论污染海洋环境案中非典型性空白规范的司法适用
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摘要
伴随"美丽中国"战略的提出,环境保护成了当前热点问题,其中海洋环境保护尤为重要,对于污染海洋环境行为的刑法规制需要考虑到污染环境罪是空白罪状,而各级地方政府制定的非典型性空白规范则可以用作构成要件判断的参考。非典型性空白规范适用的优势在于凸显地域特色、反馈更新的速度更快、判断标准相对确定、数值设立科学合理、文件本身具有前瞻性,有助于犯罪行为构成要件的认定。非典型性空白规范司法适用的缺陷在于法律修辞和法律逻辑不够严谨、有潜在的同案不同判可能性、不同区域的文件衔接困难。通过进行前置的合规性审查、在法官找法过程中引入利益衡量原则、将污染环境罪名拆分细化等方式,可以完善其司法适用。
With the strategy of "beautiful China" being adopted, the environmental protection, especially the marine environmental protection, has become a hot issue at present. The criminal law regulation for the action to pollute the marine environment needs to take into account the fact that the crime of the environmental pollution is the blank crime whereas the non-typical blank specification formulated by the local government at different levels can be used to constitute the reference to the judgement of important documents.The advantages of applying the non-typical blank specification are of regional characteristics, with faster feedback and update, relatively steady judgment criteria, scientific and reasonable value setting and its forward-looking document itself, which are helpful to identify the constitutive criminal elements. The defects of the judicial application of non-typical blank specifications lie in the inadequacy of legal rhetoric and legal logic, potential possibility for different sentences in the same case, and the files in different areas are difficult to be connected with. The judicial application can be improved by previewing the compliance, by introducing the principle of interest measurement in the process of judges' finding law as well as by dividing the crimes of environmental pollution into the specific charges,and so on.
With the strategy of "beautiful China" being adopted, the environmental protection, especially the marine environmental protection, has become a hot issue at present. The criminal law regulation for the action to pollute the marine environment needs to take into account the fact that the crime of the environmental pollution is the blank crime whereas the non-typical blank specification formulated by the local government at different levels can be used to constitute the reference to the judgement of important documents.The advantages of applying the non-typical blank specification are of regional characteristics, with faster feedback and update, relatively steady judgment criteria, scientific and reasonable value setting and its forward-looking document itself, which are helpful to identify the constitutive criminal elements. The defects of the judicial application of non-typical blank specifications lie in the inadequacy of legal rhetoric and legal logic, potential possibility for different sentences in the same case, and the files in different areas are difficult to be connected with. The judicial application can be improved by previewing the compliance, by introducing the principle of interest measurement in the process of judges' finding law as well as by dividing the crimes of environmental pollution into the specific charges,and so on.
引文
[1]陈洪兵.“美丽中国”目标实现中的刑法短板及其克服[J].东方法学,2017(5):40-49.
[2]郭小勇,徐春红,袁玲玲,等.海洋环境保护标准体系框架构建探讨[J].海洋环境科学,2013,32(1):150-151.
[3]李伟舜.深圳全力推进海洋强市战略的现实挑战与对策[J].特区经济,2019(1):31-33.
[4]徐红军,孙冠豪.法律修辞与司法运作的功能衔接--以基层司法为视域[J].法律方法,2017,22(2):269-281.
[5][德]毛雷尔.德国行政法总论[M].高家伟,译.中国政法大学出版社,1988:78-81.
[6]李彤,张昕.海上污染案件中主体诉权、责任主体、因果关系的认定及损害赔偿额的酌定--栾树海等21人与康菲石油中国有限公司、中国海洋石油总公司海上污染损害责任纠纷案评析[J].法律适用(司法案例),2017(20):91-96.
[7]王保民.积极探索海洋环境保护工作新途径--河北省海洋环境保护工作纪实[J].海洋开发与管理,2011,28(12):20-25.
[8]宋远升.刑事司法裁判中的利益衡量[J].政法论丛,2017(2):84-93.
[9]杨仁寿.法学方法论[M].中国政法大学出版社,2016:234-235.
[10]林芳惠.污染环境罪立法的反思与重构[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,17(6):93-99.
(1)梅尔克-凯尔森法律位阶体系的创始人是奥地利的法学家梅尔克,其认为法律体系由等级秩序构成,即由条件性规范和附条件性规范构成的体系,而后者是由前者所决定的。而后的凯尔森对于这一理论进行了修正,提出“法律规范的内在等级体系在整体的法律体系的运转中发挥着重要的作用,高位阶规范决定着低位阶规范的内容和范围,低位阶规范的效力来源于高位阶规范,高位阶规范是低位阶规范的存在理由。
(2)各国在环境刑事立法中,按其立法形式存在混合罪名模式立法和独立罪名模式立法两种。我国当前立法属于前者,而外国成熟环境刑事立法基本为独立罪名模式立法,从其环境保护工作开展所取得的效果来看,独立罪名模式立法的存在有着其独特的优势和作用。
[2]郭小勇,徐春红,袁玲玲,等.海洋环境保护标准体系框架构建探讨[J].海洋环境科学,2013,32(1):150-151.
[3]李伟舜.深圳全力推进海洋强市战略的现实挑战与对策[J].特区经济,2019(1):31-33.
[4]徐红军,孙冠豪.法律修辞与司法运作的功能衔接--以基层司法为视域[J].法律方法,2017,22(2):269-281.
[5][德]毛雷尔.德国行政法总论[M].高家伟,译.中国政法大学出版社,1988:78-81.
[6]李彤,张昕.海上污染案件中主体诉权、责任主体、因果关系的认定及损害赔偿额的酌定--栾树海等21人与康菲石油中国有限公司、中国海洋石油总公司海上污染损害责任纠纷案评析[J].法律适用(司法案例),2017(20):91-96.
[7]王保民.积极探索海洋环境保护工作新途径--河北省海洋环境保护工作纪实[J].海洋开发与管理,2011,28(12):20-25.
[8]宋远升.刑事司法裁判中的利益衡量[J].政法论丛,2017(2):84-93.
[9]杨仁寿.法学方法论[M].中国政法大学出版社,2016:234-235.
[10]林芳惠.污染环境罪立法的反思与重构[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,17(6):93-99.
(1)梅尔克-凯尔森法律位阶体系的创始人是奥地利的法学家梅尔克,其认为法律体系由等级秩序构成,即由条件性规范和附条件性规范构成的体系,而后者是由前者所决定的。而后的凯尔森对于这一理论进行了修正,提出“法律规范的内在等级体系在整体的法律体系的运转中发挥着重要的作用,高位阶规范决定着低位阶规范的内容和范围,低位阶规范的效力来源于高位阶规范,高位阶规范是低位阶规范的存在理由。
(2)各国在环境刑事立法中,按其立法形式存在混合罪名模式立法和独立罪名模式立法两种。我国当前立法属于前者,而外国成熟环境刑事立法基本为独立罪名模式立法,从其环境保护工作开展所取得的效果来看,独立罪名模式立法的存在有着其独特的优势和作用。