胶州湾秋季文石饱和度分布及控制因素分析
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摘要
基于2017-10-18航次在胶州湾调查获取的水文、碳化学和叶绿素a(Chl a)等数据与资料,分析了秋季该海域文石饱和度(Ω_(arag(现场)))的分布状况,探讨了影响其空间分布的主要控制因素。结果显示,秋季航次期间胶州湾表层Ω_(arag(现场))为1.85～2.57,平均值为(2.20±0.24);其分布具有较大的空间差异,低值位于湾的西部和东北部(<2.05),高值位于湾口(>2.45),总体上呈现出由湾口向湾顶逐步降低的趋势。除了通过分析Ω_(arag(现场))与温度、盐度和Chl a的相关性来定性确定Ω_(arag(现场))的主控因素外,我们还通过引入总碱度与溶解无机碳的差值作为Ω_(arag(现场))的指征参数,定量确定了影响Ω_(arag(现场))空间分布的主要过程及其贡献。研究发现,陆源输入是影响胶州湾秋季Ω_(arag(现场))空间分布的最重要因素(>50%),而温度和生物过程的影响相对较小。
Surface distribution of aragonite saturation state(Ω_(arag(in situ))) in the Jiaozhou Bay during the fall was reported based on hydrology, carbonate chemistry and chlorophyll a data collected in the cruise on 2017-10-18. Results show that the surface Ω_(arag(in situ)) ranged from 1.85 to 2.57, with an average of(2.20 ± 0.24). Ω_(arag(in situ)) showed a large spatial variability, with low values of < 2.05 in the western and northeastern parts of the bay and high values of >2.45 in the mouth of the bay, demonstrating a feature of decreasing from the mouth to the top of the bay. In addition to a correlation analysis(qualitative analysis)of Ω_(arag(in situ)) with sea surface temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a to determine the major factor, a quantitative analysis was conducted via introducing the difference between total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon(TA—DIC) as a indicated parameter of Ω_(arag(in situ)) to identify the main processes and contributions for spatial distribution of Ω_(arag(in situ)). Our results indicate that terrestrial input is the most important factor for spatial distribution of Ω_(arag(in situ))(> 50%) in Jiaozhou Bay in the fall, while the contributions of temperature and biological processes are relatively minor.
Surface distribution of aragonite saturation state(Ω_(arag(in situ))) in the Jiaozhou Bay during the fall was reported based on hydrology, carbonate chemistry and chlorophyll a data collected in the cruise on 2017-10-18. Results show that the surface Ω_(arag(in situ)) ranged from 1.85 to 2.57, with an average of(2.20 ± 0.24). Ω_(arag(in situ)) showed a large spatial variability, with low values of < 2.05 in the western and northeastern parts of the bay and high values of >2.45 in the mouth of the bay, demonstrating a feature of decreasing from the mouth to the top of the bay. In addition to a correlation analysis(qualitative analysis)of Ω_(arag(in situ)) with sea surface temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a to determine the major factor, a quantitative analysis was conducted via introducing the difference between total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon(TA—DIC) as a indicated parameter of Ω_(arag(in situ)) to identify the main processes and contributions for spatial distribution of Ω_(arag(in situ)). Our results indicate that terrestrial input is the most important factor for spatial distribution of Ω_(arag(in situ))(> 50%) in Jiaozhou Bay in the fall, while the contributions of temperature and biological processes are relatively minor.
引文
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[24] LI X G,SONG J M,NIU L F,et al.Role of the Jiaozhou Bay as a source/sink of CO2 over a seasonal cycle[J].Scientia Marina,2007,71(3):441-450.
[25] LI X G,LI N,GAO X L,et al.Dissolved inorganic carbon and CO2 fluxes across Jiaozhou Bay air-water interface[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2004,23(2):279-285.
[26] ZHANG L J,XUE M,LIU Q Z.Distribution and seasonal variation in the partial pressure of CO2 during autumn and winter in Jiaozhou Bay,a region of high urbanization[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64:56-65.
[27] DENG X,HU Y B,LIU C Y,et al.Distributions and seasonal variations of carbonate system in the Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2016,47(1):234-244.邓雪,胡玉斌,刘春颖,等.胶州湾表层海水碳酸盐体系的季节变化[J].海洋与湖沼,2016,47(1):234-244.
[28] GONG X B,HAN P,ZHANG L J,et al.Distribution and controlling factors of sea surface partial pressure of CO2 in Jiaozhou Bay during April[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2015,45(4):95-102.龚信宝,韩萍,张龙军,等.胶州湾春季4月份表层海水pCO2分布及控制因素分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(4):95-102.
