耕作方式和灌水处理对冬小麦-夏玉米水分利用及产量的影响
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摘要
为探索华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作合理耕层构建的技术途径和技术指标,于2015―2016年在河南新乡实施了深松(ST)、深松+秸秆还田(ST+RS)和常规旋耕(RT)3种耕作方式,在不同耕作方式中根据土壤湿润层有效含水量各设置3种灌水控制下限,高灌水控制下限为60%(H)、中灌水控制下限为50%(M)和低灌水控制下限为40%(L),通过对土壤和作物生长指标及产量的测定,分析各处理作物产量和水分利用效率的变化规律。结果表明,ST和ST+RS处理均能降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度、田间持水量和饱和含水量,且以深松+秸秆还田处理效果最佳;与RT相比,ST和ST+RS处理0～40 cm平均土壤容重降低5.0%和6.0%,土壤孔隙度增加6.9%和8.0%,田间持水量增加6.2%和12.8%,饱和含水量增加6.2%和5.7%。耕作方式与灌水处理互作显著增加了冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作周年0～100 cm土层的储水量。ST和ST+RS处理0～100 cm土层储水量较RT分别增加11.0%和15.8%,高水分、中水分处理较低水分处理分别增加18.1%和11.1%。耕作方式对冬小麦、夏玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)影响显著,其中,ST和ST+RS处理周年产量较RT分别平均增加9.2%和15.5%,WUE平均提高11.2%和15.3%;灌水处理同样对冬小麦、夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率(WUE)影响显著,产量随灌水控制下限的增加而增加,即高水分>中水分>低水分,而WUE则以中水分处理最高。因此在该地区土壤和气候条件下,深松秸秆还田辅以适宜灌水控制下限是较为理想的栽培措施,有利于土壤耕层合理构建,并提高水分利用效率和作物产量。
Irrigation and tillage able to maintain a healthy plow layer for sustainable production of winter wheat-summer maize rotation cropping system in North China Plain was experimentally studied in this paper. We investigated three tillages: deep subsoiling(ST), deep subsoiling+ straw incorporation(ST+RS) and conventional rotary tillage(RT) from 2015 to 2016 in Xinxiang, Henan province. The irrigation for each tillage was based on soil moisture in which irrigation was assumed whenever the moisture content in the wet soil layer dropped to 60% of the field capacity(H), 50% of the field capacity(M) and 40% of the field capacity(L), respectively. In each treatment, we measured the yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of the crops. The results showed that ST and ST+RS reduced soil bulk density and increased soil porosity and field holding capacity, especially ST+RS. Compared with RT, ST and ST+RS, on average, reduced the bulk density of 0-40 cm soil by 5.0% and 6.0% respectively, and increased its porosity by 6.9% and 8.0% respectively, field capacity by 6.2% and 12.8% respectively, and saturated water content by 6.2% and 5.7% respectively. The tillage and irrigation combined to significantly increase water storage in 0-100 cm soil in winter. In particular, ST and ST+RS increased water storage(SWS) in the 0-100 cm soil by 11.0% and 15.8%, respectively, compared to RT. SWS under H and M irrigation treatment increased by 18.1% and 11.1%, respectively, compared with L irrigation. Tillage affected yield and WUE of both winter wheat and summer maize at significant level. Compared to RT, ST and ST+RS increased annual yield by 9.2% and 15.5%, respectively, and WUE by 11.2% and 15.3%, respectively. Irrigation affected yields and WUE of the crops as well. While the yields increased with the controlled soil moisture for irrigation, the M irrigation treatment gave the highest WUE. Under the current soil and climatic condition, deep subsoiling coupled with straw incorporation and an appropriate water management appears to offer a best solution to constructing plow layer and increasing WUE and crop yield. In particular, to best balance yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of the crops under conventional rainfall condition, the optimal tillage is to loosen the soil up to a depth of 35 cm combined with incorporating straw prior to sowing the winter wheat. The crops are then irrigated whenever the moisture content in the wet layer drop to 50% of the field capacity. This study is for winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Henna province, and the lines of the wheat and the maize used in the study were "Aikang 58" and "Denghai 605" respectively, but the results have implications in other regions in North China Plain.
