2种生活垃圾资源化处理技术的环境影响分析——基于生命周期评价法
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摘要
为寻求较优的生活垃圾资源化处理途径,利用生命周期评价法,对焚烧发电和一种基于自动分选系统的新型资源化方法——全组分资源化处理技术的主要大气污染物排放特征进行分析。结果表明:相较于全组分资源化,垃圾焚烧发电会产生大量PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、HCl、Cd、Hg、Pb和二恶英类(PCDD/DFs)等污染物排放;全组分资源化的CO_2排放当量为55.86 kg/t,仅为焚烧发电的21.63%;全组分资源化的NO_x和SO_2的排放量(0.59、0.58 kg/)t接近焚烧发电(0.61、0.69 kg/)t,但恶臭气体NH_3和H_2S的排放量(0.09、0.15 kg/)t高于焚烧发电(0.01、1.08×10~(-4)kg/)t;全组分资源化的总环境影响潜值为6.89×10~(-14)PET2000,仅为焚烧发电(5.00×10~(-13)PET200)0的13.78%;全组分资源化产生的环境影响类型为全球变暖、酸化、光化学臭氧合成和富营养化,而焚烧发电除这4种以外还会产生人体毒性和粉尘。此外,全组分资源化具有较低投入、较高产出的特点。因此,鉴于我国生活垃圾资源化的特征,全组分资源化处理技术对于中小型城市将具有重要意义。
In order to optimize the methods of MSW disposal,life cycle assessment(LCA)was applied to evaluate the major air pollutants emission status of WtE and a new technology based on automatic sorting system,namely,all-components resource recovery technology(AcR R). The results showed that WtE generated a large amount of pollutants compared with AcR R,such as PM_(10),PM_(2.5),HCl,Cd,Hg,Pb and PCDD/DFs;The total CO_2 emission equivalent of AcR R was 55.86 kg/t,which was only 21.63% of that of WtE;The emission of NO_xand SO_2 from AcR R(0.59,0.68 kg/t)was slightly lower than that from WtE(0.61,0.69 kg/t),but the emission of NH_3 and H_2 S(0.09,0.15 kg/t)was higher than that from WtE(0.01,1.08×10~(-4) kg/t);The total environmental impact potential of AcR R was 6.89 ×10~(-14) PET2000,which was only 13.78% of WtE(5.00×10~(-13) PET200)0;Global warming,acidification,photochemical ozone synthesis and eutrophication were the main environmental effects types of AcR R,while WtE had two more impacts which was human toxicity and dust expect the above four types. What's more,AcRR had the characteristics of lower input and higher output. Therefore,in view of characteristics of MSW disposal in China,AcRR will be of great significance to small and medium-sized cities.
In order to optimize the methods of MSW disposal,life cycle assessment(LCA)was applied to evaluate the major air pollutants emission status of WtE and a new technology based on automatic sorting system,namely,all-components resource recovery technology(AcR R). The results showed that WtE generated a large amount of pollutants compared with AcR R,such as PM_(10),PM_(2.5),HCl,Cd,Hg,Pb and PCDD/DFs;The total CO_2 emission equivalent of AcR R was 55.86 kg/t,which was only 21.63% of that of WtE;The emission of NO_xand SO_2 from AcR R(0.59,0.68 kg/t)was slightly lower than that from WtE(0.61,0.69 kg/t),but the emission of NH_3 and H_2 S(0.09,0.15 kg/t)was higher than that from WtE(0.01,1.08×10~(-4) kg/t);The total environmental impact potential of AcR R was 6.89 ×10~(-14) PET2000,which was only 13.78% of WtE(5.00×10~(-13) PET200)0;Global warming,acidification,photochemical ozone synthesis and eutrophication were the main environmental effects types of AcR R,while WtE had two more impacts which was human toxicity and dust expect the above four types. What's more,AcRR had the characteristics of lower input and higher output. Therefore,in view of characteristics of MSW disposal in China,AcRR will be of great significance to small and medium-sized cities.
引文
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[36]高健聪,蒋沁芝,聂正同,等.深圳市生活垃圾处理社会总成本的核算和预测[J].数学建模及其应用,2018,7(2):59-68.
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[2]Karak T,Bhagat R M,Bhattacharyya P.Municipal solid waste generation,composition,and management:The world scenario critical review[J].Environ Sci Technol,2012,42(15):1509-1630.
[3]Laurent A,Bakas I,Clavreul J,et al.Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems-part I:lessons learned and perspectives[J].Waste Manage,2014,34(3):573-588.
[4]Hoornweg D,Bhada-Tata P.What a waste:A global review of solid waste management[R].Washington,DC:The World Bank,2012.
[5]Kumar A,Samadder S R.A review on technological options of waste to energy for effective management of municipal solid waste[J].Waste Manage,2017,69:407-422.
[6]Arafat H A,Jijakli K,Ahsan A.Environmental performance and energy recovery potential of five processes for municipal solid waste treatment[J].J Clean Prod,2015,105:233-240.