[29] LIU H,JI H W,XIN M.The carbon dioxide system in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Marine Sciences,1998,22(6):44-47.刘辉,姬泓巍,辛梅.胶州湾水体中的二氧化碳体系[J].海洋科学,1998,22(6):44-47.
[30] SHEN Z L,LIU M X.Study on CO2 sytem in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Haiyang Xuebao,1997,19(2):115-120.沈志良,刘明星.胶州湾海水中二氧化碳的研究[J].海洋学报,1997,19(2):115-120.
[31] ZANG H,LI Y X,XUE L,et al.The contribution of low temperature and biological activities to the CO2 sink in Jiaozhou Bay during winter[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2018,186:37-46.
[32] MUCCI A.The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities,temperatures,and one atmosphere total pressure[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283(7):780-799.
[33] LEWIS E,WALLACE D W R.Program developed for CO2 systems calculations(ORNL/CDIAC-105)[DB/CD].Oak Ridge,Tennessee:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,US Department of Energy,1998.
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[35] DICKSON A,SABINE C,CHRISTIAN J R.Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements[R]//PICES Special Publication 3.British Columbia,Canada:North Pacific Marine Science Organization,2007.
[36] XUE L,WANG H W,JIANG L Q,et al.Aragonite saturation state in a monsoonal upwelling system off Java,Indonesia[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2016,153:10-17.
[37] National Technical Committee of Ocean Standardization.The specification for marine monitoring:Part 7 Ecological survey for offshore pollution and biological monitoring:GB 17378.4—2007[S].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2007:1-169.全国海洋标准化技术委员会.海洋监测规范:第7部分近海污染生态调查与生物监测:GB 17378.4—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:1-169.
[38] RILEY J P,TONGUDAI M.The major cation/chlorinity ratios in sea water[J].Chemical Geology,1967,2:263-269.
[39] LIU Z L,DING H B,YANG G B.Distribution and characteristics of low molecular-weight organic acids in the surface water of the Jiaozhou Bay[J].Advances in Marine Science,2013,31(1):116-127.刘宗丽,丁海兵,杨桂朋.胶州湾表层水中低分子量有机酸的分布及特征[J].海洋科学进展,2013,31(1):116-127.
[40] XU X,ZANG K,CHENG H,et al.Aragonite saturation state and dynamic mechanism in the Southern Yellow Sea,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,109(1):142-150.
[41] XUE L,CAI W,SUTTON A J,et al.Sea surface aragonite saturation state variations and control mechanisms at the Gray's Reef time-series site off Georgia,USA (2006—2007)[J].Marine Chemistry,2017,195:27-40.
[42] JIANG L Q,FEELY R A,CARTER B R,et al.Climatological distribution of aragonite saturation state in the global oceans[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2015,29:1656-1673.
[43] OMAR A M,SKJELVAN I,ERGA S R,et al.Aragonite saturation states and pH in western Norwegian Fjords:seasonal cycles and controlling factors,2005-2009[J].Ocean Science,2016,12(4):937-951.
[44] TYNAN E,TYRRELL T,ACHTERBERG E P.Controls on the seasonal variability of calcium carbonate saturation states in the Atlantic gateway to the Arctic Ocean[J].Marine Chemistry,2014,158:1-9.
[45] XU Y Y,CAI W J,GAO Y,et al.Short-term variability of aragonite saturation state in the central Mid-Atlantic Bight[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2017,122(5):4257-4273.DOI:10.1002/2017JC012901.
[46] TANS P,KEELING R.Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide[EB/OL].[2018-10-28].ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_mm_mlo.txt.
[47] ZHANG L J,XUE L Q,SONG M,et al.Distribution of the surface partial pressure of CO2 in the Southern Yellow Sea and its controls[J].Continental Shelf Research,2010,30:293-304.
[2] GUINOTTE J M,FABRY V J.Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2008,1134(1):320-342.
[3] XU D,WANG D S,LI B,et al.Effects of CO2 and seawater acidification on the early stages of saccharina japonica development[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49(6):3548-3556.
[4] ALBRIGHT R,TAKESHITA Y,KOWEEK D A,et al.Carbon dioxide addition to coral reef waters suppresses net community calcification.[J].Nature,2018,DOI:10.1038/nature25968.
[5] ORR J C,FABRY V J,AUMONT O,et al.Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms[J].Nature,2005,437(7059):681-686.
