我国农村厕所改造的区域特征及路径探析
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摘要
为促进农村卫生厕所改造,推动乡村人居环境整治,改善乡村生态环境。基于对我国农村厕所污染防治措施及改造类型的梳理,利用《中国卫生和计划生育统计年鉴》数据,分析农村卫生厕所普及率与区域特征,探讨农村改厕的区域差异来源与提升路径。结果表明,我国农村卫生厕所主要包括粪尿分集式和水冲式两种类型。截止到2016年,我国卫生厕所普及率和无害化卫生厕所普及率分别为80.40%和60.50%。从区域上来看,东部卫生厕所普及率高于中部和西部,东北部无害化卫生厕所普及率仅有27.86%,约为西部的1/2、东部的1/3。从厕所类型上看,粪尿分集式厕所在各区域的应用比例较小,东部、西部和中部主要选择水冲式厕所,应用比例分别为85.28%、72.47%和65.52%;东北部主要应用其他类型厕所,比例为64.75%。研究表明,我国农村卫生厕所普及率区域差异明显,呈现"东高西低、南高北低"的格局,农村自然条件、发展水平、人文素养、政策落实等因素,是卫生厕所类型、数量、利用程度与功效的区域差异来源,未来农村改厕路径包括提高卫生厕所适用性、普及率、利用率和粪尿资源循环性。
In order to promote rural sanitary toilet reinvention, accelerate the improvement of the rural living environment, and restore rural ecological environments, rural toilet pollution control measures and the reinvention types were summarized. Regional differences in rural sanitary toilet reinvention and their sources were studied based on the China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbooks. Urine-diverting toilets and flush toilets were the main types of sanitary toilets in China. Until 2016, the popularizing proportion of national′s sanitary toilet and harmless sanitary toilet was 80.40% and 60.50%, respectively. The eastern region had the highest popularizing proportion of sanitary toilet than that of middle and western region. The popularizing proportion of harmless sanitary toilet in northeast was only 27.86%,which was half that of the western region and one-third of the eastern region. Urine-diverting toilets were rarely used for rural toilet improvement. Flush toilets were widely used in the eastern, western, and middle regions, with the ratio of 85.28%, 72.47%, and 65.52%, respectively. However, other types of toilets were selected by rural residents in the northeast with a ratio of 64.75%. Our results suggest significant differences in rural populations with sanitary toilets, with higher values in eastern and southern regions and lower values in western and northern regions. The significant differences in toilet types, numbers, utilization levels, and functions are influenced by rural natural conditions, development level, humanity attainment, and policy implementation. In the future, rural toilet improvement can be enhanced in terms of increased feasibility, population adoption, utilization ratio, and cycled urine and feces resources.
In order to promote rural sanitary toilet reinvention, accelerate the improvement of the rural living environment, and restore rural ecological environments, rural toilet pollution control measures and the reinvention types were summarized. Regional differences in rural sanitary toilet reinvention and their sources were studied based on the China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbooks. Urine-diverting toilets and flush toilets were the main types of sanitary toilets in China. Until 2016, the popularizing proportion of national′s sanitary toilet and harmless sanitary toilet was 80.40% and 60.50%, respectively. The eastern region had the highest popularizing proportion of sanitary toilet than that of middle and western region. The popularizing proportion of harmless sanitary toilet in northeast was only 27.86%,which was half that of the western region and one-third of the eastern region. Urine-diverting toilets were rarely used for rural toilet improvement. Flush toilets were widely used in the eastern, western, and middle regions, with the ratio of 85.28%, 72.47%, and 65.52%, respectively. However, other types of toilets were selected by rural residents in the northeast with a ratio of 64.75%. Our results suggest significant differences in rural populations with sanitary toilets, with higher values in eastern and southern regions and lower values in western and northern regions. The significant differences in toilet types, numbers, utilization levels, and functions are influenced by rural natural conditions, development level, humanity attainment, and policy implementation. In the future, rural toilet improvement can be enhanced in terms of increased feasibility, population adoption, utilization ratio, and cycled urine and feces resources.
引文
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[10]周星,周超.“厕所革命”在中国的缘起、现状与言说[J].中原文化研究,2018(1):22-31.ZHOU Xing,ZHOU Chao.The origin,present situation and statements of"toilet revolution"in China[J].The Central Plains Culture Research,2018(1):22-31.
[11]沈峥,刘洪波,张亚雷.中国“厕所革命”的现状、问题及其对策思考[J].中国环境管理,2018,10(2):45-48.SHEN Zheng,LIU Hong-bo,ZHANG Ya-lei.The current situation,issues and strategies of"toilet revolution"in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2008,10(2):45-48.
[12]Spangberg J,Tidaker P,Jonsson H.Environmental impact of recycling nutrients in human excreta to agriculture compared with enhanced wastewater treatment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:209-219.
