小陇山林区2种锐齿栎次生林林分的结构特征
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摘要
【目的】对甘肃小陇山林区2种干扰类型锐齿栎次生林林分的结构特征进行分析,探讨不同林分结构分析方法提供的信息,为锐齿栎次生林的保护、恢复和结构优化调整提供理论依据。【方法】以甘肃小陇山林区典型的长期未经人为干扰的样地(王安沟)和经过"次生林综合培育"技术经营后恢复的锐齿栎次生林样地(小阳沟)为例,运用林分结构基本特征分析方法及基于相邻木空间关系的结构参数、标记混交度和大小分化二阶特征函数,分析不同干扰模式下锐齿栎次生林林分的结构特征。【结果】2个样地的林分基本结构特征有一定差异,小阳沟林分的密度较小,平均胸径、断面积较王安沟林分大,但树种多样性较低,二者的林木分布格局和混交度分布检验差异也不显著;标记混交度和大小分化二阶特征函数体现出2个样地的林木个体大小分布和不同树种间的关系存在较大差异,小阳沟林分在0～10 m尺度上同种聚集趋势十分明显,林木大小分化在整个研究尺度上随机分布;王安沟林分在0～10 m尺度上同种聚集的强度较小,林木在7～12 m尺度上表现为相同大小林木的聚集趋势先增加后趋向随机分布。【结论】王安沟林分是自然演替的结果,经营措施对小阳沟林分结构起到了一定的调整作用。对于次生林而言,合理的经营可以促进林分生长和林分质量提高。标记二阶特征函数能够提供林分内树种分布和大小分化随尺度变化的关系,并对林分结构特征形成的生态过程具有一定的解释能力。
【Objective】 Different forest structure analysis methods were used to analyze the structural characteristics of two Quercus aliena secondary forests in the Xiaolongshan Forests Region and the forest structural information was compared to provide basis for protection,restoration and structural optimization of secondary forests.【Method】 Two Q. aliena secondary forest plots were analyzed,the Wangangou plot was undisturbed for long-term and the Xiaoyanggou plot was restored and managed by comprehensive cultivation technology.The basic characteristics analysis method,spatial structure and mark second-order characteristics function of forest structure were used to analyze the characteristics of the two Q. aliena secondary forests.【Result】 There were certain differences in the structural characteristics of the two plots.The density and tree species diversity of Xiaoyanggou plot were smaller than that of Wangangou plot,while the mean DBH and basal area of Xiaoyanggou plot were larger than that of Wangangou plot.There was no significant difference in the diameter distribution pattern and mingling distribution of the two forests.The mark mingling and mark size differentiation second-order characteristics results showed that there were significant differences of the two plots.The trend of same species aggregation in 0-10 m scale was obviously and sizes of individual trees were randomly distributed in Xiaoyanggou plot.The Wangangou plot also had a trend of homogeneous aggregation in the scale of 0-10 m,with smaller strength compared to Xiao-yanggou plot.The size differentiation showed that clustering tendency of similar size tree increased with distance and to be random in the 7-12 m scale.【Conclusion】 The structure characteristics of the Wangangou forest was the result of natural succession and management measures played an important role in the forest structure of Xiaoyanggou secondary forest.Reasonable management can accelerate growth of trees and promote quality of secondary forests.The mark second-order characteristics function can provide the relationship between tree species distribution and size differentiation in different scales and has certain ability to explain the ecological processes of forest structural characteristics.