Irrigation and tillage able to maintain a healthy plow layer for sustainable production of winter wheat-summer maize rotation cropping system in North China Plain was experimentally studied in this paper. We investigated three tillages: deep subsoiling(ST), deep subsoiling+ straw incorporation(ST+RS) and conventional rotary tillage(RT) from 2015 to 2016 in Xinxiang, Henan province. The irrigation for each tillage was based on soil moisture in which irrigation was assumed whenever the moisture content in the wet soil layer dropped to 60% of the field capacity(H), 50% of the field capacity(M) and 40% of the field capacity(L), respectively. In each treatment, we measured the yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of the crops. The results showed that ST and ST+RS reduced soil bulk density and increased soil porosity and field holding capacity, especially ST+RS. Compared with RT, ST and ST+RS, on average, reduced the bulk density of 0-40 cm soil by 5.0% and 6.0% respectively, and increased its porosity by 6.9% and 8.0% respectively, field capacity by 6.2% and 12.8% respectively, and saturated water content by 6.2% and 5.7% respectively. The tillage and irrigation combined to significantly increase water storage in 0-100 cm soil in winter. In particular, ST and ST+RS increased water storage(SWS) in the 0-100 cm soil by 11.0% and 15.8%, respectively, compared to RT. SWS under H and M irrigation treatment increased by 18.1% and 11.1%, respectively, compared with L irrigation. Tillage affected yield and WUE of both winter wheat and summer maize at significant level. Compared to RT, ST and ST+RS increased annual yield by 9.2% and 15.5%, respectively, and WUE by 11.2% and 15.3%, respectively. Irrigation affected yields and WUE of the crops as well. While the yields increased with the controlled soil moisture for irrigation, the M irrigation treatment gave the highest WUE. Under the current soil and climatic condition, deep subsoiling coupled with straw incorporation and an appropriate water management appears to offer a best solution to constructing plow layer and increasing WUE and crop yield. In particular, to best balance yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of the crops under conventional rainfall condition, the optimal tillage is to loosen the soil up to a depth of 35 cm combined with incorporating straw prior to sowing the winter wheat. The crops are then irrigated whenever the moisture content in the wet layer drop to 50% of the field capacity. This study is for winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Henna province, and the lines of the wheat and the maize used in the study were "Aikang 58" and "Denghai 605" respectively, but the results have implications in other regions in North China Plain.
引文
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[3]黄会平，曹明明，宋进喜，等.黄淮海平原主要农作物全生育期水分盈亏变化特征[J].干旱区资源与环境，2015,29(8):138-144.Huang Huiping, Cao Mingming, Song Jinxi, et al. Water budget of main crops during the whole growth period in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources&Environment, 2015, 29(8):138-144.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[6] Zhang X Y, Shao L W, Sun H Y, et al. Incorporation of soil bulk density in simulating root distribution of winter wheat and maize in two contrasting soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2012, 76:638-647.
[7] Jagadamma S, Lal R, Rimal B K. Effects of topsoil depth and soil amendments on corn yield and properties of two Alfisols in central Ohio[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009, 64(1):70-80.
[8]白伟，孙占祥，郑家明，等.耕层构造对春玉米产量形成及生长发育特征的影响[J].华北农学报，2015,30(5):205-213.Bai Wei, Sun Zhanxiang, Zheng Jiaming, et al. Effect of plough layer constructions on maize growth and yield in western Liaoning Province[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2015, 30(5):205-213.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] Boomsma C R, Santini J B, West T D, et al. Maize grain yield responses to plant height variability resulting from crop rotation and tillage system in a long-term experiment[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2010, 106(2):227-240.
[10] Tolon-Becerra A, Tourn M, Botta G F, et al. Effects of different tillage regimes on soil compaction, maize(Zea mays L.)seedling emergence and yields in the eastern Argentinean Pampas region[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2011, 117:184-190.
[11] Liu Z D, Qin A Z, Zhao B, et al. Yield response of spring maize to inter-row subsoiling and soil water deficit in Northern China[J]. Plos One, 2016, 11(4):e0153809.
[12]相慧，孔祥斌，武兆坤，等.中国粮食主产区耕地生产能力空间分布特征[J].农业工程学报，2012,28(24):235-244.Xiang Hui, Kong Xiangbin, Wu Zhaokun, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of potential productivity of arable land in main crop production area in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2012, 28(24):235-244.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]沈仁芳，王超，孙波.“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”战略实施中的土壤科学与技术问题[J].中国科学院院刊，2018,33(2):135-144.Shen Renfang, Wang Chao, Sun Bo. Soil related scientific and technological problems in implementing strategy of“storing grain in land and technology”[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(2):135-144.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]洪舒蔓，郝晋珉，周宁，等.黄淮海平原耕地变化及对粮食生产格局变化的影响[J].农业工程学报，2014,30(21):268-277.Hong Shuman, Hao Jinmin, Zhou Ning, et al. Change of cultivated land and its impact on grain production pattern in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2014,30(21):268-277.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15] Gao Y, Yang L L, Shen X J, et al. Winter wheat with subsurface drip irrigation(SDI):Crop coefficients,water-use estimates, and effects of SDI on grain yield and water use efficiency[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2014, 146:1-10.
[16]张明智，牛文全，李康勇，等.灌溉与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响[J].土壤通报，2015,46(6):1407-1414.Zhang Mingzhi, Niu Wenquan, Li Kangyong, et al. Effect of Irrigation and Subsoiling on the Number of Summer Maize Rhizosphere Microbes[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015, 46(6):1407-1414.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]邹文秀，杨春葆，江恒，等.平坦黑土区田间尺度剖面土壤物理性质空间变异性的研究[J].土壤与作物，2013,2(3):127-131.Zhou Wenxiu, Yang Chunbao, Jiang Heng, et al. The spatial variability of soil profile physical properties in a flat black soil[J]. Soil and Crop, 2013, 2(3):127-131.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社，2000:106-271.
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