil analysis and related applications[J].Science of the Total Environment,1996,178(1/2/3):3-10.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.BAO Shi-dan.Analysis of soil agrochemistry[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2005.
[15]罗远恒,顾雪元,吴永贵,等.钝化剂对农田土壤镉污染的原位钝化修复效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,35(5):890-897.LUO Yuan-heng,GU Xue-yuan,WU Yong-gui,et al.In-situ remediation of cadmium-polluted agriculture land using stabilizing amendments[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,35(5):890-897.
[16]Oliver D P,Tiller K G,Alston A M,et al.Effects of soil pH and applied cadmium concentration in wheat grain[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1998,36(4):571-583.
[17]Rogoz A.The content and uptake of some micronutrients and heavy metals in sunflowers and maize depending on the dose of lime[J].Zeszyty Problemowe Nauk Rolniczych,1996,434(1):213-218.
[18]廖敏,黄昌勇,谢正苗.施加石灰降低不同母质土壤中镉毒性机理研究[J].农业环境保护,1998,17(3):101-103.LIAO Min,HUANG Chang-yong,XIE Zheng-miao.The mechanism of detoxification of cadmium after liming in soils[J].Agro-Environmental Protection,1998,17(3):101-103.
[19]Zhang C C,Wang L J,Nie Q,et al.Long-term effects of exogenous silicon on cadmium translocation and toxicity in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,62(3):300-307.
[20]周世伟,徐明岗.磷酸盐修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(7):3043-3050.ZHOU Shi-wei,XU Ming-gang.The progress in phosphate remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(7):3043-3050.
[21]扈亲怀.不同粒径与用量的磷矿粉钝化土壤重金属(Cd、Pb)的机制研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2014.HU Qin-huai.Research on the passivation mechanisms of soil heavy metals(Cd,Pb)with different sizes and levels of phosphate powder[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2014.
[22]Liang B,Lehmann J,Solomom D,et al.Black carbon increases canon exchange capacity in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(5):1719-1730.
[23]文曼,郑纪勇.生物炭不同粒径及不同添加量对土壤收缩特征的影响[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(1):46-50,55.WEN Man,ZHENG Ji-yong.Effects of different sizes of biochar and different additives on soil shrinkage characteristics[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(1):46-50,55.
[24]黎大荣,吴丽香,宁晓君,等.不同钝化剂对土壤有效态铅和镉含量的影响[J].环境保护科学,2013,39(3):46-49.LI Da-rong,WU Li-xiang,NING Xiao-jun,et al.Effects of different passivating agents on contents of available lead and cadmium in soil[J].Environmental Protection Science,2013,39(3):46-49.
[25]倪中应,章明奎.生物炭配施石灰降低稻米镉和铅积累的效果[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(2):54-59.NI Zhong-ying,ZHANG Ming-kui.Combined application of biochar and lime:Effect on reducing cadmium and lead accumulation in rice[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2018,34(2):54-59.
[26]殷飞,王海娟,李燕燕,等.不同钝化剂对重金属复合污染土壤的修复效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(3):438-448.YIN Fei,WANG Hai-juan,LI Yan-yan,et al.Remediation of multiple heavy metal polluted soil using different immobilizing agents[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(3):438-448.
[27]Ma L Q,Rao G N.Effects of phosphate rock on sequential chemical extraction of lead in contaminated soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1997,26(3):788-794.
[28]Cao X,Ma L Q,Rhue D R,et al.Mechanisms of lead,copper,and zinc retention by phosphate rock[J].Environmental Pollution,2004,131(3):435-444.
[2]吴烈善,曾东梅,莫小荣,等.不同钝化剂对重金属污染土壤稳定化效应的研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(1):309-313.WU Lie-shan,ZENG Dong-mei,MO Xiao-rong,et al.Immobilization impact of different fixatives on heavy metals contaminated soil[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(1):309-313.
[3]徐露露,马友华,马铁铮,等.钝化剂对土壤重金属污染修复研究进展[J].农业资源与环境学报,2013,30(6):25-29.XU Lu-lu,MA You-hua,MA Tie-zheng,et al.Passivating agents on remediation of heavy metal pollution in soils[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2013,30(6):25-29.
[4]唐行灿.生物炭修复重金属污染土壤的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2013.TANG Xing-can.Study on biochar repairing heavy metal contaminated soil[D].Tai'an:Shandong Agricultural University,2013.
[5]李文强,可成友,可欣,等.改性硅藻土对重金属离子Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附研究[J].皮革与化工,2016,33(2):1-7,10.LI Wen-qiang,KE Cheng-you,KE Xin,et al.Study on adsorption capacity of modified diatomite absorbent for heavy metals Cd2+and Pb2+[J].Leather and Chemicals,2016,33(2):1-7,10.
[6]郭晓方,卫泽斌,谢方文,等.过磷酸钙与石灰混施对污染农田低累积玉米生长和重金属含量的影响[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(4):1374-1380.GUO Xiao-fang,WEI Ze-bin,XIE Fang-wen,et al.Effect of lime and superphosphate on maize production and heavy metals uptake by lowaccumulating maize[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(4):1374-1380.
