河北坝上地区不同降水年型下马铃薯耗水特征
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摘要
基于2010-2017年连续8年的马铃薯生育期和产量数据、以及生育期内气象和土壤数据,利用作物-土壤水分平衡公式的方法,揭示坝上地区马铃薯在不同降水年型下不同生育阶段的耗水特征。结果表明:研究区马铃薯生育期内降水量在260～449 mm之间,其中25%的试验年份为干旱年份;不同生育阶段的耗水量在25～182 mm之间,其中播种～出苗阶段和薯块形成～薯块膨大阶段在湿润年型下耗水量最大,出苗～薯块形成阶段在干旱年型下耗水最多,薯块膨大～成熟阶段在正常年型下耗水最多;薯块形成～薯块膨大阶段的日耗水量显著高于其他阶段,干旱、正常和湿润年型下该阶段的日耗水量分别为3.6、3.9 mm和4.7 mm。2010-2017年马铃薯产量8 250～24 500 kg·hm~(-2),水分利用效率32～135 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),其中干旱年型下马铃薯水分利用效率最高,显著高于其他年型;另外薯块膨大～成熟阶段耗水量的增加对马铃薯产量具有显著的正效应。坝上地区在马铃薯薯块膨大～成熟阶段增加灌溉并且在其他阶段进行适当的干旱胁迫对提升该地区的马铃薯产量具有重要的意义。
The water consumption characteristics of potato under different precipitation years was analyzed based on the experiment data, soil water data, and climate data during the potato growing periods from 2010 to 2017. Results showed that total precipitation during potato growing period ranged from 260 to 449 mm, and 25% of the experimental years were dry years. The amount of water consumption of potato ranged from 25 to 182 mm during different growing periods, the water consumption was maximum for the period of planting-emergency and tuberization-tuber bulking under wet years compared with other years. Water consumption during the period of emergency-tuberization was more under dry years compared with other year types. The water consumption of potato during the period of tuber bulking to maturity was more under normal years compared with dry years and wet years. Enhance the water consumption of potato during the period of tuber bulking to maturity had positive effects on potato yield. The daily water consumption of potato was highest during the period of tuberization-tuber bulking compared with other stages under all year types and the values of which were 3.6, 3.9 mm, and 4.7 mm, respectively under dry, normal, and wet years. Potato yields generally increased from 8,250 to 24,500 kg·hm~(-2). Water use efficiency(WUE) of potato generally increased from 32 to 135 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1) under experimental years and the WUE was the highest under dry years. Enhancing the irrigation amount during the period of tuber bulking to maturity and medium drought exercise made under other growing periods had significance impacts on increasing potato yield in Bashang area.
The water consumption characteristics of potato under different precipitation years was analyzed based on the experiment data, soil water data, and climate data during the potato growing periods from 2010 to 2017. Results showed that total precipitation during potato growing period ranged from 260 to 449 mm, and 25% of the experimental years were dry years. The amount of water consumption of potato ranged from 25 to 182 mm during different growing periods, the water consumption was maximum for the period of planting-emergency and tuberization-tuber bulking under wet years compared with other years. Water consumption during the period of emergency-tuberization was more under dry years compared with other year types. The water consumption of potato during the period of tuber bulking to maturity was more under normal years compared with dry years and wet years. Enhance the water consumption of potato during the period of tuber bulking to maturity had positive effects on potato yield. The daily water consumption of potato was highest during the period of tuberization-tuber bulking compared with other stages under all year types and the values of which were 3.6, 3.9 mm, and 4.7 mm, respectively under dry, normal, and wet years. Potato yields generally increased from 8,250 to 24,500 kg·hm~(-2). Water use efficiency(WUE) of potato generally increased from 32 to 135 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1) under experimental years and the WUE was the highest under dry years. Enhancing the irrigation amount during the period of tuber bulking to maturity and medium drought exercise made under other growing periods had significance impacts on increasing potato yield in Bashang area.
引文
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[2] 唐建昭.北方农牧交错带马铃薯基于缩差和增效的种植管理模式研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2018.
[3] 马福婷.张家口市马铃薯产业化现状与发展对策[J].河北北方学报(自然科学版),2010,26(3):66-70.
[4] 孙东升,刘合光.我国马铃薯产业发展现状及前景分析[J].农业展望,2009,03:25-28.
[5] 巴图,支中生,李倩.坝上地区马铃薯品种比较试验[J].中国马铃薯,2010,24(1):6-10.
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[7] 田再民,龚学臣,冯琰,等.张北地区2种马铃薯品种干物质积累与分配特征比较[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(5):95-98.
[8] 张君君.起垄与覆膜对马铃薯产量和品质的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.
[9] Haverkort A J,Van de Waart M,Bodlaeader K B A.The effects of early drought stress on numbers of tuber and stolons of potato in controlled and filed conditions [J].Potato Research,1990,33(1):89-96.
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[11] Liu F L,Shahnazari A,Andersen M.Effects of deficit irrigation and partial root drying on gas exchange,biomass partitioning and water use efficiency in potato [J].Scientia Horticulturae,2006,109:113-117.
[12] 张朝巍,董博,郭天文,等.补充灌溉对半干旱区马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(5):49-53.
[13] 谢开云,王晓雪,张若芳,等.隔沟交替灌溉对我国半干旱地区马铃薯水分利用的影响[J].中国马铃薯,2012,26(1):5-10.
[14] Qin S H,Li L L,Wang D,et al.Effects of limited supplemental irrigation with catchment rainfall on rain-fed potato in semi-arid areas on the West Loess Plateau China [J].American Journal of Potato Research,2013,90:33-42.