【Objective】 Different forest structure analysis methods were used to analyze the structural characteristics of two Quercus aliena secondary forests in the Xiaolongshan Forests Region and the forest structural information was compared to provide basis for protection,restoration and structural optimization of secondary forests.【Method】 Two Q. aliena secondary forest plots were analyzed,the Wangangou plot was undisturbed for long-term and the Xiaoyanggou plot was restored and managed by comprehensive cultivation technology.The basic characteristics analysis method,spatial structure and mark second-order characteristics function of forest structure were used to analyze the characteristics of the two Q. aliena secondary forests.【Result】 There were certain differences in the structural characteristics of the two plots.The density and tree species diversity of Xiaoyanggou plot were smaller than that of Wangangou plot,while the mean DBH and basal area of Xiaoyanggou plot were larger than that of Wangangou plot.There was no significant difference in the diameter distribution pattern and mingling distribution of the two forests.The mark mingling and mark size differentiation second-order characteristics results showed that there were significant differences of the two plots.The trend of same species aggregation in 0-10 m scale was obviously and sizes of individual trees were randomly distributed in Xiaoyanggou plot.The Wangangou plot also had a trend of homogeneous aggregation in the scale of 0-10 m,with smaller strength compared to Xiao-yanggou plot.The size differentiation showed that clustering tendency of similar size tree increased with distance and to be random in the 7-12 m scale.【Conclusion】 The structure characteristics of the Wangangou forest was the result of natural succession and management measures played an important role in the forest structure of Xiaoyanggou secondary forest.Reasonable management can accelerate growth of trees and promote quality of secondary forests.The mark second-order characteristics function can provide the relationship between tree species distribution and size differentiation in different scales and has certain ability to explain the ecological processes of forest structural characteristics.
引文
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[15] Petritan A M,Biris I A,Merce O,et al.Structure and diversity of a natural temperate sessile oak (Quercus petraea L)-European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L) forest [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2012,280:140-149.
[16] Li Y,Hui G,Zhao Z,et al.The bivariate distribution characteristics of spatial structure in natural Korean pine broad-leaved forest [J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2012,23(6):1180-1190.
[17] Li Y,Ye S,Hui G,et al.Spatial structure of timber harvested according to structure-based forest management [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,322:106-116.
[18] Li Y,Hui G,Wang H,et al.Selection priority for harvested trees according to stand structural indices [J].iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry,2017,10(3):561.
[19] 赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营方法在阔叶红松林中的应用 [J].林业科学研究,2013,26(4):467-472.Zhao Z H,Hui G Y,Hu Y B,et al.Application of structure-based forest management in broadleaved korean pine mixed forest [J].Forest Research,2013,26(4):467-472.
[20] Ripley B D.Modelling spatial patterns [J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:Series B (Methodological),1977,39(2):172-212.
[21] Besag J E.Contribution to the discussion on Dr.Ripley’s paper [J].JR Stat Soc Ser,1977,39:193-195.
[22] Condit R,Ashton P S,Baker P,et al.Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species [J].Science,2000,288(5470):1414-1418.
[23] 孟宪宇.测树学 [M].3版.北京:中国林业出版社,2006.Meng X Y.Forest measurement [M].The third version.Beijing:China Forest Press,2006.
[24] Shannon C E,Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication [M].Urbana,IL:University of Illinois Press,1963.
[25] Pielou E C.Mathematical ecology [M].New York:Wiley Interscience,1985:84-193.
[26] Hui G Y,Gadow K v,Matthias A.The neighbourhood pattern:a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1999,35(1):37-42.
[27] Aguirre O,Hui G,Gadow K v,et al.An analysis of spatial forest structure using neighbourhood-based variables [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,183(1/2/3):137-145.
[28] Hui G,Pommerening A.Analysing tree species and size diversity patterns in multi-species uneven-aged forests of Northern China [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,316:125-138.
[29] Lewandowski A,Pommerening A.Zur beschreibung der waldstruktur-erwartete und beobachtete arten-durchmischung on the description of forest structure-expected and observed mingling of species [J].Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt,1997,116(1/2/3/4/5/6):129-139.
[30] Grabarnik P,Myllym?ki M,Stoyan D.Correct testing of mark independence for marked point patterns [J].Ecological Modelling,2011,222(23):3888-3894.
[31] Kolmogorov A.Sulla determinazione empirica di una lgge di distribuzione [J].Inst Ital Attuari Giorn,1933(4):83-91.
[32] Smirnov N V.On the estimation of the discrepancy between empirical curves of distribution for two independent samples [J].Bull Math Univ Moscou,1939,2(2):3-14.
