多孔介质中晶体的结晶压力分析
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摘要
孔隙溶液中结晶体产生的结晶压力是多孔材料宏观上形成介质变形、冻胀破坏的重要因素之一。以溶液–晶体的化学势平衡为基础,考虑了溶液中的粒子相互作用,分别对以过饱和比为驱动的盐分结晶体和以温度为驱动的冰结晶体进行了理论分析,建立了非理想溶液中晶体对孔壁产生的最大结晶压力模型,并对溶液的冰点温度进行了分析。以NaCl溶液和Na2SO4溶液为例,分别对不同浓度和不同温度下的盐、水结晶压力及冰点温度进行了参数分析。结果表明:对于盐分结晶体,其结晶压力与溶液的过饱和比、溶液活度以及结晶盐的类型密切相关;对于冰晶体,其结晶压力与环境温度以及溶液的活度相关。
The pressure exerted by growing crystals of salts or water in porous materials is a major factor to induce deformation and freeze-thaw damage. Theoretical derivations for the crystallization pressure of salt crystals driven by supersaturation and ice crystals driven by temperatures are presented based on the chemical potentials of solutions and crystals, in which the ion interaction is taken into account. The models for the maximum crystallization pressure that the growing crystals in non-ideal solution exert on the pore walls are developed. The pressure from crystallization of salts and water as well as the freezing temperature for solutions of aqueous NaCl and Na2 SO4 under different concentrations and temperatures are parametrically analyzed, respectively. The results show that for the salt crystals, the crystallization pressure is closely related to the ratio of supersaturation, solution activity and type of salt crystals; for the ice crystals, the crystallization pressure is related to the ambient temperature and solution activity.
The pressure exerted by growing crystals of salts or water in porous materials is a major factor to induce deformation and freeze-thaw damage. Theoretical derivations for the crystallization pressure of salt crystals driven by supersaturation and ice crystals driven by temperatures are presented based on the chemical potentials of solutions and crystals, in which the ion interaction is taken into account. The models for the maximum crystallization pressure that the growing crystals in non-ideal solution exert on the pore walls are developed. The pressure from crystallization of salts and water as well as the freezing temperature for solutions of aqueous NaCl and Na2 SO4 under different concentrations and temperatures are parametrically analyzed, respectively. The results show that for the salt crystals, the crystallization pressure is closely related to the ratio of supersaturation, solution activity and type of salt crystals; for the ice crystals, the crystallization pressure is related to the ambient temperature and solution activity.
引文
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[15]FLATT R J.Salt damage in porous materials:how high supersaturations are generated[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2002,242(3):435-454.
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[17]SAETERSDAL R.Heaving conditions by freezing of soils[J].Engineering Geology,1981,18(1/2/3/4):291-305.
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[2]GAWIN D,KONIORCZYK M,PESAVENTO F.Modelling of hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanical phenomena in building materials[J].Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences,2013,61(1):51-63.
[3]CASTELLAZZI G,MIRANDA S D,GREMENTIERI L,et al.Multiphase model for hygrothermal analysis of porous media with salt crystallization and hydration[J].Materials&Structures,2016,49(3):1039-1063.
[4]CASTELLAZZI G,DE MIRANDA S,GREMENTIERI L,et al.Modelling of Non-Isothermal salt transport and crystallization in historic masonry[J].Key Engineering Materials,2015,624:222-229.
[5]WU D,LAI Y,ZHANG M.Thermo-hydro-salt-mechanical coupled model for saturated porous media based on crystallization kinetics[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,2016,133:94-107.
[6]LAI Y,WU D,ZHANG M.Crystallization deformation of a saline soil during freezing and thawing processes[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,120:463-473.
[7]TANG L,NILSSON L O.Chloride binding capacity and binding isotherms of opc pastes and mortars[J].Cement&Concrete Research,1993,23(2):247-253.
[8]PEL L,HUININK H,KOPINGA K.Salt transport and crystallization in porous building materials[J].Magnetic Resonance Imaging,2003,21(3):317-320.
[9]LUBELLI B,HEES R P J V,GROOT C J W P.Sodium chloride crystallization in a“salt transporting”restoration plaster[J].Cement&Concrete Research,2006,36(8):1467-1474.
[10]RIJNIERS L A,HUININK H P,PEL L,et al.Experimental evidence of crystallization pressure inside porous media[J].Physical Review Letters,2005,94(7):075503.
[11]FLATT R J,STEIGER M,SCHERER G W.A commented translation of the paper by C.W.Correns and W.Steinborn on crystallization pressure[J].Environmental Geology,2007,52(2):187-203.
[12]STEIGER M.Crystal growth in porous materials:I the crystallization pressure of large crystals[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2005,282(3):470-481.
[13]琚晓冬,冯文娟,张玉军,等.脆性孔隙介质内的结晶应力[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(7):1246-1253.(JUXiao-dong,FENG Wen-juan,ZHANG Yu-jun,et al.Crystallization stresses in brittle porous media[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2016,38(7):1246-1253.(in Chinese))
[14]CORRENS Carl W.Growth and dissolution of crystals under linear pressure[J].Discussions of the Faraday Society,1949,5:267-271.
[15]FLATT R J.Salt damage in porous materials:how high supersaturations are generated[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2002,242(3):435-454.
[16]BANIN A,ANDERSON D M.Effects of salt concentration changes during freezing on the unfrozen water content of porous materials[J].Water Resources Research,1974,10(1):124-128.
[17]SAETERSDAL R.Heaving conditions by freezing of soils[J].Engineering Geology,1981,18(1/2/3/4):291-305.
[18]KURYLYK B L,WATANABE K.The mathematical representation of freezing and thawing processes in variably-saturated,non-deformable soils[J].Advances in Water Resources,2013,60(60):160-177.