[6] XUE L,CAI W J,TAKAHASHI T,et al.Climatic modulation of surface acidification rates through summertime wind forcing in the Southern Ocean[J].Nature Communications,2018,DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-05443-7.
[7] CAI W J,HU X,HUANG W,et al.Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication[J].Nature Geoscience,2011,DOI:10.1038/ngeo1297.
[8] FEELY R A,SABINE C L,HERNANDEZ-AYON J M,et al.Evidence for upwelling of corrosive "acidified" water onto the continental shelf[J].Science,2008,320(5882):1490-1492.
[9] QI D,CHEN L Q,CHEN B S,et al.Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean[J].Nature Climate Change,2017,7(3):195-199.
[10] SALISBURY J,GREEN M,HUNT C,et al.Coastal acidification by rivers:a new threat to shellfish[N].Eos,Transactions,American Geophysical Union,2008,89(50):513-514.
[11] WALLACE R B,BAUMANN H,GREAR J S,et al.Coastal ocean acidification:the other eutrophication problem[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2014,148:1-13.
[12] YANG X F,XUE L,LI Y X,et al.Treated wastewater changes the export of dissolved inorganic carbon and its isotopic composition and leads to acidification in coastal oceans[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,52:5590-5599.
[13] WANG G Z,JING W P,WANG S L,et al.Coastal acidification induced by tidal-driven submarine groundwater discharge in a coastal coral reef system[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2014,48(22):13069-13075.
[14] DUARTE C M,HENDRIKS I E,MOORE T S,et al.Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome?Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH[J].Estuaries and Coasts,2013,36(2):221-236.
[15] RAVEN J,CALDEIRA K,ELDERFIELD H,et al.Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide[M].London:The Royal Society,2005.
[16] RIEBESELL U.Effects of CO2 enrichment on marine phytoplankton[J].Journal of Oceanography,2004,60(4):719-729.
[17] WALDBUSSER G G,HALES B,LANGDON C J,et al.Saturation-state sensitivity of marine bivalve larvae to ocean acidification[J].Nature Climate Change,2014,5:273-280.Doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2479.
[18] WU Z X,YU Z M,SONG X X,et al.A new system of eutrophication assessment for both water quality and ecological response:a case study in typical areas off Shandong Peninsula[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2014,45(1):20-31.吴在兴,俞志明,宋秀贤,等.基于水质状态和生态响应的综合富营养化评价模型-以山东半岛典型海域富营养化评价为例[J].海洋与湖沼,2014,45(1):20-31.
[19] SUN P X,WANG Z L,ZHAN R,et al.Study on dissolved inorganic nitrogen distributionsand eutrophication in the Jiaozhou Bay[J].Advances in Marine Science,2005,23(4):466-471.孙丕喜,王宗灵,战闰,等.胶州湾海水中无机氮的分布与富营养化研究[J].海洋科学进展,2006,23(4):466-471.
[20] NIU Q S,QI L.Analysis of main pollutant sources affecting seawater qualityin the Jiaozhou Bay - area assessment of present water quality in the Licun River and its main tributaries[J].Coastal Engineering,2006,25(3):50-59.牛青山,亓靓.影响胶州湾海域海水水质的主要污染源分析-李村河及其主要支流流域水质现状评价[J].海岸工程,2006,25(3):50-59.
[21] GAO Z H,YANG D L,QIN J,et al.The land-sourced pollution in the Jiaozhou Bay[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2008,26(2):229-232.
[22] LI Y X,YANG X F,HAN P,et al.Controlling mechanisms of surface partial pressure of CO2 in Jiaozhou Bay during summer and the influence of heavy rain[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2017,173:49-59.
[23] HAN P,LI Y X,YANG X F,et al.Effects of aerobic respiration and nitrification on dissolved inorganic nitrogen and carbon dioxide in human-perturbed eastern Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,124(1):449-458.
[24] LI X G,SONG J M,NIU L F,et al.Role of the Jiaozhou Bay as a source/sink of CO2 over a seasonal cycle[J].Scientia Marina,2007,71(3):441-450.
[25] LI X G,LI N,GAO X L,et al.Dissolved inorganic carbon and CO2 fluxes across Jiaozhou Bay air-water interface[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2004,23(2):279-285.
[26] ZHANG L J,XUE M,LIU Q Z.Distribution and seasonal variation in the partial pressure of CO2 during autumn and winter in Jiaozhou Bay,a region of high urbanization[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64:56-65.
[27] DENG X,HU Y B,LIU C Y,et al.Distributions and seasonal variations of carbonate system in the Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2016,47(1):234-244.邓雪,胡玉斌,刘春颖,等.胶州湾表层海水碳酸盐体系的季节变化[J].海洋与湖沼,2016,47(1):234-244.