[33] Zhao Z,Hui G,Hu Y,et al.Testing the significance of different tree spatial distribution patterns based on the uniform angle index [J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2014,44(11):1419-1425.
[34] 刘玉民,吴青山,刘亚敏,等.次生林抚育保留密度对林分生长的影响 [J].西南农业大学学报,2003,25(6):546-549.Liu Y M,Wu Q S,Liu Y M,et al.Effect of reserve density in intermediate cutting in stand growth in secondary forest [J].Journal of Southwest Agriculture University,2003,25(6):546-549.
[35] Pastorella F,Paletto A.Stand structure indices as tools to support forest management:an application in Trentino forests (Italy) [J].Journal of Forest Science,2013,59(4):159-168.
[36] 赵春燕,李际平,李建军.基于Voronoi图和Delaunay三角网的林分空间结构量化分析 [J].林业科学,2010,46(6):78-84.Zhao C Y,Li J P,Li J J.Quantitative analysis of forest stand spatial structure based on Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangulate network [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(6):78-84.
[37] 郝月兰,张会儒,唐守正.基于空间结构优化的采伐木确定方法研究 [J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(5):163-168.Hao Y L,Zhang H R,Tang S Z.Determination method of cutting tree based on forest spatial structure optimization [J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(5):163-168.
[38] Wang H X,Wan P,Wang Q,et al.Prevalence of inter-tree competition and its role in shaping the community structure of a natural mongolian Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica) [J].Forests,2017,8(3):84.
[2] Gadow K.Waldstruktur und wachstum [M].G?ttingen:Universitatsdrucke G?ttingen,2003.
[3] Wiegand T,Moloney K A.Handbook of spatial point-pattern analysis in ecology [M].New York:Chapman and Hall/CRC Press,2013.
[4] Dǎnescu A,Albrecht A T,Bauhus J.Structural diversity promotes productivity of mixed,uneven-aged forests in southwestern Germany [J].Oecologia,2016,182(2):319-333.
[5] McKelvey K S,Noon B R,Lamberson R H.Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes:the case of the northern spotted owl [M]//Kareiva P M,Kingsolver J G,Huey R B,et al.Biotic interactions and global change.Sunderland,Massachuseets:Sinauer Assoc Inc.,1993:424-450.
[6] Letcher B H,Priddy J A,Walters J R,et al.An individual-based,spatially-explicit simulation model of the population dynamics of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker,Picoides borealis [J].Biological Conservation,1998,86(1):1-14.
[7] Gamfeldt L,Sn?ll T,Bagchi R,et al.Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species [J].Nature Communications,2013(4):1340.
[8] Spies T A.Forest structure:a key to the ecosystem [J].Northwest Science,1998,72:34-36.
[9] Gadow K,Füldner K.Zur bestandesbeschreibung in der forsteinrichtung [J].Forst und Holz,1993,48(21):602-606.
[10] 惠刚盈,胡艳波,徐海.结构化森林经营 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.Hui G Y,Hu Y B,Xu H.Structure-based forest management [M].Beijing:China Forest Press,2007.
[11] 惠刚盈,克劳斯·冯佳多.森林空间结构量化分析方法 [M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003.Hui G Y,Gadow K V.Quantitative analysis of forest spatial structure [M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,2003.
[12] Mason W L,Connolly T,Pommerening A,et al.Spatial structure of semi-natural and plantation stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Scotland [J].Forestry,2007,80(5):567-586.
[13] Laarmann D,Korjus H,Sims A,et al.Analysis of forest naturalness and tree mortality patterns in Estonia [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2009,258:S187-S195.
[14] Pommerening A,Rodriguez-Soalleiro R.Species mingling and diameter differentiation as second-order characteristics [J].Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung,2011,182(7/8):115-129.
[15] Petritan A M,Biris I A,Merce O,et al.Structure and diversity of a natural temperate sessile oak (Quercus petraea L)-European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L) forest [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2012,280:140-149.
[16] Li Y,Hui G,Zhao Z,et al.The bivariate distribution characteristics of spatial structure in natural Korean pine broad-leaved forest [J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2012,23(6):1180-1190.