[13]张红培,李孜,赵秀竹,等.我国农村改厕的成效及问题研究[J].中国初级卫生保健,2018,32(6):70-71,84.ZHANG Hong-pei,LI Zi,ZHAO Xiu-zhu,et al.The effectiveness and changes of toilet improvement in rural China[J].Chinese Primary Health Care,2018,32(6):70-71,84.
[14]Zhang W L,Tian Z X,Zhang N,et al.Nitrate pollution of groundwater in northern China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,1996,59(3):223-231.
[15]Mihelcic J R,Fry L M,Shaw R.Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces[J].Chemosphere,2011,84(6):832-839.
[16]王文林,胡孟春,唐晓燕.太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):616-621.WANG Wen-lin,HU Meng-chun,TANG Xiao-yan.Methods for measuring and calculation of rural domestic waste generation and discharge coefficient sewage in Taihu Lake basin and related problems[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):616-621.
[17]J?nsson H,Baky A,Jeppsson U,et al.Composition of urine,faeces,greywater and biowaste for utilisation in the URWARE model[R]//Urban water report[R].Sweden:Chalmers University of Technology,2005.
[18]李新艳,李恒鹏,杨桂山,等.江浙沪地区农村生活污水污染调查[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(6):923-932.LI Xin-yan,LI Heng-peng,YANG Gui-shan,et al.Survey of the Jiangsu,Zhejiang Province and Shanghai area for rural domestic wastewater pollution[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(6):923-932.
[19]徐洪斌,吕锡武,李先宁,等.太湖流域农村生活污水污染现状调查研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26（增1):375-378.XU Hong-bin,LüXi-wu,LI Xian-ning,et al.A survey on village sewage pollution in a zone of Tai Lake[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(Suppl 1):375-378.
[20]高素坤.农村厕所低成本改造技术与应用研究[D].泰安：山东农业大学,2014.GAO Su-kun.Low-cost rural toilet renovation technology and application research[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014.
[21]刘沛林,刘春腊,李伯华,等.中国少数民族传统聚落景观特征及其基因分析[J].地理科学,2010,30(6):810-817.LIU Pei-lin,LIU Chun-la,LI Bo-hua,et al.Characteristics and genels-analysis of traditional settlements′landscapes in Chinese minority areas[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(6):810-817.
[22]李慧,付昆明,周厚田,等.农村厕所改造现状及存在问题探讨[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(22):13-18.LI Hui,FU Kun-ming,ZHOU Hou-tian,et al.Current situation and problems of rural dry toilet renovation in China[J].China Water&Wastewater,2017,33(22):13-18.
[23]何御舟,付彦芬.农村地区卫生厕所类型与特点[J].中国卫生工程学,2016,15(2):191-195.HE Yu-zhou,FU Yan-fen.Types and characteristics of rural sanitary toilet[J].China Journal of Public Health Engineering,2016,15(2):191-195.
[24]邹伟国.国内外生态卫生厕所应用与分析[J].水工业市场,2011(6):49-52.ZOU Wei-guo.National and international ecological sanitary toilet application and analyze[J].Water-Industry Market,2011(6):49-52.
[25]苗艳青,杨振波,周和宇.农村居民环境卫生改善支付意愿及影响因素研究--以改厕为例[J].管理世界,2012(9):89-99.MIAO Yan-qing,YANG Zhen-bo,ZHOU He-yu.Research on the willingness of rural residents to pay for environmental sanitation improvement and its influencing factors:A case study of toilet reform[J].Management World,2012(9):89-99.
[26]黄圣彪.推进厕所革命需要解决的技术问题及措施建议[J].中国环境管理,2018,10(2):49-52.HUANG Sheng-biao.Promoting of toilet revolution:Technical problems and measures[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2008,10(2):49-52.
[2]WHO,UNICEF.25 years progress on sanitation and drinking water:2015 update and MDG assessment[M].Geneva:WHO,2015.
[3]Tong Y D,Bu X G,Chen C,et al.Impacts of sanitation improvement on reduction of nitrogen discharges entering the environment from human excreta in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,593/594:439-448.
[4]唐丽霞,左停.中国农村污染状况调查与分析：来自全国141个村的数据[J].中国农村观察,2008(1):31-37.TANG Li-xia,ZUO Ting.China rural pollution survey and analysis:Data from 141 villages across the country[J].China Rural Observation,2008(1):31-37.
[5]国家统计局.第三次全国农业普查主要数据公报（第一号）[EB/OL].(2017-12-14).http：//www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/nypcgb/qgnypcgb/201712/t20171214_1562740.html.National Bureau of Statistics.Data bulletin of third national agricultural census(No.1)[EB/OL].(2017-12-14).http：//www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/nypcgb/qgnypcgb/201712/t20171214_1562740.html.
[6]韩纯儒.中国农村环境的近年变化趋势[J].生态学报,1990(1):37-44.HAN Chun-ru.Recent changes in the rural environment in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1990(1):37-44.
[7]丁彬,李学明,孙学晖,等.经济发展模式对乡村生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响--以鲁中山区三个村庄为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(10):3042-3052.DING Bin,LI Xue-ming,SUN Xue-hui,et al.Impacts of economic development model on ecosystem service values:A case study of three mountain villages in middle Shandong,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(10):3042-3052.
