内陆城市热岛与湖风环流耦合特性研究
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摘要
为探究湖泊等大型水体对内陆城市大气环境的影响,本文运用数值模拟的方法,引入KRB坐标变换,建立内陆城市热岛与湖风环流的模型,对比水箱实验验证数值模型的精确性,探究不同内陆城市湖泊面积和城-湖中心距大小对城市热岛影响,模拟结果表明:湖泊面积越大,近地面城市热岛羽流的偏移量越大,而当城-湖中心距增大的时候,近地面城市热岛羽流的偏移量则减小.在湖泊靠近城市时,湖风与城市气流协同作用产生较强的环流,对城市热岛羽流产生偏转作用;在湖泊远离城市时,湖风与城市上空气流发生对抗作用,并绕过城市热岛羽流顶部,与城市上空的分散流协同,在背风面产生增益效果.
The impact of inland large water bodies on the air environment of inland cities was investigated based on the method of CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation with KRB coordinate transformation. Both urban heat island circulation and lake wind circulation were modelled by the CFD methodology, and they were verified by comparing with the reduced-scale water tank experiment. The urban island circulation was heavily influenced by the size of the water body and its distance to the urban center. It was shown that the larger the lake area, the greater offset of the observed urban thermal plume; whereas, when the distance from the city center to the water bodies increased, the offset of the heat island plume near the ground reduced. When the lake was located close to the city, lake-breeze and the city airflow put aiding effect, i.e., generating strong aiding circulations. However, as the lake was further away from the city, opposing effect was found between the lake wind and the urban heat island circulation. Cooperating aiding effect could be found between the diverging flow and lake wind beyond of the plume.
The impact of inland large water bodies on the air environment of inland cities was investigated based on the method of CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation with KRB coordinate transformation. Both urban heat island circulation and lake wind circulation were modelled by the CFD methodology, and they were verified by comparing with the reduced-scale water tank experiment. The urban island circulation was heavily influenced by the size of the water body and its distance to the urban center. It was shown that the larger the lake area, the greater offset of the observed urban thermal plume; whereas, when the distance from the city center to the water bodies increased, the offset of the heat island plume near the ground reduced. When the lake was located close to the city, lake-breeze and the city airflow put aiding effect, i.e., generating strong aiding circulations. However, as the lake was further away from the city, opposing effect was found between the lake wind and the urban heat island circulation. Cooperating aiding effect could be found between the diverging flow and lake wind beyond of the plume.
引文
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[19]刀君,周月华,向华.植被和水体对襄阳市城市热岛效应影响分析[C]//城市气象论坛一城市与环境气象,2014:1-12.Wan J, Zhou Y H, Xiang H. Impact Analysis of Urban Heat Island Xiangyang vegetation and water bodies[C]//Urban Meteorological Forum&Urban and Environmental Meteorology, 2014:1-12.
[20] Kristof G, Racz N, Balogh M. Adaptation of Pressure Based CFD Solvers for Mesoscale Atmospheric Problems[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2009,131(1):85-103.
[21] Cliff E M. ICAO Standard Atmosphere[J]. Science, 1956,124(3231):1071-1071.
[22] Shih T H, Liou W W, Shabir A, et al. A new eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flowsmodel development and validation[J]. Computers Fluids, 1995,24(3):227-238.
[23] Castro I P, Apsley D D. Flow and dispersion over topography:A comparison between numerical and laboratory data for twodimensional flows[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1997,31(31):839-850.
[24]汪如良,刘熙明,郭维栋.鄱阳湖地区湖-陆-气相互作用的观测分析[J].热带气象学报,2016,32(4):558-569.Wang R L, Liu X M, Guo W D. Observation and Analysis of Lake-Land-Gas Interaction in Poyang Lake Area[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2016,32(4):558-569.
[2]周密,常鸣,赖安琪,等.未来土地利用类型对珠江三角洲气象场的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(8):2896-2904.Zhou M, Chang M, Lai A Q, et al. Impacts of future land use on meteorological conditions over the Pearl River Delta Region[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(8):2896-2904.
[3]陈命男,张浩,唐靖寅,等.上海城市地表热环境多时期遥感研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1143-1151.Chen M N, Zhang H, Tang J Y, et al. Study on the thermal environment of land surface in Shanghai with multi-temporal remote sensing images[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011,31(7):1143-1151.
[4]钱敏蕾,徐艺扬,李响,等.上海市城市化进程中热环境响应的空间评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):624-633.Qian M L, Xu Y Y, Li X, et al. An assessment of spatial thermal environmental response to rapid urbanization of Shanghai[J]. China Environmental Science.2015,35(2):624-633.
[5]蒋永成,赵天良,王宏,等.福州市PM2.5污染过程中大气边界层和区域传输研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):347-355.Jiang Y C, Zhao T L, Wang H, et al. Analysis on atmospheric boundary layer and regional transport during PM2.5 Pollution episodes in Fuzhou.China Environmental Science, 2015,35(2):347-355.
