道德增强的伦理探析——自由意志的视角
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摘要
道德生物增强(MB)设想通过生理改造提高接受者的道德认知能力,获得特定的道德目的。从生物保守主义出发,对该思潮的一个主要批评是MB会削弱人类的"作恶的自由",但"作恶的自由"相比于"可供取舍的选择可能性(AP)"而言说服力更差,这让MB的批评者一度陷入被动。但即便面对来自使用AP的反驳,MB的支持者依然可以通过坚守相容论的立场而立于不败之地。我们将试图从丹尼特的意识表征进化理论入手,提出一种新的道德生物保守主义视角,指出MB的支持者会陷入"MB无用论"同"废除人类直接意识控制的道德意义"的悖论之中。
Moral Bioenhancement(MB) is the use of biomedical technology to improve peoples' moral cognitive ability,and make them to get certain moral purpose. Base on bioconservative thesis,a major criticism to MB means that it will undermine"the freedom to fall"of people,but this may get critics themselves into trouble. In view of this,we change"freedom to fall"into"Alternative possibility",the MB supporters can also avoid be falsified by taking a compatibilism position. We will try to start with a new moral conservatism perspective from Dennett's theory of consciousness representation evolution. And point out that MB supporters will fall into the paradox of " MB uselessness" and " abolition of the moral meaning of human direct consciousness control".
Moral Bioenhancement(MB) is the use of biomedical technology to improve peoples' moral cognitive ability,and make them to get certain moral purpose. Base on bioconservative thesis,a major criticism to MB means that it will undermine"the freedom to fall"of people,but this may get critics themselves into trouble. In view of this,we change"freedom to fall"into"Alternative possibility",the MB supporters can also avoid be falsified by taking a compatibilism position. We will try to start with a new moral conservatism perspective from Dennett's theory of consciousness representation evolution. And point out that MB supporters will fall into the paradox of " MB uselessness" and " abolition of the moral meaning of human direct consciousness control".
引文
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[2]Ingmar Persson,Julian Savulescu.Unfit for the Future:The Need for Moral Enhancement[M].Oxford University Press,2012．
[3]Ingmar Persson,Julian Savulescu.Unfit for the Future?Human Nature,Scientific Progress,and the Need for Moral Enhancement[M]//Julian Savulescu,Ruud ter Meulen,Guy Kahene(eds).Enhancing Human Capacities.Blackwell publish,2011．
[4]Harris,John.Moral Enhancement and Freedom[J].Bioethics,2011,25(2):102-111．
[5]Douglas,Thomas.Moral Enhancement via direct emotion modulation:A Reply to John Harrist[J].Bioethics,2013,27(3):160-168．
[6]吴天岳．意愿与自由——奥古斯丁意愿概念的道德心理学解读[M]．北京大学出版社，2010．
[7]Kane,Robert.The Significance of Free Will[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1996．
[8]Frankfur,Harry.G.The important of what we care about[M].Cambridge University Press,1988．
[9]Julian Savulescu,Ingmar Persson.Moral Enhancement,Freedom and the God Machine[J].Monist,2012,95(3):399-442．
[10]费多益．意志自由的心灵根基[J]．中国社会科学，2015(12):51-68．
[11]Diéguez Antonio,Véliz Carissa.Would Moral Enhancement Limit Freedom?[J].Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht,2017.DOI 10.1007/s11245-017-9466-8
[12]Sellaro R,et al.Reducing prejudice through brain stimulation[J].Brain Stimul,2015,8:891-897．
[13]Stephen Stich.Moral philosophy and Mental Representation[M]//Collected Papers,Volume 2,Knowledge Rationality and Morality,1978-2010.2012:86-98．
[14]Peter Singer.The most good you can do:how effective altruism is changing ideas about living ethically[M].Yale University Press,2015．
[15][美]丹尼尔·丹尼特．意识的解释[M]．苏德超，李涤非，陈虎平，译．北京理工大学出版社，2008．
[16]Gazzaniga,Michael S.Is Seeing Believing:notes on Clinical Recovery[M]//S.Singer,ed.Recovery from damage:Research and theory.New York:Plenum Press,1978:409-414．
[17]John Martin Fischer,Mark Ravizza.Responsibility and Control-ATheory of Moral Responsibility[M].Cambridge University Press,1998.
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