[7]Cui H,Zhou J,Zhao Q,et al.Fractions of Cu,Cd,and enzyme activities in a contaminated soil as affected by applications of micro-and nanohydroxyapatite[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2013,13(4):742-752.
[8]Berber-Mendoza M S,Leyva-Ramos R,Alonso-Davila P,et al.Effect of pH and temperature on the ion-exchange isotherm of Cd(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)on clinoptilolite[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2006,81(6):966-973.
[9]陈志霞,黄益宗,赵中秋,等.不同粒径磷矿粉对玉米吸收积累重金属的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2012,12(6):1-4.CHEN Zhi-xia,HUANG Yi-zong,ZHAO Zhong-qiu,et al.Effects of different size phosphate powder on the uptake of the accumulated heavy metal pollutants by corn[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2012,12(6):1-4.
[10]崔红标,何静,吴求刚,等.不同粒径羟基磷灰石对污染土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(7):1146-1153.CUI Hong-biao,HE Jing,WU Qiu-gang,et al.Effects of availability of Cu,Cd and phosphorus and soil enzyme activities on contaminated soils using hydroxyapatite with different grain sizes[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(7):1146-1153.
[11]Dong A,Ye X X,Li H Y,et al.Micro/nanostructured hydroxyapatite structurally enhances the immobilization for Cu and Cd in contaminated soil[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(8):2030-2040.
[12]Chen S,Zhu Y G,Ma Y B.The effect of grain size of rock phosphate amendment on metal immobilization in contaminated soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,134(1):74-79.
[13]Ure A M.Single extraction schemes for soil analysis and related applications[J].Science of the Total Environment,1996,178(1/2/3):3-10.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.BAO Shi-dan.Analysis of soil agrochemistry[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2005.
[15]罗远恒,顾雪元,吴永贵,等.钝化剂对农田土壤镉污染的原位钝化修复效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,35(5):890-897.LUO Yuan-heng,GU Xue-yuan,WU Yong-gui,et al.In-situ remediation of cadmium-polluted agriculture land using stabilizing amendments[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,35(5):890-897.
[16]Oliver D P,Tiller K G,Alston A M,et al.Effects of soil pH and applied cadmium concentration in wheat grain[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1998,36(4):571-583.
[17]Rogoz A.The content and uptake of some micronutrients and heavy metals in sunflowers and maize depending on the dose of lime[J].Zeszyty Problemowe Nauk Rolniczych,1996,434(1):213-218.
[18]廖敏,黄昌勇,谢正苗.施加石灰降低不同母质土壤中镉毒性机理研究[J].农业环境保护,1998,17(3):101-103.LIAO Min,HUANG Chang-yong,XIE Zheng-miao.The mechanism of detoxification of cadmium after liming in soils[J].Agro-Environmental Protection,1998,17(3):101-103.
[19]Zhang C C,Wang L J,Nie Q,et al.Long-term effects of exogenous silicon on cadmium translocation and toxicity in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,62(3):300-307.
[20]周世伟,徐明岗.磷酸盐修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(7):3043-3050.ZHOU Shi-wei,XU Ming-gang.The progress in phosphate remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(7):3043-3050.
[21]扈亲怀.不同粒径与用量的磷矿粉钝化土壤重金属(Cd、Pb)的机制研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2014.HU Qin-huai.Research on the passivation mechanisms of soil heavy metals(Cd,Pb)with different sizes and levels of phosphate powder[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2014.
[22]Liang B,Lehmann J,Solomom D,et al.Black carbon increases canon exchange capacity in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(5):1719-1730.
[23]文曼,郑纪勇.生物炭不同粒径及不同添加量对土壤收缩特征的影响[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(1):46-50,55.WEN Man,ZHENG Ji-yong.Effects of different sizes of biochar and different additives on soil shrinkage characteristics[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(1):46-50,55.
[24]黎大荣,吴丽香,宁晓君,等.不同钝化剂对土壤有效态铅和镉含量的影响[J].环境保护科学,2013,39(3):46-49.LI Da-rong,WU Li-xiang,NING Xiao-jun,et al.Effects of different passivating agents on contents of available lead and cadmium in soil[J].Environmental Protection Science,2013,39(3):46-49.
[25]倪中应,章明奎.生物炭配施石灰降低稻米镉和铅积累的效果[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(2):54-59.NI Zhong-ying,ZHANG Ming-kui.Combined application of biochar and lime:Effect on reducing cadmium and lead accumulation in rice[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2018,34(2):54-59.
[26]殷飞,王海娟,李燕燕,等.不同钝化剂对重金属复合污染土壤的修复效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(3):438-448.YIN Fei,WANG Hai-juan,LI Yan-yan,et al.Remediation of multiple heavy metal polluted soil using different immobilizing agents[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(3):438-448.
[27]Ma L Q,Rao G N.Effects of phosphate rock on sequential chemical extraction of lead in contaminated soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1997,26(3):788-794.
[28]Cao X,Ma L Q,Rhue D R,et al.Mechanisms of lead,copper,and zinc retention by phosphate rock[J].Environmental Pollution,2004,131(3):435-444.