[15] 韩晓宇.张家口坝上地区水资源现状及对策研究[J].河北北方学院学报(自然科学版),2011,27(4):54-56.
[16] 王殿武,王立秋,牛瑞明.高寒半干旱区农牧增产技术[M].北京:地震出版社,1998.
[17] 郭如侠.浅析张家口地区降水与地下水的相关性[J].地下水,2014,36(4):8-9.
[18] 王凤新,康跃虎,刘士平.滴灌条件下马铃薯耗水规律及需水量的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(1):9-15.
[19] 李晶,张恒嘉,周宏.土壤水分调亏处理膜下滴灌马铃薯耗水特征及生长动态[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(3):80-87.
[20] 秦军红,庞保平,蒙美莲,等.马铃薯膜下滴灌耗水规律的研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(1):47-50.
[21] 于显枫,张绪成,王红丽,等.施肥对旱地全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):883-890.
[22] 黄明霞,王靖,唐建昭,等.气孔导度模型在北方农牧交错带的适用性评价-以马铃薯和油葵为例[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(11):3585-3592.
[23] 宋学锋,侯琼.气候条件对马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2003,24(2):35-38.
[24] 侯琼,苗百岭,张晓雯.基于气象因子驱动的阴山地区马铃薯产量预测模型[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(6):247-253.
[25] Onder S,Caliskan M E,Onder D.Different irrigation methods and water stress effects on potato yield and yield components [J].Agricultural and Water Management,2005,73:73-86.
[26] Jefferies R A.Use of a simulation-model to assess possible strategies of drought tolerance in potato [J].Agricultural Systems,1993,41(1):93-104.
[27] Lynch D R,Foroud N,Kozub G C.The effect of moisture stress at three growth stages on the yield,components of yield and processing quality of eight potato varieties [J].American Potato Journal,1995,72(6):375-386.
[2] 唐建昭.北方农牧交错带马铃薯基于缩差和增效的种植管理模式研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2018.
[3] 马福婷.张家口市马铃薯产业化现状与发展对策[J].河北北方学报(自然科学版),2010,26(3):66-70.
[4] 孙东升,刘合光.我国马铃薯产业发展现状及前景分析[J].农业展望,2009,03:25-28.
[5] 巴图,支中生,李倩.坝上地区马铃薯品种比较试验[J].中国马铃薯,2010,24(1):6-10.
[6] Tang J Z,Wang J,Wang E L,et al.Identifying key meteorological factors to yield variation of potato and optimal planting date in the agro-pastoral ecotone in North China [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,256-257:283-291.
[7] 田再民,龚学臣,冯琰,等.张北地区2种马铃薯品种干物质积累与分配特征比较[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(5):95-98.
[8] 张君君.起垄与覆膜对马铃薯产量和品质的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.
[9] Haverkort A J,Van de Waart M,Bodlaeader K B A.The effects of early drought stress on numbers of tuber and stolons of potato in controlled and filed conditions [J].Potato Research,1990,33(1):89-96.
[10] Fabeiro C,de Santa,de Juan,et al.Yield and size of deficit irrigated potatoes [J].Agricultural Water Management,2001,48:255-266.
[11] Liu F L,Shahnazari A,Andersen M.Effects of deficit irrigation and partial root drying on gas exchange,biomass partitioning and water use efficiency in potato [J].Scientia Horticulturae,2006,109:113-117.
[12] 张朝巍,董博,郭天文,等.补充灌溉对半干旱区马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(5):49-53.
[13] 谢开云,王晓雪,张若芳,等.隔沟交替灌溉对我国半干旱地区马铃薯水分利用的影响[J].中国马铃薯,2012,26(1):5-10.
[14] Qin S H,Li L L,Wang D,et al.Effects of limited supplemental irrigation with catchment rainfall on rain-fed potato in semi-arid areas on the West Loess Plateau China [J].American Journal of Potato Research,2013,90:33-42.
[15] 韩晓宇.张家口坝上地区水资源现状及对策研究[J].河北北方学院学报(自然科学版),2011,27(4):54-56.
[16] 王殿武,王立秋,牛瑞明.高寒半干旱区农牧增产技术[M].北京:地震出版社,1998.
[17] 郭如侠.浅析张家口地区降水与地下水的相关性[J].地下水,2014,36(4):8-9.
[18] 王凤新,康跃虎,刘士平.滴灌条件下马铃薯耗水规律及需水量的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(1):9-15.
[19] 李晶,张恒嘉,周宏.土壤水分调亏处理膜下滴灌马铃薯耗水特征及生长动态[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(3):80-87.
[20] 秦军红,庞保平,蒙美莲,等.马铃薯膜下滴灌耗水规律的研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(1):47-50.
[21] 于显枫,张绪成,王红丽,等.施肥对旱地全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):883-890.
[22] 黄明霞,王靖,唐建昭,等.气孔导度模型在北方农牧交错带的适用性评价-以马铃薯和油葵为例[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(11):3585-3592.
[23] 宋学锋,侯琼.气候条件对马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2003,24(2):35-38.
[24] 侯琼,苗百岭,张晓雯.基于气象因子驱动的阴山地区马铃薯产量预测模型[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(6):247-253.
[25] Onder S,Caliskan M E,Onder D.Different irrigation methods and water stress effects on potato yield and yield components [J].Agricultural and Water Management,2005,73:73-86.
[26] Jefferies R A.Use of a simulation-model to assess possible strategies of drought tolerance in potato [J].Agricultural Systems,1993,41(1):93-104.
[27] Lynch D R,Foroud N,Kozub G C.The effect of moisture stress at three growth stages on the yield,components of yield and processing quality of eight potato varieties [J].American Potato Journal,1995,72(6):375-386.