[6] Gal T, Unger J. Detection of ventilation paths using high-resolution roughness parameter mapping in a large urban area[J]. Building&Environment, 2009,44(1):198-206.
[7]弓露,尹凡,宋瑶,等.武汉市秋冬季室内外空气颗粒物以及有机碳、元素碳的污染特征[J].城市环境与城市生态,2011,24(6):25-28.Ma L,Yin F, Song Y,et al. Indoor and Outdoor Pollutant Characteristics of Particulate Matter and OC、EC in Autumn and Winter in Wuhan[J]. Urban Environment&Urban Ecology, 2011,24(6):25-28.
[8]王梓茜,程宸,杨袁慧,等.基于多元数据分析的城市通风廊道规划策略研究一以北京副中心为例[J].城市发展研究,2018,25(1):87-96.Wang Z Q, Chen C, Yang Y H, et al. Research on Urban Ventilation Corridor Planning Strategy Based on Multivariate Data Analysis Taking Beijing Sub-center as an Example[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2018,25(1):87-96.
[9]王腾蛟,张镭,张博凯,等.城市下垫面对河谷城市兰州冬季热岛效应及边界层结构的影响[J].气象学报,2013,71(6):1115-1129.Wang T J, Zhang L, Zhang B K, et al. The impacts of urban underlying surface on the winter urban heat island effect and the boundary layer structure over the valley city Lanzhou[J]. Acta Meteorological Sonica,2013,71(6):1115-1129.
[10]朱玲,由阳,程鹏飞,等.海绵建设模式对城市热岛缓解效果研究[J].给水排水,2018,44(1):65-69.Zhu L, You Y, Cheng P F, et al. Study on the effect of sponge construction mode on the alleviation of urban heat island[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering, 2018,44(1):65-69.
[11]林荣平,祁新华,叶士琳.沿海河谷盆地城市热岛时空特征及驱动机制[J].生态学报,2017,37(1):294-304.Lin R P, Qi X H, Ye S I, et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics of urban heat islands and driving mechanisms in a coastal valley-basin city:a case study of Fuzhou City[J]. Acta Ecological Sonica, 2017,37(1):294-304.
[12]杨薇,苗峻峰,谈哲敏.太湖地区湖陆风对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,2014,25(1):59-70.Yang W, Miao J F, Tan Z M. The influence of lake and land breeze on thunderstorm process in Taiho Lake region by numerical simulation[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2014,25(1):59-70.
[13]林昊,牛继强,马会钦,等.城市水体对热岛的消减效应一以南京市为例[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2017,30(2):234-238.Lin H, Niu J Q, Ma H Q, et al. Urban Water Body Reduction of Heat Island Effect—A Case Study of Nanjing City[J]. Journal of Xinyang Normal University Natural Science Edition, 2017,30(2):234-238.
[14] Freitas E D, Rozoff C M, Cotton W R, et al. Interactions of an urban heat island and sea-breeze circulations during winter over the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2007,122(1):43-65.
[15] Lin C Y, Chen F, Huang J C, et al. Urban heat island effect and its impact on boundary layer development and land-sea circulation overnorthern Taiwan[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(22):5635-5649.
[16] Wang X, Li Y. Predicting urban heat island circulation using CFD[J].Building and Environment, 2016,99:82-97.
[17] Cenedese A, Monti P. Interaction between an Inland Urban Heat Island and a Sea-Breeze Flow:A Laboratory Study[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2003,42(11):1569-1583.
[18]李东海,艾彬,黎夏.基于遥感和GIS的城市水体缓解热岛效应的研究一以东莞市为例[J].热带地理,2008,28(5):414-418.Li D H, Ai B, Li X. Urban Water Body Alleviating Heat Island Effect Based on RS and GIS:A Case Study of Dongguan City[J]. Tropical Geography,2008,28(5):414-418.
[19]刀君,周月华,向华.植被和水体对襄阳市城市热岛效应影响分析[C]//城市气象论坛一城市与环境气象,2014:1-12.Wan J, Zhou Y H, Xiang H. Impact Analysis of Urban Heat Island Xiangyang vegetation and water bodies[C]//Urban Meteorological Forum&Urban and Environmental Meteorology, 2014:1-12.
[20] Kristof G, Racz N, Balogh M. Adaptation of Pressure Based CFD Solvers for Mesoscale Atmospheric Problems[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2009,131(1):85-103.
[21] Cliff E M. ICAO Standard Atmosphere[J]. Science, 1956,124(3231):1071-1071.
[22] Shih T H, Liou W W, Shabir A, et al. A new eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flowsmodel development and validation[J]. Computers Fluids, 1995,24(3):227-238.
[23] Castro I P, Apsley D D. Flow and dispersion over topography:A comparison between numerical and laboratory data for twodimensional flows[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1997,31(31):839-850.
[24]汪如良,刘熙明,郭维栋.鄱阳湖地区湖-陆-气相互作用的观测分析[J].热带气象学报,2016,32(4):558-569.Wang R L, Liu X M, Guo W D. Observation and Analysis of Lake-Land-Gas Interaction in Poyang Lake Area[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2016,32(4):558-569.
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