[7]宋国君,孙月阳,赵畅,等.城市生活垃圾焚烧社会成本评估方法与应用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(8):17-27.
[8]Fernández-González J M,Grindlay A L,Serrano-Bernardo F,et al.Economic and environmental review of Waste-to-Energy systems for municipal solid waste management in medium and small municipalities[J].Waste Manage,2017,67:360-374.
[9]Lombardi L,Carnevale E,Corti A.A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste[J].Waste Manage,2015,37:26-44.
[10]张向和.垃圾处理场的邻避效应及其社会冲突解决机制的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2010.
[11]Li M,Wang C,Ni M,et al.Hazardous impact of PCDD/Fs emissions from the MWI on soil during 2007-2014[J].Acta Scien Circum,2016,36(10):3804-3809.
[12]Li J,Zhang Y,Sun T,et al.The health risk levels of different age groups of residents living in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerator posed by PCDD/Fs in atmosphere and soil[J].Sci Total Environ,2018,631/632:81-91.
[13]Shen H,Guan R,Ding G,et al.Polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)in Zhejiang foods(2006-2015):Market basket and polluted areas[J].Sci Total Environ,2017,574:120-127.
[14]García-Pérez J,Fernández-Navarro P,CastellóA,et al.Cancer mortality in towns in the vicinity of incinerators and installations for the recovery or disposal of hazardous waste[J].Environ Int,2013,51:31-44.
[15]Zheng J,Ou J,Mo Z,et al.Mercury emission inventory and its spatial characteristics in the Pearl River Delta region,China[J].Sci Total Environ,2011,412/413:214-222.
[16]ISO.ISO14040 2006 Environmental management-life cycle assessment:Principles and framework[S].Geneva,Switzerland:ISO,2006.
[17]CML-IE,Leiden University.CML-IA characterisation factors[DB/OL].[2018-08-07].http://cml.leiden.edu/software/datacmlia.html.
[18]深圳市统计局.深圳统计年鉴2017[EB/OL].(2017-12-19).http://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/xxgk/zfxxgj/tjsj/tjnj/201712/t20171219_10611982.htm.
[19]黄昌付.深圳市生活垃圾理化组分的统计学研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2012.
[20]深圳市城市管理局.2017年深圳市城市管理有关统计数据[EB/OL].[2018-04-09].http://www.szum.gov.cn/zwgk/tjsj/zxtjxx/201804/t20180409_11669792.htm.
[21]张国宇,何明成,王艳芳,等.城市生活垃圾焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液处理零排放实践[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(12):102-105.
[22]曾现来,张增强,唐次来,等.生活垃圾好氧堆肥过程中渗滤液组成的动态变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):1147-1152.
[23]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会应对气候变化司.2016年度中国区域电网二氧化碳基准线排放因子BM编制说明[EB/OL].[2018-08-16].http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201704/t20170 414_844347.html.
[24]董进宁,马晓茜.生物柴油项目的生命周期评价[J].现代化工,2007,27(9):59-63.
[25]Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories.Ecoinvent version 3[EB/OL].[2018-08-07].http://www.ecoinvent.org/.
[26]赵薇,孙一桢,张文宇,等.基于生命周期方法的生活垃圾资源化利用系统生态效率分析[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7208-7216.
[27]杨帆.城市固体废物堆肥过程污染气体减排与管理的生命周期评价研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[28]Liu J,Ma X.The analysis on energy and environmental impacts of microalgae-based fuel methanol in China[J].Energy Policy,2009,37(4):1479-1488.
[29]杨建新,王如松,刘晶茹.中国产品生命周期影响评价方法研究[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(2):234-237.
[30]周道曦,马晓茜,梁增英.广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥的生命周期分析[J].环境污染与防治,2012,34(5):83-87.
[31]Li S,Williams G,Guo Y.Health benefits from improved outdoor air quality and intervention in China[J].Environ Pollut,2016,214:17-25.
[32]Onwosi C O,Igbokwe V C,Odimba J N,et al.Composting technology in waste stabilization:On the methods,challenges and future prospects[J].J Environ Manage,2017,190:140-157.
[33]Adhikari B K,Trémier A,Barrington S,et al.Gas emissions as influenced by home composting system configuration[J].J Environ Manage,2013,116:163-171.
[34]Nasini L,De Luca G,Ricci A,et al.Gas emissions during olive mill waste composting under static pile conditions[J].Int Biodeteriorat Biodegrad,2016,107:70-76.
[35]Fan Y V,Lee C T,Kleme觢J J,et al.Evaluation of Effective Microorganisms on home scale organic waste composting[J].J Environ Manage,2017,216:41-48.
[36]高健聪,蒋沁芝,聂正同,等.深圳市生活垃圾处理社会总成本的核算和预测[J].数学建模及其应用,2018,7(2):59-68.
[37]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会.国家发展改革委关于完善垃圾焚烧发电价格政策的通知(发改价格[2012]801号)[EB/OL].[2018-08-28].http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201204/t20120410_472395.html.