[17] Li Y,Ye S,Hui G,et al.Spatial structure of timber harvested according to structure-based forest management [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,322:106-116.
[18] Li Y,Hui G,Wang H,et al.Selection priority for harvested trees according to stand structural indices [J].iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry,2017,10(3):561.
[19] 赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营方法在阔叶红松林中的应用 [J].林业科学研究,2013,26(4):467-472.Zhao Z H,Hui G Y,Hu Y B,et al.Application of structure-based forest management in broadleaved korean pine mixed forest [J].Forest Research,2013,26(4):467-472.
[20] Ripley B D.Modelling spatial patterns [J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:Series B (Methodological),1977,39(2):172-212.
[21] Besag J E.Contribution to the discussion on Dr.Ripley’s paper [J].JR Stat Soc Ser,1977,39:193-195.
[22] Condit R,Ashton P S,Baker P,et al.Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species [J].Science,2000,288(5470):1414-1418.
[23] 孟宪宇.测树学 [M].3版.北京:中国林业出版社,2006.Meng X Y.Forest measurement [M].The third version.Beijing:China Forest Press,2006.
[24] Shannon C E,Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication [M].Urbana,IL:University of Illinois Press,1963.
[25] Pielou E C.Mathematical ecology [M].New York:Wiley Interscience,1985:84-193.
[26] Hui G Y,Gadow K v,Matthias A.The neighbourhood pattern:a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1999,35(1):37-42.
[27] Aguirre O,Hui G,Gadow K v,et al.An analysis of spatial forest structure using neighbourhood-based variables [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,183(1/2/3):137-145.
[28] Hui G,Pommerening A.Analysing tree species and size diversity patterns in multi-species uneven-aged forests of Northern China [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,316:125-138.
[29] Lewandowski A,Pommerening A.Zur beschreibung der waldstruktur-erwartete und beobachtete arten-durchmischung on the description of forest structure-expected and observed mingling of species [J].Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt,1997,116(1/2/3/4/5/6):129-139.
[30] Grabarnik P,Myllym?ki M,Stoyan D.Correct testing of mark independence for marked point patterns [J].Ecological Modelling,2011,222(23):3888-3894.
[31] Kolmogorov A.Sulla determinazione empirica di una lgge di distribuzione [J].Inst Ital Attuari Giorn,1933(4):83-91.
[32] Smirnov N V.On the estimation of the discrepancy between empirical curves of distribution for two independent samples [J].Bull Math Univ Moscou,1939,2(2):3-14.
[33] Zhao Z,Hui G,Hu Y,et al.Testing the significance of different tree spatial distribution patterns based on the uniform angle index [J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2014,44(11):1419-1425.
[34] 刘玉民,吴青山,刘亚敏,等.次生林抚育保留密度对林分生长的影响 [J].西南农业大学学报,2003,25(6):546-549.Liu Y M,Wu Q S,Liu Y M,et al.Effect of reserve density in intermediate cutting in stand growth in secondary forest [J].Journal of Southwest Agriculture University,2003,25(6):546-549.
[35] Pastorella F,Paletto A.Stand structure indices as tools to support forest management:an application in Trentino forests (Italy) [J].Journal of Forest Science,2013,59(4):159-168.
[36] 赵春燕,李际平,李建军.基于Voronoi图和Delaunay三角网的林分空间结构量化分析 [J].林业科学,2010,46(6):78-84.Zhao C Y,Li J P,Li J J.Quantitative analysis of forest stand spatial structure based on Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangulate network [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(6):78-84.
[37] 郝月兰,张会儒,唐守正.基于空间结构优化的采伐木确定方法研究 [J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(5):163-168.Hao Y L,Zhang H R,Tang S Z.Determination method of cutting tree based on forest spatial structure optimization [J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(5):163-168.
[38] Wang H X,Wan P,Wang Q,et al.Prevalence of inter-tree competition and its role in shaping the community structure of a natural mongolian Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica) [J].Forests,2017,8(3):84.