[28] GONG X B,HAN P,ZHANG L J,et al.Distribution and controlling factors of sea surface partial pressure of CO2 in Jiaozhou Bay during April[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2015,45(4):95-102.龚信宝,韩萍,张龙军,等.胶州湾春季4月份表层海水pCO2分布及控制因素分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(4):95-102.
[29] LIU H,JI H W,XIN M.The carbon dioxide system in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Marine Sciences,1998,22(6):44-47.刘辉,姬泓巍,辛梅.胶州湾水体中的二氧化碳体系[J].海洋科学,1998,22(6):44-47.
[30] SHEN Z L,LIU M X.Study on CO2 sytem in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Haiyang Xuebao,1997,19(2):115-120.沈志良,刘明星.胶州湾海水中二氧化碳的研究[J].海洋学报,1997,19(2):115-120.
[31] ZANG H,LI Y X,XUE L,et al.The contribution of low temperature and biological activities to the CO2 sink in Jiaozhou Bay during winter[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2018,186:37-46.
[32] MUCCI A.The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities,temperatures,and one atmosphere total pressure[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283(7):780-799.
[33] LEWIS E,WALLACE D W R.Program developed for CO2 systems calculations(ORNL/CDIAC-105)[DB/CD].Oak Ridge,Tennessee:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,US Department of Energy,1998.
[34] PIERROT D E L,WALLACE D W R.MS excel program developed for CO2 system calculations (ORNL/CDIAC-105)[DB/CD].Oak Ridge,Tennessee:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,U.S.Department of Energy,doi:10.3334/CDIAC/otg.CO2SYS_XLS_CDIAC105a,2006.
[35] DICKSON A,SABINE C,CHRISTIAN J R.Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements[R]//PICES Special Publication 3.British Columbia,Canada:North Pacific Marine Science Organization,2007.
[36] XUE L,WANG H W,JIANG L Q,et al.Aragonite saturation state in a monsoonal upwelling system off Java,Indonesia[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2016,153:10-17.
[37] National Technical Committee of Ocean Standardization.The specification for marine monitoring:Part 7 Ecological survey for offshore pollution and biological monitoring:GB 17378.4—2007[S].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2007:1-169.全国海洋标准化技术委员会.海洋监测规范:第7部分近海污染生态调查与生物监测:GB 17378.4—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:1-169.
[38] RILEY J P,TONGUDAI M.The major cation/chlorinity ratios in sea water[J].Chemical Geology,1967,2:263-269.
[39] LIU Z L,DING H B,YANG G B.Distribution and characteristics of low molecular-weight organic acids in the surface water of the Jiaozhou Bay[J].Advances in Marine Science,2013,31(1):116-127.刘宗丽,丁海兵,杨桂朋.胶州湾表层水中低分子量有机酸的分布及特征[J].海洋科学进展,2013,31(1):116-127.
[40] XU X,ZANG K,CHENG H,et al.Aragonite saturation state and dynamic mechanism in the Southern Yellow Sea,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,109(1):142-150.
[41] XUE L,CAI W,SUTTON A J,et al.Sea surface aragonite saturation state variations and control mechanisms at the Gray's Reef time-series site off Georgia,USA (2006—2007)[J].Marine Chemistry,2017,195:27-40.
[42] JIANG L Q,FEELY R A,CARTER B R,et al.Climatological distribution of aragonite saturation state in the global oceans[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2015,29:1656-1673.
[43] OMAR A M,SKJELVAN I,ERGA S R,et al.Aragonite saturation states and pH in western Norwegian Fjords:seasonal cycles and controlling factors,2005-2009[J].Ocean Science,2016,12(4):937-951.
[44] TYNAN E,TYRRELL T,ACHTERBERG E P.Controls on the seasonal variability of calcium carbonate saturation states in the Atlantic gateway to the Arctic Ocean[J].Marine Chemistry,2014,158:1-9.
[45] XU Y Y,CAI W J,GAO Y,et al.Short-term variability of aragonite saturation state in the central Mid-Atlantic Bight[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2017,122(5):4257-4273.DOI:10.1002/2017JC012901.
[46] TANS P,KEELING R.Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide[EB/OL].[2018-10-28].ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_mm_mlo.txt.
[47] ZHANG L J,XUE L Q,SONG M,et al.Distribution of the surface partial pressure of CO2 in the Southern Yellow Sea and its controls[J].Continental Shelf Research,2010,30:293-304.