[8]王艳飞,刘彦随,严镔,等.中国城乡协调发展格局特征及影响因素[J].地理科学,2016,36(1):20-28.WANG Yan-fei,LIU Yan-sui,YAN Bin,et al.Spatial patterns and influencing factors of urban-rural coordinated development in China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(1):20-28.
[9]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.LIU Yan-sui.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.
[10]周星,周超.“厕所革命”在中国的缘起、现状与言说[J].中原文化研究,2018(1):22-31.ZHOU Xing,ZHOU Chao.The origin,present situation and statements of"toilet revolution"in China[J].The Central Plains Culture Research,2018(1):22-31.
[11]沈峥,刘洪波,张亚雷.中国“厕所革命”的现状、问题及其对策思考[J].中国环境管理,2018,10(2):45-48.SHEN Zheng,LIU Hong-bo,ZHANG Ya-lei.The current situation,issues and strategies of"toilet revolution"in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2008,10(2):45-48.
[12]Spangberg J,Tidaker P,Jonsson H.Environmental impact of recycling nutrients in human excreta to agriculture compared with enhanced wastewater treatment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:209-219.
[13]张红培,李孜,赵秀竹,等.我国农村改厕的成效及问题研究[J].中国初级卫生保健,2018,32(6):70-71,84.ZHANG Hong-pei,LI Zi,ZHAO Xiu-zhu,et al.The effectiveness and changes of toilet improvement in rural China[J].Chinese Primary Health Care,2018,32(6):70-71,84.
[14]Zhang W L,Tian Z X,Zhang N,et al.Nitrate pollution of groundwater in northern China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,1996,59(3):223-231.
[15]Mihelcic J R,Fry L M,Shaw R.Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces[J].Chemosphere,2011,84(6):832-839.
[16]王文林,胡孟春,唐晓燕.太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):616-621.WANG Wen-lin,HU Meng-chun,TANG Xiao-yan.Methods for measuring and calculation of rural domestic waste generation and discharge coefficient sewage in Taihu Lake basin and related problems[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):616-621.
[17]J?nsson H,Baky A,Jeppsson U,et al.Composition of urine,faeces,greywater and biowaste for utilisation in the URWARE model[R]//Urban water report[R].Sweden:Chalmers University of Technology,2005.
[18]李新艳,李恒鹏,杨桂山,等.江浙沪地区农村生活污水污染调查[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(6):923-932.LI Xin-yan,LI Heng-peng,YANG Gui-shan,et al.Survey of the Jiangsu,Zhejiang Province and Shanghai area for rural domestic wastewater pollution[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(6):923-932.
[19]徐洪斌,吕锡武,李先宁,等.太湖流域农村生活污水污染现状调查研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26（增1):375-378.XU Hong-bin,LüXi-wu,LI Xian-ning,et al.A survey on village sewage pollution in a zone of Tai Lake[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(Suppl 1):375-378.
[20]高素坤.农村厕所低成本改造技术与应用研究[D].泰安：山东农业大学,2014.GAO Su-kun.Low-cost rural toilet renovation technology and application research[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014.
[21]刘沛林,刘春腊,李伯华,等.中国少数民族传统聚落景观特征及其基因分析[J].地理科学,2010,30(6):810-817.LIU Pei-lin,LIU Chun-la,LI Bo-hua,et al.Characteristics and genels-analysis of traditional settlements′landscapes in Chinese minority areas[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(6):810-817.
[22]李慧,付昆明,周厚田,等.农村厕所改造现状及存在问题探讨[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(22):13-18.LI Hui,FU Kun-ming,ZHOU Hou-tian,et al.Current situation and problems of rural dry toilet renovation in China[J].China Water&Wastewater,2017,33(22):13-18.
[23]何御舟,付彦芬.农村地区卫生厕所类型与特点[J].中国卫生工程学,2016,15(2):191-195.HE Yu-zhou,FU Yan-fen.Types and characteristics of rural sanitary toilet[J].China Journal of Public Health Engineering,2016,15(2):191-195.
[24]邹伟国.国内外生态卫生厕所应用与分析[J].水工业市场,2011(6):49-52.ZOU Wei-guo.National and international ecological sanitary toilet application and analyze[J].Water-Industry Market,2011(6):49-52.
[25]苗艳青,杨振波,周和宇.农村居民环境卫生改善支付意愿及影响因素研究--以改厕为例[J].管理世界,2012(9):89-99.MIAO Yan-qing,YANG Zhen-bo,ZHOU He-yu.Research on the willingness of rural residents to pay for environmental sanitation improvement and its influencing factors:A case study of toilet reform[J].Management World,2012(9):89-99.
[26]黄圣彪.推进厕所革命需要解决的技术问题及措施建议[J].中国环境管理,2018,10(2):49-52.HUANG Sheng-biao.Promoting of toilet revolution:Technical problems and measures[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2008,10(2):49-52.